ISO TS 80004-2:2015
(Main)Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary - Part 2: Nano-objects
Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary - Part 2: Nano-objects
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015 lists terms and definitions related to particles in the field of nanotechnologies.
Nanotechnologies - Vocabulaire - Partie 2: Nano-objets
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 80004-2
First edition
2015-06-01
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 2:
Nano-objects
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulaire —
Partie 2: Nano-objets
Reference number
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Core terms related to particles . 1
3 Terms concerning particles and assemblies of particles . 1
4 Terms specific to nano-objects . 2
Annex A (informative) Particle size measurement . 5
Annex B (informative) Agglomerates, aggregates, and constituent particles .8
Annex C (informative) Index . 9
Bibliography .10
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committees responsible for this document are ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies and Technical
Committee IEC/TC 113, Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems.
The draft was circulated for voting to the national bodies of both ISO and IEC.
This first edition of ISO/TS 80004-2 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 27687:2008, which has been
technically revised.
Documents in the 80000 to 89999 range of reference numbers are developed by collaboration
between ISO and IEC.
ISO/TS 80004 consists of the following parts, under the general title Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary:
— Part 1: Core terms
— Part 2: Nano-objects
— Part 3: Carbon nano-objects
— Part 4: Nanostructured materials
— Part 5: Nano/bio interface
— Part 6: Nano-object characterization
— Part 7: Diagnostics and therapeutics for healthcare
— Part 8: Nanomanufacturing processes
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 9: Nano-enabled electrotechnical products and systems
— Part 10: Nano-enabled photonic components and systems
— Part 11: Nanolayer, nanocoating, nanofilm, and related terms
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
— Part 12: Quantum phenomena in nanotechnology
— Part 13: Graphene and other two-dimensional materials
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
Introduction
It is predicted that applications of nanotechnologies may pervade all areas of life. In the areas of
communication, health, manufacturing, materials and knowledge-based technologies, there is a need to
provide industry and research with standardized vocabulary and nomenclature to aid the responsible
development and application of the technologies. It is also essential that regulators such as health and
environmental protection agencies have reliable measurement systems supported by well-founded and
robust standards.
Often in the field of nanotechnologies, naming of materials seen on microscopic images is inspired by the
shape of objects found in everyday life, although the physical size is much smaller. The prefix nano- is
often added to denote the small size of the object. (The prefix nano- is also used in SI units to indicate
−9 −9
10 e.g. 1 nanometre = 10 metre.). Thus, the term “nanoscale” (2.1) has been defined to denote the
length interval approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm.
To create a unitary vocabulary, this part of ISO 80004 encompasses terms used concerning particles
with nanoscale dimensions. The terms in this part of ISO 80004 form part of a larger hierarchy of
terms under development for nanotechnologies. These terms are intended to facilitate communications
between organizations and individuals in industry and those who interact with them.
Objects with one or more external dimensions in the nanoscale can have properties that make them
key components of materials and systems resulting in improved performance over their conventional
counterparts. These nano-objects (2.2) often have properties that are not simple extrapolations of
the properties of their larger form, with these novel properties called emerging, discontinuous or
transformative properties.
The size and shape of nano-objects are often intrinsic to their function, so the description and
measurement of their size and shape are important and must be considered carefully. The three most
basic shapes referred to in this part of ISO 80004 are illustrated in Figure 1. These three simple shapes
represent the main classes of structural dimensionality to help categorize nano-objects. Some other
common shapes are defined in this part of ISO 80004, but a large number of different shapes are possible.
A number of other parameters in addition to size and shape are also intrinsic to the function and phenomena
exhibited by nano-objects. These parameters include composition, morphology, crystalline structure, and
surface features, which can all have a major influence on the key nanoscale phenomena exhibited by nano-
objects. Such phenomena include magnetic, optical, catalytic, electronic, and other properties.
a) nanoparticle b) nanofibre c) nanoplate
(3 ext. dimensions (2 ext. dimensions (1 ext. dimensions
in the nanoscale) in the nanoscale) in the nanoscale)
Figure 1 — Schematic diagrams showing some shapes for nano-objects
A particular issue concerns nano-objects where one or more external dimensions are larger than the
nanoscale. Potential confusion can occur when one of these dimensions greatly exceeds the nanoscale.
