IEC TS 62791:2015
(Main)Ultrasonics - Pulse-echo scanners - Low-echo sphere phantoms and method for performance testing of gray-scale medical ultrasound scanners applicable to a broad range of transducer types
Ultrasonics - Pulse-echo scanners - Low-echo sphere phantoms and method for performance testing of gray-scale medical ultrasound scanners applicable to a broad range of transducer types
IEC TS 62791:2015(E) defines terms and specifies methods for quantifying the imaging performance of real-time, ultrasound B-mode scanners. The test methodology is applicable for transducers operating in the 2 MHz to 15 MHz frequency range.
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IEC TS 62791 ®
Edition 1.0 2015-09
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Ultrasonics – Pulse-echo scanners – Low-echo sphere phantoms and method
for performance testing of gray-scale medical ultrasound scanners applicable to
a broad range of transducer types
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
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3, rue de Varembé Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
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Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
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IEC TS 62791 ®
Edition 1.0 2015-09
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Ultrasonics – Pulse-echo scanners – Low-echo sphere phantoms and method
for performance testing of gray-scale medical ultrasound scanners applicable to
a broad range of transducer types
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 11.040.50; 17.140.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-2902-6
– 2 – IEC TS 62791:2015 © IEC 2015
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and definitions . 10
4 Symbols . 12
5 General and environmental conditions . 13
6 Equipment required . 14
6.1 General . 14
6.2 Phantom geometries . 14
6.2.1 Phantoms for use in the frequency range 2 MHz to 7 MHz . 14
6.2.2 Phantoms for use in the frequency range 7 MHz to 15 MHz including
"micro-convex" arrays . 14
6.2.3 Total internal-reflection surfaces . 15
6.2.4 Spatially random distribution of low-echo spheres. 15
6.3 Ultrasonic properties of the tissue-mimicking (TM) phantoms . 15
7 Data acquisition assuming a spatially random distribution of low-echo spheres . 16
7.1 Methodology . 16
7.2 Storage of digitized image data . 17
7.3 Digital image files available from the scanner itself . 18
7.4 Image archiving systems . 18
8 Automated data analysis for quantifying low-echo sphere detectability . 18
8.1 General . 18
8.2 Computation of mean pixel values (MPVs) . 18
8.3 Determination of the LSNR -value for a given depth interval . 21
m
8.3.1 Preliminaries . 21
8.3.2 Computation of the LSNR -values and LSNR -value in a given depth
n m
interval . 21
8.3.3 Standard error corresponding to each LSNR -value. 21
n
Annex A (informative) Example of a phantom for performance testing in the 2 MHz to
7 MHz frequency range . 22
Annex B (informative) Illustrations of the computation of LSNR -values as a function
m
of depth . 24
Annex C (informative) Sufficient number of data images to assure reproducibility of
results . 29
C.1 General . 29
C.2 Phantom with low-echo sphere diameter 3,2 mm, having 2 spheres per
millilitre . 29
C.3 Phantom with 2 mm-diameter, low-echo spheres and 8 spheres per millilitre . 32
Annex D (informative) Example of a phantom for performance testing in the 7 MHz to
15 MHz frequency range . 36
Annex E (informative) Determination of low-echo sphere positions to within D/8 in x, y
and z Cartesian coordinates . 39
E.1 Procedure . 39
E.2 Argument for the choice of seven MPV nearest-neighbour sites for
determining the centres of low-echo spheres . 40
Annex F (informative) Test of total internal reflection produced by alumina and plate-
glass, plane reflectors . 41
Annex G (informative) Results of a test of reproducibility of LSNR versus depth for a
m
phantom with 4 mm-diameter low-echo spheres and 2 spheres per millilitre . 48
Annex H (informative) Results for low-echo sphere-concentration dependence of
LSNR versus depth for phantoms with 4 mm-diameter spheres . 50
m
Annex I (informative) Results for low-echo sphere-concentration dependence of
LSNR versus depth for phantoms with 3,2 mm-diameter spheres . 53
m
Annex J (informative) Comparison of two different makes of scanner with similar
transducers and console settings . 57
Annex K (informative) Special considerations for 3-D probes . 59
K.1 3-D probes operating in 2-D imaging mode . 59
K.2 2-D arrays operating in 3-D imaging mode for determining LSNR -values as
m
a function of depth for reconstructed images . 59
K.3 Mechanically driven 3-D probes operating in 3-D imaging mode . 59
Bibliography . 60
Figure 1 – Flow chart . 17
Figure 2 – Schematic of an image plane . 20
Figure A.1 – End view of the phantom applicable for 2 MHz to 7 MHz showing the
