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ASTM E1413-07

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Concentration

Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Concentration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire debris for later analysis by gas chromatography, GC/MS, or GC/IR.
This is a very sensitive separation procedure, capable of isolating quantities smaller than 0.1 μL of ignitable liquid residue from a sample.
4.2.1 Actual recovery will vary, depending on several factors, including adsorption temperature, container size, and competition from the sample matrix.
“This is a potentially destructive technique.” Portions of the sample subjected to this procedure may not be suitable for re-sampling. Therefore, a portion of the sample extract should be saved for potential future analysis. Consider using passive headspace concentration as described in Practice E 1412.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for separation of small quantities of ignitable liquid residues from fire debris samples using the absorption/elution method of headspace concentration.
1.2 Both positive and negative pressure systems are described.
1.3 While this practice is suitable for successfully extracting ignitable liquid residues over the entire range of concentration, the headspace concentration methods are best used when a high level of sensitivity is required due to a very low concentration of ignitable liquid residues in the sample.
1.4 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are listed in Section 2.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Apr-2007
ICS
13.220.99 - Other standards related to protection against fire
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Drafting Committee
E30.01 - Criminalistics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1413-06 - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Concentration
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Replaced By
ASTM E1413-13 - Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Concentration
Effective Date
15-Aug-2013
Referred By
ASTM E2881-18 - Standard Test Method for Extraction and Derivatization of Vegetable Oils and Fats from Fire Debris and Liquid Samples with Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1618-19 - Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E3245-20e1 - Standard Guide for Systematic Approach to the Extraction, Analysis, and Classification of Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris Samples
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2154-15a - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration with Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME)
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1412-19 - Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration with Activated Charcoal
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2451-21 - Standard Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1386-23 - Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E860-22 - Standard Practice for Examining and Preparing Items That Are or May Become Involved in Criminal or Civil Litigation
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E3189-19 - Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Static Headspace Concentration onto an Adsorbent Tube
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1388-17 - Standard Practice for Static Headspace Sampling of Vapors from Fire Debris Samples
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2997-16 - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1732-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM E3197-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Examination of Fire Debris
Effective Date
15-Apr-2007

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ASTM E1413-07 - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace ConcentrationASTM E1413-07 - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Concentration
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ASTM E1413-07 - Standard Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Concentration
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1413 − 07
StandardPractice for
Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues
from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace
1
Concentration
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1413; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1412 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues
from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concen-
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for separation of
tration With Activated Charcoal
small quantities of ignitable liquid residues from fire debris
samples using the absorption/elution method of headspace
3. Summary of Practice
concentration.
3.1 The sample, preferably in its original container, is
1.2 Both positive and negative pressure systems are de-
heated, forcing volatile compounds to vaporize. At the same
scribed.
time, the headspace in the sample is drawn or pushed through
a tube containing activated charcoal which adsorbs the vapor-
1.3 While this practice is suitable for successfully extracting
ized compounds.
ignitable liquid residues over the entire range of concentration,
theheadspaceconcentrationmethodsarebestusedwhenahigh
4. Significance and Use
level of sensitivity is required due to a very low concentration
4.1 This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire
of ignitable liquid residues in the sample.
debris for later analysis by gas chromatography, GC/MS, or
1.4 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are
GC/IR.
listed in Section 2.
4.2 This is a very sensitive separation procedure, capable of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
isolating quantities smaller than 0.1 µL of ignitable liquid
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
residue from a sample.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2.1 Actual recovery will vary, depending on several
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
factors, including adsorption temperature, container size, and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
competition from the sample matrix.
2. Referenced Documents
4.3 “This is a potentially destructive technique.” Portions of
2
the sample subjected to this procedure may not be suitable for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
re-sampling. Therefore, a portion of the sample extract should
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
be saved for potential future analysis. Consider using passive
E752 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relating
headspace concentration as described in Practice E1412.
to Occupational Exposure to Carbon Disulfide (With-
3
drawn 1995)
5. Apparatus
E1387 TestMethodforIgnitableLiquidResiduesinExtracts
5.1 Positive Pressure Apparatus:
from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography (With-
3
5.1.1 Sample Pressurization Device—A system capable of
drawn 2010)
delivering pressurized dry nitrogen (or other inert gas) at up to
40 psi (276 kPa) to an orifice to be inserted into the bottom of
1 the sample container.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
5.1.1.1 A needle valve capable of fine control of the flow
Current edition approved April 15, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
rate of the dry nitrogen, at up to 1500 cc/min.
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E1413 – 06. DOI:
5.1.1.2 A flow meter capable of measuring the flow of dry
10.1520/E1413-07.
2
nitrogen through the end of the charcoal adsorption tube at the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
rate of 0 to 1500 cc/min.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
5.1.1.3 Container Closure—Adevicesuitableforsealingthe
the ASTM website.
3
container and directing the effluent nitrogen and vapors to the
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. charcoal tube.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1413 − 07
5.2 Negative Pressure Apparatus: 6.4.1 Read and follow the safety precautions described in
5.2.1 Inlet and outlet system—A tube containing 1 cm of Practice E752.
charcoal is fitted into the lid of the original container with a
sleeve stopper. This serves as a filter for incoming room air. A 7. Sample Preparation
vacuum is pulled on an adsorption tube also fitted into the lid
7.1 Observe th
...

