IEC TR 62669:2026

• Abstract:

  IEC TR 62669:2026 presents a series of case studies in which electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure is evaluated in accordance with IEC 62232:2025 [1]. The case studies presented in this document involve intentionally radiating base stations (BSs). The BS transmits on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 300 GHz. RF exposure assessments consider, as a minimum, the contribution of ambient sources in at least the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range.; Case studies presented in this document illustrate typical usage of IEC 62232:2025 for the RF exposure assessments of the most common BS types, deployed in mobile and wireless networks, such as small cells, street cells, macro BSs, and parabolic dish antennas used for wireless transmission or mobile backhaul. Many case studies also illustrate the implementation of the actual maximum approach and RF exposure assessment of massive multiple-input, multiple-output (mMIMO) BSs, which are deployed in operational mobile networks, such as 5G.; The case studies are provided for guidance only and are not a substitute for a thorough understanding of the requirements of IEC 62232:2025. Based on the technical outcome and lessons learned from each case study, suggestions are made about RF assessment topics to be considered in the next edition of IEC 62232. New assessment techniques for metrics specified in ICNIRP-2020 [2], such as whole-body average SAR (wbSAR) above 10 GHz and absorbed power density (APD), are also introduced.; NOTE 1 Trade names and trademarks of measurement equipment and computation tools given in this document and in the attached test reports are examples of suitable products available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by IEC of these products.; NOTE 2 The lower frequency considered for ambient sources, 100 kHz, is derived from ICNIRP-2020 [2] and ICNIRP-1998 [3]. Some applicable exposure limit guidelines, however, require ambient fields to be evaluated as low as 3 kHz, e.g. IEEE Std C95.1-2019 [4] and Safety Code 6 [5].; This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2019. This edition constitutes a technical revision.; This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:; a) additional case studies and technical updates illustrating the implementation of IEC 62232:2025;; b) general implementation of the actual maximum approach for beamforming antennas;; c) validation of power or EIRP control features;; d) in-situ measurement and implementation of extrapolation methods;; e) introduction of emerging laboratory measurement methods for product compliance assessments.

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 05-Aug-2026
• ICS: 13.280 - Radiation protection
• ICS: 17.240 - Radiation measurements
• Technical Committee: TC 106 - Methods for the assessment of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with human exposure
• Drafting Committee: MT 3 - TC 106/MT 3
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 06-Aug-2026
• Completion Date: 28-Aug-2026

• Revises: IEC TR 62669:2019 - Case studies supporting IEC 62232 - Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

IEC TR 62669:2026 is an IEC Technical Report that collects case studies supporting IEC 62232:2025 for evaluating RF field strength, power density and SAR near radiocommunication base stations. It is aimed at engineers, compliance teams, quality managers and buyers who need to judge human exposure around intentionally radiating BSs in mobile and wireless networks.

IEC TR 62669:2026 shows how IEC 62232:2025 is applied in product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ exposure assessment. It also introduces case studies for higher-frequency evaluation, including new approaches for wbSAR above 10 GHz and APD.

What does IEC TR 62669:2026 specify?

IEC TR 62669:2026 specifies a set of worked case studies, not a test method on its own. The cases illustrate how to use IEC 62232:2025 for RF exposure assessment around intentionally radiating base stations, including small cells, street cells, macro BSs and parabolic dish antennas.

The scope covers BSs transmitting on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies from 110 MHz to 300 GHz, with ambient sources considered from at least 100 kHz to 300 GHz. In practice, that means the document is about real exposure evaluations in the presence of the BS and other RF sources, not only isolated transmitter checks.

The document is organized into a short front matter, Clause 1 on scope, Clause 2 on normative references, Clause 3 on terms and definitions, Clause 4 on symbols and abbreviations, Clause 5 on general guidance, Clauses 6 to 19 with case studies, and informative annexes A to E.

Annex	What it covers
Annex A	Simplified installation class case studies for E0, E2, E10, E100 and E+
Annex B	Technical information for the macro site with massive MIMO product installation assessment
Annex C	Technical background and modelling for the actual maximum approach
Annex D	Technical details for the small cell in-situ measurement campaigns
Annex E	Technical details for drone-based macro site measurements

What are the key requirements of IEC TR 62669:2026?

The report shows three main ways to assess RF exposure

Clause 5 links the case studies to the three uses of IEC 62232:2025 - product compliance assessment, product installation compliance assessment, and in-situ RF exposure assessment. For a reader, this matters because the document helps decide whether the task is a product-level evaluation before market placement, an installed-site evaluation, or a field survey on an operating site.