spatially random distribution of 4-mm diameter low-echo spheres . 22
Figure A.2 – Top view of phantom with 4 mm-diameter, low-echo spheres . 23
Figure B.1 – Convex-array image of a prototype 4 mm-diameter low-echo sphere
phantom for use in the 2 MHz to 7 MHz frequency range . 24
Figure B.2 – Auxiliary figures relating to Figure B.1 . 25
Figure B.3 – Results corresponding to Figures B.1 and B.2, demonstrating
reproducibility . 25
Figure B.4 – Results corresponding to Figures B.1, B.2 and B.3 . 26
Figure B.5 – One of 80 parallel linear-array images of the phantom containing 4 mm-
diameter, low-echo spheres, at 4 MHz with focus at 3 cm . 26
Figure B.6 – Three successive images of the set of 80, separated by D/4 equal to
1 mm . 27
Figure B.7 – Results for the 4 cm-wide, 3 cm-focus, linear array addressed in Figures
B.5 and B.6 . 27
Figure B.8 – Results for the 4 cm-wide, 3 cm-focus, linear array addressed in
Figures B.5, B.6 and B.7, using all 80 image frames corresponding to Figure B.7 . 28
Figure C.1 – One image obtained from a phantom containing 3,2 mm-diameter, low-
echo spheres by using a 4 MHz linear array focused at 3 cm . 29
Figure C.2 – Reproducibility result for two independent sets of 70 images with a mean
number of low-echo sphere centres that is about 15 per 5 mm-depth interval . 30
Figure C.3 – Results obtained by using both sets of 70 independent images
corresponding to Figure C.2 . 30
Figure C.4 – Sector image (curved array) at 4,5 MHz with multiple foci at 4 cm, 8 cm
and 12 cm depths; the low-echo spheres are 3,2 mm in diameter . 31
Figure C.5 – Reproducibility results for a multiple-lateral-focus (4 cm, 8 cm and 12 cm)
case corresponding to Figure C.4 . 31
Figure C.6 – Reproducibility results for the case corresponding to Figure C.5, except
that there is a single focus at 10 cm depth . 32
Figure C.7 – Reproducibility results for the case corresponding to Figure C.5, except
that there is a single focus at 4 cm depth . 32
– 4 – IEC TS 62791:2015 © IEC 2015
Figure C.8 – Image of the phantom containing 2 mm-diameter, low-echo spheres,
made with a curved array having 1,5 cm radius of curvature, with its focus at 3 cm . 33
Figure C.9 – Reproducibility results corresponding to Figure C.8 . 33
Figure C.10 – Results using all 100 images in the image set that gave rise to
Figure C.9 .
...
IEC TS 62791 ®
Edition 1.0 2015-09
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Ultrasonics – Pulse-echo scanners – Low-echo sphere phantoms and method
for performance testing of gray-scale medical ultrasound scanners applicable to
a broad range of transducer types
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
CH-1211 Geneva 20 info@iec.ch
Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing more than 30 000 terms and
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other definitions in English and French, with equivalent terms in 15
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and additional languages. Also known as the International
iPad. Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) online.
IEC publications search - www.iec.ch/searchpub IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a More than 60 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical English and French extracted from the Terms and Definitions
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced clause of IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries
and withdrawn publications. have been collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37,
77, 86 and CISPR.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
details all new publications released. Available online and If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
also once a month by email. need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: csc@iec.ch.
IEC TS 62791 ®
Edition 1.0 2015-09
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Ultrasonics – Pulse-echo scanners – Low-echo sphere phantoms and method
for performance testing of gray-scale medical ultrasound scanners applicable to
a broad range of transducer types
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 11.040.50; 17.140.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-2902-6
– 2 – IEC TS 62791:2015 © IEC 2015
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and definitions . 10
4 Symbols . 12
5 General and environmental conditions . 13
6 Equipment required . 14
6.1 General . 14
6.2 Phantom geometries . 14
6.2.1 Phantoms for use in the frequency range 2 MHz to 7 MHz . 14
6.2.2 Phantoms for use in the frequency range 7 MHz to 15 MHz including
"micro-convex" arrays . 14
6.2.3 Total internal-reflection surfaces . 15
6.2.4 Spatially random distribution of low-echo spheres. 15
6.3 Ultrasonic properties of the tissue-mimicking (TM) phantoms . 15
7 Data acquisition assuming a spatially random distribution of low-echo spheres . 16
7.1 Methodology . 16
7.2 Storage of digitized image data . 17
7.3 Digital image files available from the scanner itself . 18