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ASTM E3197-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Examination of Fire Debris

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to fire debris analysis. In addition, several sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology: Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Fifteenth Edition (1);4  Kirk’s Fire Investigation, Fifth Edition (2); The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Third Edition (3); Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition (4); and Fire Debris Analysis  (5). A suitable definition was developed after all of the sources were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions that are used in fire debris analysis. Some legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources are included.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1412-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration with Activated Charcoal

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire debris for later analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.  
4.2 This is a very sensitive separation procedure, capable of isolating quantities smaller than 1/10 μL of ignitable liquid residue from a sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for separation of small quantities of ignitable liquid residues from samples of fire debris using an adsorbent material to extract the residue from the static headspace above the sample, then eluting the adsorbent with a solvent.  
1.2 While this practice is suitable for successfully extracting ignitable liquid residues over the entire range of concentration, the headspace concentration methods are best used when a high level of sensitivity is required due to a very low concentration of ignitable liquid residues in the sample.  
1.2.1 Unlike other methods of separation and concentration, this practice is essentially nondestructive.  
1.3 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are listed in the referenced documents (see Practices E1386, E1388, E1413, and E2154).  
1.4 This practice does not replace knowledge, skill, ability, experience, education, or training and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1618-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The identification of an ignitable liquid residue in samples from a fire scene can support the field investigator’s opinion regarding the origin, fuel load, and incendiary nature of the fire.  
4.1.1 The identification of an ignitable liquid residue in a fire scene does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that a fire was incendiary in nature. Further investigation can reveal a legitimate reason for the presence of ignitable liquid residues.  
4.1.2 Because of the volatility of ignitable liquids and variations in sampling techniques, the absence of detectable quantities of ignitable liquid residues does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that ignitable liquids were not present at the fire scene.  
4.2 Materials normally found in a building, upon exposure to the heat of a fire, will form pyrolysis and combustion products. Extracted ion profiling and identification of specific compounds or classes of compounds described herein can facilitate the identification of an ignitable liquid in the extract by reducing interference by components generated as products of pyrolysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the identification of residues of ignitable liquids in extracts from fire debris samples. Extraction procedures are described in the referenced documents.  
1.2 Although this test method is suitable for all samples, it is especially appropriate for extracts that contain high background levels of substrate materials or pyrolysis and combustion products. This test method is also suitable for the identification of single compounds, simple mixtures, or non-petroleum based ignitable liquids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This practice cannot replace knowledge, skill, or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1413-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Concentration onto an Adsorbent Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire debris for subsequent qualitative analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, see Test Method E1618.  
5.2 The sensitivity of this practice is such that a sample consisting of a laboratory tissue onto which as little as 0.1 µL of ignitable liquid has been deposited, in an otherwise empty sample container, will result in an extract that is sufficient for identification and classification using Test Method E1618  (1).  
5.2.1 Recovery from fire debris samples will vary, depending on factors including debris temperature, adsorbent temperature, container size, adsorptive material, headspace volume, sampling time and flow rate, and adsorptive competition from the sample matrix (2).  
5.3 The principal concepts of dynamic headspace concentration are similar to those of static headspace concentration (Practice E3189). The dynamic headspace concentration technique can be more sensitive than the static headspace concentration technique. However, sample containers subjected to dynamic headspace concentration could be unsuitable for re-sampling.  
5.3.1 Dynamic headspace concentration alters the original composition of the test sample because a portion of the original headspace from the sample container is removed and exchanged with dry inert gas or air. A portion of the concentrated headspace sample should be preserved for potential future analysis, if possible and if required, in accordance with Practice E2451.  
5.4 Common solid adsorbent/desorption procedure combinations in use are activated carbon/solvent elution, and Tenax4 TA/thermal desorption.  
5.5 Solid adsorbent/desorption procedure combinations not specifically described in this standard can be used as long as the practice has been validated as outlined in Section 11.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for separation of ignitable liquid residues from fire debris samples using dynamic headspace concentration onto an adsorbent tube, with subsequent solvent elution or thermal desorption.  