Small cell product compliance is illustrated with SAR methods

Clause 6 covers indoor and outdoor small cell BSs and shows product compliance assessment using psSAR, wbSAR and whole-body exclusion criteria. The clause mentions scalar and vector-based SAR measurement systems, so the document is useful when selecting measurement equipment and deciding whether local SAR only, or additional whole-body assessment, is needed.

Higher-power small cells can use spatial averaging instead of full wbSAR

Clause 7 explains that for some small cell products, wbSAR testing can be replaced by power density spatial averaging according to IEC 62232:2025. The case study compares compliance distances for children and adults and shows why reference levels can give more conservative distances than basic restrictions, which is important when setting access zones close to antennas.

mMIMO assessments rely on the actual maximum approach

Clause 8 shows a 5G mMIMO BS assessment in the 3,5 GHz band, using the actual maximum transmitted power and a 1 dB power tolerance to determine a box-shaped RF compliance boundary. In practice, this tells an assessor to identify conservative but realistic power conditions, because overestimating the power can create unrealistically large exclusion zones.

Dish antennas use calculation-based exposure assessment

Clause 9 applies IEC 62232:2025 and ETSI TR 102 457 to mobile backhaul and radio relay products with parabolic dish antennas. The case study uses calculation routes for below and above 10 GHz and shows how the spatial averaging area affects the result, which is useful when assessing fixed wireless links with highly directional beams.

Installation compliance includes simplified classes and actual maximum checks

Clause 10 presents simplified installation criteria for small cells, while Clause 11 covers macro sites with mMIMO and the synthetic method. Clause 12 then shows how the actual maximum approach can be implemented on operational sites using single or multiple segments, and Clause 13 validates power or EIRP monitoring and control features. For site designers and operators, this means the report is not only about measuring exposure - it is also about proving that configured power or EIRP limits are actually respected during operation.

In-situ measurements are shown for small cells, FR2 and macro sites

Clauses 14 to 18 cover field measurements near small cells, millimetre-wave FR2 sites, macro BS sites and drones. The case studies show how to use broadband and frequency-selective measurements, three-point spatial averaging, extrapolation, and decoding-based methods. For a practical survey team, this is the part that supports site visits, reporting and exposure comparison against applicable limits.

Emerging laboratory methods are introduced for future product compliance work

Clause 19 introduces two laboratory methods: wbSAR evaluation from BSs operating above 6 GHz by reverberation chamber measurements, and absorbed power density measurements by an over-the-air augmented technique. These methods matter because they point to how future high-frequency product compliance may be handled directly against basic restrictions, not only through incident power density.

What terms does IEC TR 62669:2026 define?

• BS means base station, the radiocommunication transmitter under evaluation in the case studies.
• EUT means equipment under test, the BS or product whose exposure behavior is being assessed.
• psSAR means peak spatial-average SAR, used for local SAR assessment close to the body.
• wbSAR means whole-body average SAR, used when exposure over the whole body is considered.
• APD means absorbed power density, a metric introduced here for high-frequency assessment above 10 GHz.
• EIRP means equivalent isotropic radiated power, a key parameter in the actual maximum approach and control-feature validation.
• TER means total exposure ratio, the summed exposure ratio from multiple RF sources at an evaluation point.
• mMIMO means massive multiple-input, multiple-output, the beamforming BS type used in several product and installation case studies.

Who uses IEC TR 62669:2026?

IEC TR 62669:2026 is used by RF engineers, compliance laboratories, network operators, equipment vendors, installers and regulators. They use it to choose an assessment route, set up measurements, interpret SAR or power density results, validate power or EIRP control features, and document exposure evaluations around operating BS sites.

It is also useful to quality managers and buyers who need to compare exposure assessment options for small cells, mMIMO systems, dish antennas or drone-assisted surveys. The practical value is that it shows what kind of evidence is typically collected for product compliance, site acceptance and operational RF exposure checks.

What changed in IEC TR 62669:2026 from the previous edition?

IEC TR 62669:2026 is the third edition and it cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2019. The edition is described as a technical revision.

The stated changes are:

• additional case studies and technical updates illustrating IEC 62232:2025
• general implementation of the actual maximum approach for beamforming antennas
• validation of power or EIRP control features
• in-situ measurement and implementation of extrapolation methods
• introduction of emerging laboratory measurement methods for product compliance assessments

Which standards are used with IEC TR 62669:2026?