7.4 Image archiving systems . 18
8 Automated data analysis for quantifying low-echo sphere detectability . 18
8.1 General . 18
8.2 Computation of mean pixel values (MPVs) . 18
8.3 Determination of the LSNR -value for a given depth interval . 21
m
8.3.1 Preliminaries . 21
8.3.2 Computation of the LSNR -values and LSNR -value in a given depth
n m
interval . 21
8.3.3 Standard error corresponding to each LSNR -value. 21
n
Annex A (informative) Example of a phantom for performance testing in the 2 MHz to
7 MHz frequency range . 22
Annex B (informative) Illustrations of the computation of LSNR -values as a function
m
of depth . 24
Annex C (informative) Sufficient number of data images to assure reproducibility of
results . 29
C.1 General . 29
C.2 Phantom with low-echo sphere diameter 3,2 mm, having 2 spheres per
millilitre . 29
C.3 Phantom with 2 mm-diameter, low-echo spheres and 8 spheres per millilitre . 32
Annex D (informative) Example of a phantom for performance testing in the 7 MHz to
15 MHz frequency range . 36
Annex E (informative) Determination of low-echo sphere positions to within D/8 in x, y
and z Cartesian coordinates . 39
E.1 Procedure . 39
E.2 Argument for the choice of seven MPV nearest-neighbour sites for
determining the centres of low-echo spheres . 40
Annex F (informative) Test of total internal reflection produced by alumina and plate-
glass, plane reflectors . 41
Annex G (informative) Results of a test of reproducibility of LSNR versus depth for a
m
phantom with 4 mm-diameter low-echo spheres and 2 spheres per millilitre . 48
Annex H (informative) Results for low-echo sphere-concentration dependence of
LSNR versus depth for phantoms with 4 mm-diameter spheres . 50
m
Annex I (informative) Results for low-echo sphere-concentration dependence of
LSNR versus depth for phantoms with 3,2 mm-diameter spheres . 53
m
Annex J (informative) Comparison of two different makes of scanner with similar
transducers and console settings . 57
Annex K (informative) Special considerations for 3-D probes . 59
K.1 3-D probes operating in 2-D imaging mode . 59
K.2 2-D arrays operating in 3-D imaging mode for determining LSNR -values as
m
a function of depth for reconstructed images . 59
K.3 Mechanically driven 3-D probes operating in 3-D imaging mode . 59
Bibliography . 60
Figure 1 – Flow chart . 17
Figure 2 – Schematic of an image plane . 20
Figure A.1 – End view of the phantom applicable for 2 MHz to 7 MHz showing the
spatially random distribution of 4-mm diameter low-echo spheres . 22
Figure A.2 – Top view of phantom with 4 mm-diameter, low-echo spheres . 23
Figure B.1 – Convex-array image of a prototype 4 mm-diameter low-echo sphere
phantom for use in the 2 MHz to 7 MHz frequency range . 24
Figure B.2 – Auxiliary figures relating to Figure B.1 . 25
Figure B.3 – Results corresponding to Figures B.1 and B.2, demonstrating
reproducibility . 25
Figure B.4 – Results corresponding to Figures B.1, B.2 and B.3 . 26
Figure B.5 – One of 80 parallel linear-array images of the phantom containing 4 mm-
diameter, low-echo spheres, at 4 MHz with focus at 3 cm . 26
Figure B.6 – Three successive images of the set of 80, separated by D/4 equal to
1 mm . 27
Figure B.7 – Results for the 4 cm-wide, 3 cm-focus, linear array addressed in Figures
B.5 and B.6 . 27
Figure B.8 – Results for the 4 cm-wide, 3 cm-focus, linear array addressed in
Figures B.5, B.6 and B.7, using all 80 image frames corresponding to Figure B.7 . 28
Figure C.1 – One image obtained from a phantom containing 3,2 mm-diameter, low-
echo spheres by using a 4 MHz linear array focused at 3 cm . 29
Figure C.2 – Reproducibility result for two independent sets of 70 images with a mean
number of low-echo sphere centres that is about 15 per 5 mm-depth interval . 30
Figure C.3 – Results obtained by using both sets of 70 independent images
corresponding to Figure C.2 . 30
Figure C.4 – Sector image (curved array) at 4,5 MHz with multiple foci at 4 cm, 8 cm
and 12 cm depths; the low-echo spheres are 3,2 mm in diameter . 31
Figure C.5 – Reproducibility results for a multiple-lateral-focus (4 cm, 8 cm and 12 cm)
case corresponding to Figure C.4 . 31
Figure C.6 – Reproducibility results for the case corresponding to Figure C.5, except
that there is a single focus at 10 cm depth . 32
Figure C.7 – Reproducibility results for the case corresponding to Figure C.5, except
that there is a single focus at 4 cm depth . 32
– 4 – IEC TS 62791:2015 © IEC 2015
Figure C.8 – Image of the phantom containing 2 mm-diameter, low-echo spheres,
made with a curved array having 1,5 cm radius of curvature, with its focus at 3 cm . 33
Figure C.9 – Reproducibility results corresponding to Figure C.8 . 33
Figure C.10 – Results using all 100 images in the image set that gave rise to
Figure C.9 . 34
Figure C.11 – Image of the phantom containing 2 mm-diameter, low-echo spheres,
made with a high-fre
...
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