1.2 Dynamic headspace concentration onto an adsorbent tube takes place from a closed, rigid sample container (typically a metal can), using a source of dry inert gas or a vacuum system.  
1.3 Both positive and negative applied pressure systems for dynamic headspace concentration onto an adsorbent tube are illustrated and described.  
1.4 This practice is suitable for preparing extracts from fire debris samples containing a range of volumes (µL to mL) of ignitable liquid residues, with sufficient recovery for subsequent qualitative analysis (1).2  
1.5 Alternative headspace concentration methods are listed in Section 2 (see Practices E1388, E1412, E3189, and E2154).  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience (Practice E2917) and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3189-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Static Headspace Concentration onto an Adsorbent Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire debris for subsequent qualitative analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, see Test Method E1618.  
5.2 This practice is capable of removing a portion of the headspace vapors, containing quantities smaller than 0.1 µL/L of ignitable liquid residues, from a sample container and concentrating the ignitable liquid residues onto an adsorbent medium (1).  
5.2.1 Recovery from fire debris samples will vary, depending on factors including debris temperature, adsorbent temperature, container size, adsorptive material, headspace volume, sampling volume or sampling time and flow rate, and adsorptive competition from the sample matrix (2).  
5.3 The principal concepts of static headspace concentration are similar to those of static headspace (Practice E1388) and dynamic headspace concentration (Practice E1413). The static headspace concentration technique can be more sensitive than the static headspace technique and less sensitive than the dynamic. The static techniques do however leave the sample in a condition suitable for resampling, as only a portion, typically less than 10 %, of the headspace is withdrawn from a sample container (3).  
5.3.1 Re-sampling and analysis is possible with static headspace concentration onto an adsorbent tube, because only a portion of the headspace from the container is removed (3). Taking multiple headspace samples will continuously reduce the concentration of ignitable liquid vapors present, which can result in a change in relative composition of components and eventually non-recovery when the questioned headspace originally contained very low quantities of ignitable liquid residues (less than 0.1 µL/L).  
5.4 Common solid adsorbent/desorption procedure combinations in use are activated carbon/solvent elution and Tenax4 TA/thermal desorption.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for separation of ignitable liquid residues from fire debris samples using static headspace concentration onto an adsorbent tube, for subsequent solvent elution or thermal desorption.  
1.2 Static headspace concentration onto an adsorbent tube involves removal of a headspace extract from a sample container (typically a jar, can, or bag), through a small hole punctured in the container, using a syringe or pump.  
1.3 Static headspace concentration systems for adsorption onto an adsorbent tube are illustrated and described.  
1.4 This practice is suitable for preparing extracts from fire debris samples containing a range of volumes (µL to mL) of ignitable liquid residues, with sufficient recovery for subsequent qualitative analysis (1).2  
1.5 Alternative headspace concentration methods are listed in Section 2 (see Practices E1388, E1412, E1413, and E2154).  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience (Practice E2917) and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1388-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Static Headspace Sampling of Vapors from Fire Debris Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful for sampling fire debris to screen for the presence of ignitable liquid residues prior to extraction with other techniques. It is most appropriate for sampling light to medium range ignitable liquids (such as light oxygenates, lacquer thinners, and other similar volatile compounds or products), and less appropriate for sampling ignitable liquids that have compounds in the heavy range.3, 4, 5  
4.1.1 When sampled for screening purposes, the instrumentation typically utilized is a gas chromatograph with either a mass spectrometer (GC-MS, refer to Test Method E1618) or flame ionization detector (GC-FID).  
4.2 This practice is generally less efficient at recovering limited quantities of ignitable liquids than Practices E1386, E1412, E1413, and E2154, particularly for higher boiling compounds.  
4.3 The separation takes place in a closed container and the sample remains in approximately the same condition in which it was submitted. Since only a small aliquot of the sample headspace is removed for analysis, sample reanalysis may be possible.  
4.4 High concentrations of highly volatile compounds can saturate the headspace, inhibiting the recovery of less volatile components and leading to the detection or identification of only the more volatile compounds in the sample.  
4.5 This practice is intended for use in conjunction with other extraction techniques, such as those described in Practices E1386, E1412, E1413, and E2154, when analysis of a sample for all classes of ignitable liquids is required or desired.
Note 1: The headspace specimen (the portion in the syringe) is consumed in the analysis. Preserve an extract for potential reanalysis (see Practice E2451) using an alternative separation and concentration practice, such as those described in Practices E1386, E1412, and E1413, if preservation is required per laboratory policies.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for removing vapor from the headspace of a fire debris container for the purpose of detecting or identifying ignitable liquid residues.  
1.2 Separation and concentration procedures are listed in the referenced documents. (See Practices E1386, E1412, E1413, and E2154.)  
1.3 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This standard cannot replace knowledge, skill, or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Application of Hose Stream