IEC TR 62669:2026 is written to support IEC 62232:2025, which is the main companion standard for RF exposure assessment near BSs. The report repeatedly uses IEC 62232:2025 for the assessment flow, measurement methods, extrapolation methods and reporting approach.

The case studies also refer to exposure-limit and method documents used in the examples, including ICNIRP-2020, ICNIRP-1998, IEEE Std C95.1-2019, Safety Code 6, 3GPP TS 38.104, ETSI TR 102 457, FCC 19-126, ARPANSA RPS S-1 and IEC/IEEE 63195-1. In practice, these references provide the limits, band naming, averaging areas or alternative assessment methods used to interpret the case studies.

What does the IEC TR 62669:2026 document contain?

The document contains detailed case studies, technical descriptions of BSs and evaluation sites, measurement setups, modelling studies, calculations and reporting examples. Many clauses include figures and tables showing compliance boundaries, compliance distances, power control behavior, uncertainty analysis, and comparison of measurement and calculation results.

It also contains annexes with worked examples for simplified installation classes, massive MIMO site assessments, actual maximum approach modelling, small cell campaigns and drone-based measurements. For users, this means the report is a practical guide to how exposure assessments are carried out and documented in real situations, rather than a short summary of exposure concepts.

IEC TR 62669 ®
Edition 3.0 2026-08
TECHNICAL
REPORT
Case studies supporting IEC 62232 - Determination of RF field strength, power
density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the
purpose of evaluating human exposure

ICS 13.280; 17.240 ISBN 978-2-8327-1414-0

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either
IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC copyright
or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or your local
IEC member National Committee for further information.

IEC Secretariat Tel.: [phone]
3, rue de Varembé [e-mail]
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.

IEC publications search - IEC Products & Services Portal - products.iec.ch
webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform Discover our powerful search engine and read freely all the
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a
publications previews, graphical symbols and the glossary.
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical With a subscription you will always have access to up to date
committee, …). It also gives information on projects, content tailored to your needs.
replaced and withdrawn publications.

Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published containing more than 22 500 terminological entries in English
details all new publications released. Available online and and French, with equivalent terms in 25 additional languages.
once a month by email. Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
(IEV) online.
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
need further assistance, please contact the Customer
Service Centre: [e-mail].
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 15
INTRODUCTION . 17
1 Scope . 18
2 Normative references . 18
3 Terms and definitions . 18
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 35
4.1 Physical quantities . 35
4.2 Constants . 36
4.3 Abbreviated terms. 36
5 General . 38
5.1 Overview of case studies . 38
5.2 Terminology related to measurement survey implementation . 40
6 Small cells product compliance assessment using SAR measurements . 41
6.1 General content . 41
6.2 Case study A: indoor small cell . 41
6.2.1 General description . 41
6.2.2 Technical description of the EUT . 41
6.2.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 42
6.2.4 Technical outcome . 43
6.3 Case study B: outdoor small cell . 44
6.3.1 General description . 44
6.3.2 Technical description of the EUT . 45
6.3.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 45
6.3.4 Technical outcome . 46
6.4 Lessons learned . 47
7 Street cell with omnidirectional antenna product compliance assessment using