For example, carbon nanotubes can have overall lengths in the millimetre range and are still nano-
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
objects according to the definitions in this part of ISO 80004. An example of an approach to this issue
is to consider the size or shape at which the health risk from inhalation or other potential routes of
exposure to nano-objects becomes small as an upper size limit for nano-objects.
It is acknowledged that a wide variety of approaches to definitions and classifications are applicable
to particulate material and some of these regimes may also be relevant to nano-objects. Industrial,
regulatory, and scientific domains often use terms such as coarse, fine and ultrafine to denote different
size range fractions of particles (3.1). Thus for airborne particles, ultrafine particles, specified as PM0.1
(PM means “particulate matter”), refer to particles with aerodynamic diameters of 100 nm or less. Fine
particles (PM2.5) refer to particles with aerodynamic diameters of 2,5 µm or less and coarse particles
(PM10) refer to those with aerodynamic diameters of 10 µm or less. These size range fractions are used
by regulators for risk assessment purposes in many contexts, including traffic pollution, volcanic ash,
dust storms, industrial pollution and natural airborne allergens such as pollen.
In this Technical Specification, nano-objects are defined according to their shape as determined
by nanoscale dimensionality. In addition, some types of nano-objects are also defined according to
structural configuration, morphology, form or functionality. It is beyond the scope of this Technical
Specification to consider or recommend specific size, size distribution, or related thresholds for nano-
objects, particularly given the wide variability in size, shape, morphology, composition, and surface
features of nano-objects, with each combination potentially presenting differing implications for
assessments of risk or safety to health or the environment.
There is a hierarchical relationship between many of the different terms in this part of ISO 80004.
Elements of this are shown in Figure 2 to illustrate some of the relationships that exist.
Figure 2 — Fragment of hierarchy of terms related to nano-objects
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 2:
Nano-objects
1 Scope
This Technical Specification lists terms and definitions related to particles in the field of nanotechnologies.
2 Core terms related to particles
2.1
nanoscale
length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm
Note 1 to entry: Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size are predominantly exhibited in this
length range.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.1]
2.2
nano-object
discrete piece of material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale (2.1)
Note 1 to entry: The second and third external dimensions are orthogonal to the first dimension and to each other.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.2]
3 Terms concerning particles and assemblies of particles
Nano-objects [for example nanoparticles, nanofibres, and nanoplates, (see Clause 4)], often occur in
(large) groups, rather than as isolated or distinct entities. For reasons of surface energy, such coexisting
nano-objects are likely to interact. In the description of these interactions, the following terms are often
used. The following terms are not restricted with respect to physical size and shape. These terms are
included for completeness and importance at the nanoscale.
3.1
particle
minute piece of matter with defined physical boundaries
Note 1 to entry: A physical boundary can also be described as an interface.
Note 2 to entry: A particle can move as a unit.
Note 3 to entry: This general particle definition applies to nano-objects (2.2).
[SOURCE: ISO 26824:2013, 1.1]
3.2
primary particle
original source particle (3.1) of agglomerates (3.4) or aggregates (3.5) or mixtures of the two
Note 1 to entry: Constituent particles (3.3) of agglomerates or aggregates at a certain actual state may be primary
particles, but often the constituents are aggregates.
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
Note 2 to entry: Agglomerates and aggregates are also termed secondary particles.
[SOURCE: ISO 26824:2013, 1.4]
3.3
constituent particle
identifiable, integral component of a larger particle (3.1).
Note 1 to entry: The constituent particle structures may be primary particles (3.2) or secondary particles.
3.4
agglomerate
collection of weakly or medium strongly bound particles (3.1) where the resulting external surface area
is similar to the sum of the surface areas of the individual components
Note 1 to entry: The forces holding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces or
simple physical entanglement.
Note 2 to entry: Agglomerates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed
primary particles (3.2).
[SOURCE: ISO 26824:2013, 1.2]
3.5
aggregate
particle (3.1) comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 80004-2
First edition
2015-06-01
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 2:
Nano-objects
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulaire —
Partie 2: Nano-objets
Reference number
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Core terms related to particles . 1
3 Terms concerning particles and assemblies of particles . 1
4 Terms specific to nano-objects . 2
Annex A (informative) Particle size measurement . 5
Annex B (informative) Agglomerates, aggregates, and constituent particles .8
Annex C (informative) Index . 9
Bibliography .10
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
orga nizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committees responsible for this document are ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies and Technical
Committee IEC/TC 113, Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems.