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to standardize the apparatus used and the method or pattern of application of a standard hose stream to building elements as one part of the assessment and fire resistance of building elements.  
4.1.1 This practice specifies the water pressure and duration of application of the hose stream to the test assembly.  
4.2 This practice is intended to be used only after a test assembly has completed a prescribed standard fire-resistance test.  
4.3 The practice exposes a test assembly to a standard hose stream under controlled laboratory conditions.  
4.3.1 Pass/fail criteria are defined in the appropriate fire test method.  
4.3.2 This exposure is not intended to replicate typical fire fighting operations or all applied or impact loads a system could be subjected to in field use and conditions.  
4.4 Any variation from tested conditions has the potential of substantially changing the performance characteristics determined by this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is applicable to building elements required to be subjected to the impact, erosion, and cooling effects of a hose stream as part of a fire-test-response standard. Building elements include, but are not limited to, wall and partition assemblies, fire-resistive joint systems, and doors.  
1.2 This practice shall register performance of the building element under specific hose stream conditions. It shall not imply that, either after exposure or under other conditions, the structural capability of the building element is intact or that the building element is suitable for use.  
1.3 The result derived from this practice is one factor in assessing the integrity of building elements after fire exposure. The practice prescribes a standard hose stream exposure for comparing performance of building elements after fire exposure and evaluates various materials and construction techniques under common conditions.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes which provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G145-08(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Studying Fire Incidents in Oxygen Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide helps those studying oxygen system incidents to select a direct cause hypothesis and to avoid conclusions based on hypotheses, however plausible, that have proven faulty in the past.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures and material for examining fires in oxygen systems for the purposes of identifying potential causes and preventing recurrence.  
1.2 This guide is not comprehensive. The analysis of oxygen fire incidents is not a science, and definitive causes have not been established for some events.  
1.3 The procedures and analyses in this guide have been found to be useful for interpreting fire events, for helping identify potential causes, and for excluding other potential causes. The inclusion or omission of any analytical strategy is not intended to suggest either applicability or inapplicability of that method in any actual incident study.  
Note 1: Although this guide has been found applicable for assisting qualified technical personnel to analyze incidents, each incident is unique and must be approached as a unique event. Therefore, the selection of specific tactics and the sequence of application of those tactics must be conscious decisions of those studying the event.
Note 2: The incident may require the formation of a team to provide the necessary expertise and experience to conduct the study. The personnel analyzing an incident, or at least one member of the team, should know the process under study and the equipment installation.  
1.4 Warning—During combustion, gases, vapors, aerosols, fumes, or combinations thereof, are evolved, which may be present and may be hazardous to people. Caution—Adequate precautions should be taken to protect those conducting a study.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3197-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Examination of Fire Debris

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to fire debris analysis. In addition, several sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology: Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Fifteenth Edition (1);4  Kirk’s Fire Investigation, Fifth Edition (2); The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Third Edition (3); Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition (4); and Fire Debris Analysis  (5). A suitable definition was developed after all of the sources were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions that are used in fire debris analysis. Some legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources are included.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3386/F3386M-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Detonation Flame Arresters

SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the minimum requirements for design, construction, performance, and testing of detonation flame arresters intended to protect against deflagrations, overdriven (unstable) detonations, stable detonations, and stabilized burning.  
1.2 This specification is intended for detonation flame arresters installed in vapor control systems at Marine Facilities subject to the requirements in 33 CFR, Part 154, Subpart P — Marine Vapor Control Systems.
Note 1: In 1990, by permission from ASTM International, an earlier draft of this specification was incorporated and printed in 33 CFR, Part 154, Appendix A.  
1.3 This specification is intended for detonation flame arresters protecting systems containing gases or vapors of liquids with flash points 140°F [60°C] (closed cup) or less. The tests in this specification are intended to qualify detonation flame arresters for all in-line applications, provided the operating pressure is equal to or less than the maximum operating pressure stated in the manufacturer’s certification, and the diameter of the piping system in which the detonation flame arrester is to be installed is equal to or less than the piping diameter used in the testing.  
1.4 This specification is limited to detonation flame arresters operating at temperatures no greater than 140°F [60°C], unless the detonation flame arresters are tested at the higher operating temperatures.
Note 2: Refer to UL 525 for additional requirements that may be applicable.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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