SAR measurements and power density spatial averaging. 47
7.1 General content . 47
7.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 47
7.2.1 Evaluation process . 47
7.2.2 Methodology . 48
7.2.3 Reporting . 48
7.3 Technical outcome . 49
7.4 Comparative study . 49
7.4.1 Comparison process. 49
7.4.2 Comparison of spatial average field strength and SAR results . 49
7.5 Lessons learned . 50
8 Macro BS with massive MIMO product compliance assessment . 50
8.1 General content . 50
8.2 Technical description of the EUT . 51
8.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 52
8.3.1 Evaluation process . 52
8.3.2 Methodology . 53
8.3.3 Reporting . 54
8.4 Technical outcome . 54
8.5 Lessons learned . 54
9 Wireless link with parabolic dish antenna product compliance assessment . 55
9.1 General content . 55
9.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 56
9.2.1 Evaluation process . 56
9.2.2 Methodology . 56
9.2.3 Reporting . 57
9.3 Technical outcome . 57
9.4 Lessons learned . 58
10 Small cell product installation compliance assessment using simplified installation
criteria . 58
10.1 General content . 58
10.2 Case study A. 58
10.2.1 General description . 58
10.2.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 59
10.2.3 Technical outcome . 60
10.3 Case study B. 60
10.3.1 General description . 60
10.3.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 61
10.3.3 Technical outcome . 61
10.4 Lessons learned . 61
11 Macro site with massive MIMO product installation compliance assessment . 62
11.1 General content . 62
11.2 Case study A. 62
11.2.1 General description . 62
11.2.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 63
11.2.3 Technical outcome . 64
11.3 Case study B. 66
11.3.1 General description . 66
11.3.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 67
11.3.3 Technical outcome . 69
11.4 Lessons learned . 71
12 General implementation of the actual maximum approach . 72
12.1 General content . 72
12.2 Case Study A . 72
12.2.1 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 72
12.2.2 Verification of actual EIRP control on operational sites . 72
12.3 Case study B. 75
12.3.1 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 75
12.3.2 Verification of actual EIRP control on one operational site . 76
12.4 Lessons learned . 77
13 Power or EIRP control features validation case studies . 78
13.1 General content . 78
13.2 Case study A. 78
13.2.1 General description . 78
13.2.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 78
13.2.3 Technical outcome . 81
13.3 Case study B. 85
13.3.1 General description . 85
13.3.2 In-situ validation of MCF in a MU-MIMO scenario . 85
13.3.3 Technical outcome . 88
13.4 Case study C . 88
13.4.1 General description . 88
13.4.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 88
13.4.3 Technical outcome . 91
13.5 Lessons learned . 93
14 Small cell site in-situ exposure measurements . 94
14.1 General description . 94
14.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 for measurement Campaign A . 95
14.2.1 Evaluation process . 95
14.2.2 Methodology . 96
14.2.3 Reporting . 97
14.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 for measurement Campaign B . 97
14.3.1 General description . 97
14.3.2 Case B (comprehensive exposure evaluation) . 98
14.3.3 Reporting . 98
14.4 Lessons learned . 98
15 Millimetre-wave (FR2) small cell site in-situ exposure assessment . 99
15.1 General description . 99
15.2 Test campaign A: indoor installation in an entrance hall of an office building . 99
15.2.1 Evaluation site . 99
15.2.2 Evaluation process . 100
15.2.3 Methodology . 100
15.2.4 In-situ measurements with emulated BS load profile using frequency
spectrum measurement . 103
15.2.5 Measurement method using a dedicated NR decoder and extrapolation . 104
15.2.6 Reporting . 105
15.2.7 Technical outcome . 105
15.3 Test campaign B: indoor installation in an operating theatre . 106
15.3.1 Evaluation site . 106
15.3.2 Evaluation process . 107
15.3.3 Methodology . 107
15.3.4 Technical outcome . 109
15.4 Test campaign C: outdoor installation . 112
15.4.1 Evaluation site . 112
15.4.2 Evaluation process . 113
15.4.3 Methodology . 114
15.4.4 Reporting . 115
15.4.5 Technical outcome . 116
15.5 Test campaign D: in-situ measurement at a residential apartment with
5G millimetre-wave fixed wireless access from rooftop small cell . 118
15.5.1 Evaluation site . 118
15.5.2 Evaluation process . 120
15.5.3 Methodology . 120
15.5.4 Reporting . 122
15.5.5 Technical outcome . 122
15.6 Test campaign E: in-situ measurement case study . 124
15.6.1 Product configurations . 124
15.6.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 124
15.6.3 Technical outcome . 126
15.7 Test campaign F: comparative study about in-situ measurements in NLoS
and LoS conditions . 128
15.7.1 General content . 128
15.7.2 Evaluation process . 128
15.7.3 Technical outcome . 131
15.8 Lessons learned . 131
16 Macro site in-situ measurements . 132
16.1 General content . 132
16.2 Case study A. 132