The draft was circulated for voting to the national bodies of both ISO and IEC.
This first edition of ISO/TS 80004-2 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 27687:2008, which has been
technically revised.
Documents in the 80000 to 89999 range of reference numbers are developed by collaboration
between ISO and IEC.
ISO/TS 80004 consists of the following parts, under the general title Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary:
— Part 1: Core terms
— Part 2: Nano-objects
— Part 3: Carbon nano-objects
— Part 4: Nanostructured materials
— Part 5: Nano/bio interface
— Part 6: Nano-object characterization
— Part 7: Diagnostics and therapeutics for healthcare
— Part 8: Nanomanufacturing processes
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 9: Nano-enabled electrotechnical products and systems
— Part 10: Nano-enabled photonic components and systems
— Part 11: Nanolayer, nanocoating, nanofilm, and related terms
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
— Part 12: Quantum phenomena in nanotechnology
— Part 13: Graphene and other two-dimensional materials
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
Introduction
It is predicted that applications of nanotechnologies may pervade all areas of life. In the areas of
communication, health, manufacturing, materials and knowledge-based technologies, there is a need to
provide industry and research with standardized vocabulary and nomenclature to aid the responsible
development and application of the technologies. It is also essential that regulators such as health and
envi ronmental protection agencies have reliable measurement systems supported by well-founded and
robu st standards.
Often in the field of nanotechnologies, naming of materials seen on microscopic images is inspired by the
shape of objects found in everyday life, although the physical size is much smaller. The prefix nano- is
often added to denote the small size of the object. (The prefix nano- is also used in SI units to indicate
−9 −9
10 e.g. 1 nanometre = 10 metre.). Thus, the term “nanoscale” (2.1) has been defined to denote the
length interval approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm.
To create a unitary vocabulary, this part of ISO 80004 encompasses terms used concerning particles
with nanoscale dimensions. The terms in this part of ISO 80004 form part of a larger hierarchy of
terms under development for nanotechnologies. These terms are intended to facilitate communications
between organizations and individuals in industry and those who interact with them.
Objects with one or more external dimensions in the nanoscale can have properties that make them
key components of materials and systems resulting in improved performance over their conventional
counterparts. These nano-objects (2.2) often have properties that are not simple extrapolations of
the properties of their larger form, with these novel properties called emerging, discontinuous or
transformative properties.
The size and shape of nano-objects are often intrinsic to their function, so the description and
measurement of their size and shape are important and must be considered carefully. The three most
basic shapes referred to in this part of ISO 80004 are illustrated in Figure 1. These three simple shapes
represent the main classes of structural dimensionality to help categorize nano-objects. Some other
common shapes are defined in this part of ISO 80004, but a large number of different shapes are possible.
A number of other parameters in addition to size and shape are also intrinsic to the function and phenomena
exhibited by nano-objects. These parameters include composition, morphology, crystalline structure, and
surface features, which can all have a major influence on the key nanoscale phenomena exhibited by nano-
objects. Such phenomena include magnetic, optical, catalytic, electronic, and other properties.
a) nanoparticle b) nanofibre c) nanoplate
(3 ext. dimensions (2 ext. dimensions (1 ext. dimensions
in the nanoscale) in the nanoscale) in the nanoscale)
Figure 1 — Schematic diagrams showing some shapes for nano-objects
A particular issue concerns nano-objects where one or more external dimensions are larger than the
nanoscale. Potential confusion can occur when one of these dimensions greatly exceeds the nanoscale.
For example, carbon nanotubes can have overall lengths in the millimetre range and are still nano-
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
objects according to the definitions in this part of ISO 80004. An example of an approach to this issue
is to consider the size or shape at which the health risk from inhalation or other potential routes of
exposure to nano-objects becomes small as an upper size limit for nano-objects.