16.2.1 General description . 132
16.2.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 133
16.2.3 Technical outcome . 134
16.3 Case study B. 134
16.3.1 General description . 134
16.3.2 Measurement equipment. 135
16.3.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 136
16.3.4 BS site A . 137
16.3.5 BS site B . 142
16.3.6 Technical outcome . 145
16.4 Case study C . 145
16.4.1 General description . 145
16.4.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 145
16.4.3 Technical outcome . 150
16.5 Case study D . 151
16.5.1 General description . 151
16.5.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 151
16.5.3 Technical outcome . 155
16.5.4 Discussion and next step . 156
16.6 Lessons learned . 157
16.7 Discussion about time averaging . 157
16.8 Discussion about spatial averaging . 158
17 NR FR1 extrapolation for in-situ RF exposure assessment . 158
17.1 General description of case studies . 158
17.2 Measurement campaigns A and B . 159
17.2.1 General. 159
17.2.2 Evaluation sites . 159
17.2.3 Evaluation process . 161
17.2.4 Methodology . 161
17.2.5 Reporting . 162
17.2.6 Technical outcome . 167
17.3 Measurement campaign C . 167
17.3.1 General description . 167
17.3.2 Evaluation site(s) . 167
17.3.3 Evaluation process . 169
17.3.4 Methodology . 170
17.3.5 Technical outcome . 174
17.4 Measurement campaign D . 177
17.4.1 Description of evaluation sites . 177
17.4.2 Evaluation process . 181
17.4.3 Methodology . 181
17.4.4 Technical outcome . 187
17.5 Lessons learned . 190
18 Macro site in-situ measurements using drones . 191
18.1 General content . 191
18.2 Implementation . 191
18.2.1 Evaluation system . 191
18.2.2 Evaluation process and methodology . 192
18.2.3 Reporting . 192
18.3 Technical outcome . 193
18.4 Lessons learned . 193
19 Emerging laboratory measurement methods for product compliance assessments . 193
19.1 General description . 193
19.2 Evaluation of wbSAR from BSs operating at frequencies above 6 GHz by
means of reverberation chamber measurements . 194
19.2.1 Methodology . 194
19.2.2 Validation . 197
19.2.3 Example. 197
19.2.4 Lessons learned . 199
19.3 Measurements of absorbed power density from BSs by means of an over-
the-air augmented technique . 200
19.3.1 Methodology . 200
19.3.2 Validation . 201
19.3.3 Example. 203
19.3.4 Lessons learned . 206
Annex A (informative) Technical information supporting the case study "Small cell
product installation compliance assessment using simplified installation criteria" (Case
study A in Clause 10) . 207
A.1 3GPP categories of BSs . 207
A.2 E0 installation class case study – Touch compliant . 207
A.3 E2 installation class case study . 208
A.4 E10 installation class case study . 208
A.5 E100 installation class case study . 210
A.6 E+ installation class case study . 211
Annex B (informative) Technical information supporting the case study "Macro site
with massive MIMO product installation compliance assessment" (case study A in
Clause 11) . 214
B.1 Description of the site . 214
B.2 Description of the EUT . 215
B.3 Evaluation procedure . 216
B.4 Calculations . 216
B.5 Interpretation of the results . 219
Annex C (informative) Technical information supporting the introduction of the actual
maximum approach . 220
C.1 Rationale and technical background . 220
C.2 Actual EIRP evaluation assumptions . 222
C.3 Calculation of the actual power per segment. 225
C.4 Modelling studies on F . 227
PR
C.5 Experimental studies on F . 230
PR
C.6 Configurations with multiple transmitters . 232
C.6.1 Guiding principles for configurations with multiple transmitters . 232
C.6.2 Rationale . 232
C.6.3 Power combination factors applicable to configurations with multiple
transmitters . 234
C.7 Modelling case studies . 236
C.7.1 Modelling case study A . 236
C.7.2 Modelling case study B . 238
C.7.3 Modelling case study C . 240
Annex D (informative) Technical information supporting the case study "Small cell site
in-situ exposure measurements" (Clause 14) . 244
D.1 General description and note . 244
D.2 Technical information and results for measurement Campaign A . 244
D.2.1 General description and measurement process . 244
D.2.2 Test results for Trial 1 . 244
D.2.3 Test results for Trial 2 . 246
D.2.4 Reporting . 249
D.3 Technical information for measurement Campaign B . 249
D.3.1 General description . 249
D.3.2 Measurement process . 249
D.3.3 Results . 250
D.3.4 Measurement uncertainty . 251
D.3.5 Reporting . 252
Annex E (informative) Technical information supporting the case study "Macro site in-
situ measurements using drones" (Clause 18) . 253
E.1 Description of the test setup . 253
E.1.1 Technical parameters of the measurement system . 253
E.1.2 Technical parameters of the drone . 253
E.1.3 Software interface of the drone-based measurement system . 254
E.2 Description of the BS measurement site . 255
E.3 Description of the measurement process . 255
E.4 Considerations for performing RF exposure measurements using drones . 258
Bibliography . 259