It is acknowledged that a wide variety of approaches to definitions and classifications are applicable
to particulate material and some of these regimes may also be relevant to nano-objects. Industrial,
regulatory, and scientific domains often use terms such as coarse, fine and ultrafine to denote different
size range fractions of particles (3.1). Thus for airborne particles, ultrafine particles, specified as PM0.1
(PM means “particulate matter”), refer to particles with aerodynamic diameters of 100 nm or less. Fine
particles (PM2.5) refer to particles with aerodynamic diameters of 2,5 µm or less and coarse particles
(PM10) refer to those with aerodynamic diameters of 10 µm or less. These size range fractions are used
by regulators for risk assessment purposes in many contexts, including traffic pollution, volcanic ash,
dust storms, industrial pollution and natural airborne allergens such as pollen.
In this Technical Specification, nano-objects are defined according to their shape as determined
by nanoscale dimensionality. In addition, some types of nano-objects are also defined according to
structural configuration, morphology, form or functionality. It is beyond the scope of this Technical
Specification to consider or recommend specific size, size distribution, or related thresholds for nano-
objects, particularly given the wide variability in size, shape, morphology, composition, and surface
features of nano-objects, with each combination potentially presenting differing implications for
assessments of risk or safety to health or the environment.
There is a hierarchical relationship between many of the different terms in this part of ISO 80004.
Elements of this are shown in Figure 2 to illustrate some of the relationships that exist.
Figure 2 — Fragment of hierarchy of terms related to nano-objects
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 2:
Nano-objects
1 Scope
This Technical Specification lists terms and definitions related to particles in the field of nanotechnologies.
2 Core terms related to particles
2.1
nanoscale
length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm
Note 1 to entry: Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size are predominantly exhibited in this
length range.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.1]
2.2
nano-object
discrete piece of material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale (2.1)
Note 1 to entry: The second and third external dimensions are orthogonal to the first dimension and to each other.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.2]
3 Terms concerning particles and assemblies of particles
Nano-objects [for example nanoparticles, nanofibres, and nanoplates, (see Clause 4)], often occur in
(large) groups, rather than as isolated or distinct entities. For reasons of surface energy, such coexisting
nano-objects are likely to interact. In the description of these interactions, the following terms are often
used. The following terms are not restricted with respect to physical size and shape. These terms are
included for completeness and importance at the nanoscale.
3.1
particle
minute piece of matter with defined physical boundaries
Note 1 to entry: A physical boundary can also be described as an interface.
Note 2 to entry: A particle can move as a unit.
Note 3 to entry: This general particle definition applies to nano-objects (2.2).
[SOURCE: ISO 26824:2013, 1.1]
3.2
primary particle
original source particle (3.1) of agglomerates (3.4) or aggregates (3.5) or mixtures of the two
Note 1 to entry: Constituent particles (3.3) of agglomerates or aggregates at a certain actual state may be primary
particles, but often the constituents are aggregates.
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(E)
Note 2 to entry: Agglomerates and aggregates are also termed secondary particles.
[SOURCE: ISO 26824:2013, 1.4]
3.3
constituent particle
identifiable, integral component of a larger particle (3.1).
Note 1 to entry: The constituent particle structures may be primary particles (3.2) or secondary particles.
3.4
agglomerate
collection of weakly or medium strongly bound particles (3.1) where the resulting external surface area
is similar to the sum of the surface areas of the individual components
Note 1 to entry: The forces holding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces or
simple physical enta
...
SPÉCIFICATION ISO/TS
TECHNIQUE 80004-2
Première édition
2015-06-01
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulaire —
Partie 2:
Nano-objets
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 2: Nano-objects
Numéro de référence
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(F)
©
ISO 2015
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2015, Publié en Suisse
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie, l’affichage sur
l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – Tous droits réservés
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .vi
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Termes « cœur » relatifs aux particules . 1
3 Termes concernant les particules et les assemblées de particules .1
4 Termes spécifiques aux nano-objets . 2
Annexe A (informative) Mesurage de la taille des particules . 5
Annexe B (informative) Agglomérats, agrégats et particules constituantes .8
Annexe C (informative) Index . 9
Bibliographie .10
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(F)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouv ernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne
la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www.
iso.org/directives).
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant les
références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de l’élaboration
du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de brevets reçues par
l’ISO (voir www.iso.org/patents).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation
de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de l’ISO aux principes de l’OMC
concernant les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: Avant-propos - Informations
supplémentaires
Le comité chargé de l’élaboration du présent document est l’ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies, et le comité
technique IEC/TC 113, Normalisation dans le domaine des nanotechnologies relatives aux appareils et
systèmes électriques et électroniques. Le projet a été distribué aux organismes nationaux membres de
l’ISO et de l’IEC pour le vote.
Cette première édition de l’ISO/TS 80004-2 annule et remplace l’ISO/TS 27687:2008, qui a fait l’objet
d’une révision technique.
Les documents dont les numéros de référence sont compris entre 80000 et 89999 sont développés en
collaboration par l’ISO et l’IEC.
L’ISO/TS 80004 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Nanotechnologies —
Vocabulaire:
— Partie 1: Termes « cœur »
— Partie 2: Nano-objets
— Partie 3: Nano-objets en carbone
— Partie 4: Matériaux nanostructurés
— Partie 5: Interface nano/bio
— Partie 6: Caractérisation des nano-objets
— Partie 7: Diagnostics et thérapies pour les soins de santé
— Partie 8: Processus de nanofabrication
iv © ISO 2015 – Tous droits réservés
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(F)
Les parties suivantes sont en cours d’élaboration:
— Partie 9: Produits et systèmes électrotechniques nanotechnologiques
— Partie 10: Produits et systèmes photoniques nanotechnologiques
— Partie 11: Nano-couche, nano-revêtement, nano-film et termes associés
— Partie 12: Phénomènes quantiques dans les nanotechnologies
— Partie 13: Graphène et autres matériaux bidimensionnels
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(F)
Introduction
Il est prévu que les applications des nanotechnologies puissent, à terme, affecter tous les aspects de la
vie. Dans les domaines des technologies de la communication, de la santé, de la fabrication, des matériaux
et des technologies de la connaissance, il est nécessaire de fournir à l’industrie et aux chercheurs un
vocabulaire et une nomenclature normalisés pour faciliter l’élaboration et l’application responsables de
ces t echnologies. Il est également fondamental que les législateurs tels que les organismes de protection
de la santé et de l’environnement disposent de systèmes de mesure fiables s’appuyant sur des normes
pertinentes et robustes.
Dans le domaine des nanotechnologies, le nommage des matériaux à partir d’images issues de
microscopes s’inspire souvent de la forme d’objets rencontrés dans la vie quotidienne même si leurs
dimensions physiques sont beaucoup plus petites. Le préfixe « nano- » est souvent ajouté afin d’indiquer
la petite taille de l’objet. (Dans les unités SI, le préfixe« nano- » est également utilisé pour représenter
−9 −9
10 , par exemple 1 nanomètre = 10 mètre.). Par conséquent, le terme « échelle nanométrique » (2.1) a
été défini pour désigner une échelle de longueur s’étendant approximativement de 1 nm à 100 nm.
Pour créer un vocabulaire unitaire, la présente partie de l’ISO 80004 englobe les termes utilisés
pour des particules ayant des dimensions à l’échelle nanométrique. Les termes de la présente partie
de l’ISO 80004 font partie d’une hiérarchie plus vaste de termes en cours de développement dans le
domaine des nanotechnologies. Ces termes sont destinés à faciliter la communication entre différents
organismes et membres de l’industrie, et leurs interlocuteurs.
Les objets dont une ou plusieurs dimensions externes sont à l’échelle nanométrique peuvent avoir des
propriétés qui font d’eux des composants clés des matériaux et systèmes aboutissant à des performances
améliorées par rapport à leurs analogues conventionnels. Ces nano-objets (2.2) ont souvent des propriétés
qui ne sont pas de simples extrapolations des propriétés de leur forme de plus grandes dimensions, ces
nouvelles propriétés étant qualifiées d’émergentes, discontinues ou transformatrices.
Les dimensions et la forme des nano-objets étant souvent inhérentes à leur fonction, la description
et le mesurage de leurs dimensions et de leur forme sont importants et doivent faire l’objet d’une
attention particulière. Les trois formes les plus élémentaires mentionnées dans la présente partie de
l’ISO 80004 sont illustrées à la Figure 1. Ces trois formes simples représentent les principales classes de
dimensionnalité structurale aidant à catégoriser les nano-objets. D’autres formes courantes sont définies
dans la présente partie de l’ISO 80004, mais un grand nombre de formes différentes sont possibles.
Outre les dimensions et la forme, de nombreux autres paramètres sont également inhérents aux
fonctionnalités et aux effets présentés par les nano-objets. Ces paramètres comprennent la composition,
la morphologie, la structure cristalline et les caractéristiques de surface, qui peuvent tous avoir une
influence majeure sur les principales propriétés à l’échelle nanométrique présentées par les nano-
vi © ISO 2015 – Tous droits réservés
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(F)
objets. De telles caractéristiques comprennent des propriétés magnétiques, optiques, catalytiques,
électroniques et d’autres propriétés.
a) nanoparticule (3 dimensions b) nanofibre (2 dimensions c) nanoplaque (1 dimension
externes à l’échelle nanomé- externes à l’échelle nanomé- externe à l’échelle nanomé-
trique) trique) trique)
Figure 1 — Illustrations représentant quelques formes de nano-objets
Un problème particulier concerne les nano-objets dont une ou plusieurs dimensions externes sont
supérieures à l’échelle nanométrique. Une confusion potentielle peut naître lorsque l’une de ces
dimensions dépasse largement l’échelle nanométrique. Par exemple, les nanotubes de carbone peuvent
avoir des longueurs totales à l’échelle millimétrique et demeurer des nano-objets au sens des définitions
de la présente partie de l’ISO 80004. Une façon d’aborder ce problème consiste, par exemple, à considérer,
comme taille limite supérieure des nano-objets, les dimensions ou la forme pour lesquelles le risque
pour la santé lié à l’inhalation ou à d’autres voies d’exposition potentielles aux nano-objets devient faible.
Il est reconnu qu’une grande variété d’approches en termes de définitions et de classifications sont
applicables à un matériau particulaire et certains de ces régimes peuvent également être pertinents
pour les nano-objets. Les secteurs de l’industrie, de la réglementation et des sciences utilisent souvent
des termes tels que « grossière/grosse », « fine » et « ultrafine » pour désigner les différentes fractions
granulométriques de particules (3.1). Ainsi, pour les particules en suspension dans l’air, les particules
ultrafines, spécifiées en tant que PM0,1 (PM signifiant « matière particulaire ») se rapportent à des
particules ayant un diamètre aérodynamique inférieur ou égal à 100 nm. Les particules fines (PM2,5) se
rapportent à des particules ayant un diamètre aérodynamique inférieur ou égal à 2,5 µm et les particules
grossières (PM10) se rapportent à celles ayant un diamètre aérodynamique inférieur ou égal à 10 µm.
Ces fractions granulométriques sont utilisés par les législateurs à des fins d’évaluation du risque dans
de nombreux contextes, notamment la pollution liée au trafic, les cendres volcaniques, les tempêtes de
poussière, la pollution industrielle et les allergènes naturels en suspension dans l’air tels que les pollens.
Dans la présente Spécification technique, les nano-objets sont définis en fonction de leur forme telle que
déterminée par l’échelle nanométrique. De plus, certains types de nano-objets sont également définis
selon leur configuration structurale, leur morphologie, leur forme ou leur fonctionnalité. Il ne relève pas
du domaine d’application de la présente Spécification technique de considérer ou de recommander des
dimensions spécifiques, une distribution granulométrique ou des seuils associés pour les nano-objets,
compte tenu notamment de la grande variabilité de dimensions, forme, morphologie, composition et
caractéristiques de surface des nano-objets, chaque combinaison ayant potentiellement des conséquences
différentes pour l’évaluation des risques pour la sécurité, la santé ou l’environnement.
Un lien hiérarchique existe entre un grand nombre des différents termes définis dans la présente
partie de l’ISO 80004. Certains d’entre eux sont représentés à la Figure 2 afin d’illustrer certaines des
relations existantes.
ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(F)
Figure 2 — Extrait de la hiérarchie des termes relatifs aux nano-objets
viii © ISO 2015 – Tous droits réservés
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE ISO/TS 80004-2:2015(F)
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulaire —
Partie 2:
Nano-objets
1 Domaine d’application
La présente Spécification technique donne une liste des termes et définitions concernant les particules
dans le domaine des nanotechnologies.
2 Termes « cœur » relatifs aux particules
2.1
échelle nanométrique
échelle de longueur s’étendant approximativement de 1 nm à 100 nm
Note 1 à l’article: Les propriétés qui ne constituent pas des extrapolations par rapport à des dimensions plus
grandes sont principalement manifestes dans cette échelle de longueur.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS
...
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