Figure 1 – Representation of the terminology related to a typical measurement survey
implementation scenario . 40
Figure 2 – Tested local area BS . 41
Figure 3 – Definition of cylindrical RF compliance boundary . 43
Figure 4 – Small remote radio equipment at 3,5 GHz (EUT antenna). 44
Figure 5 – Views of the SAR measurement setup . 46
Figure 6 – Characteristics of SAR of EUT antennas as a function of separation
distance at 3,5 GHz . 46
Figure 7 – Omnidirectional antenna connected to the street cell product . 47
Figure 8 – Vertical scan lines for spatially averaged field strength measurements . 48
Figure 9 – 5G BS description . 51
Figure 10 – Box-shaped RF compliance boundary . 53
Figure 11 – Typical radio transmitters using parabolic dish antennas . 55
Figure 12 – Cylindrical shape RF compliance boundary . 56
Figure 13 – Overview of BS installation classes for simplified RF exposure assessment
of small cells . 59
Figure 14 – Indoor site with 5G small cell product at millimetre-wave frequency . 60
Figure 15 – Outline of the 5G site . 63
Figure 16 – Top view of the compliance boundaries (red: occupational, yellow: general
public) . 65
Figure 17 – Side view of the compliance boundaries (red: occupational, yellow: general
public) . 65
Figure 18 – Outline of the multiband site . 66
Figure 19 – Compliance boundaries for the pre-existing LTE site (installation
scenario 0) . 69
Figure 20 – General public compliance boundaries for the new site using installation
scenario 2 – reduction of the configured maximum transmitted power . 69
Figure 21 – General public compliance boundaries for the new site using installation
scenario 3 – actual EIRP control on the entire 5G cell (single segment) . 70
Figure 22 – General public compliance boundaries for the new site using installation
scenario 4 – EIRP control using two segments . 70
Figure 23 – Horizontal and vertical planes corresponding to installation scenario 4 . 71
Figure 24 – Counter verification of actual EIRP control on an operational site with
single segment . 73
Figure 25 – Counter verification of actual EIRP control on an operational site with two
segments . 74
Figure 26 – Schematic view of monitoring and control of the actual maximum transmit
power for a cell-wide solution and a multi-segment solution . 75
Figure 27 – Six-minute time-averaged transmitted power (cell-wide) distribution
normalized to the configured maximum for a cell-wide monitoring and control feature . 76
Figure 28 – Distribution of the six-minute time-averaged maximum EIRP within each
segment normalized to its maximum for a directional monitoring and control feature . 77
Figure 29 – Measurement setup for validation case study A . 80
Figure 30 – Power density measurement results for TC1 . 83
Figure 31 – Measured time variation of the power density using TC2 . 84
Figure 32 – Measured time variation of the power density using TC3 . 84
Figure 33 – Test site with indication of MU-MIMO systems and MEPs . 86
Figure 34 – Segments configured on the MCF under test . 86
Figure 35 – Instantaneous power at mMIMO BS, transmitted RBs, and UE status . 87
Figure 36 – OTA configurations used for MCF validation . 89
Figure 37 – Example of actual EIRP MCF test results with one segment . 91
Figure 38 – Example of actual EIRP MCF test results with two segments . 92
Figure 39 – Illustration of small cells integration in street furniture . 95
Figure 40 – Photographs of typical examples of the three small cell site groups . 97
Figure 41 – The measured BS and the measurement area . 99
Figure 42 – Installation of the EUT . 100
Figure 43 – Description of the EVL and MEPs . 102
Figure 44 – The EUT and interested area. 107
Figure 45 – Measurement locations . 108
Figure 46 – MEP positions at 1,5 m above ground superimposed with modelling results . 108
Figure 47 – Free space modelling of the RF exposure in front of the EUT . 110
Figure 48 – Electric field strength for the three MELs . 110
Figure 49 – Comparison of measurement and modelled results in the boresight
direction . 111
Figure 50 – Comparison of measurement and modelled results in the direction
perpendicular to boresight . 111
Figure 51 – EUT installation, measurement points and measurement area . 112
Figure 52 – EUT frame structure . 113
Figure 53 – F calculation per frame . 115
TDC
Figure 54 – The measurement area range and MEPs . 116
Figure 55 – The results of electric field strength measurements at MEP1 and MEP2 . 117
Figure 56 – EUT and measurement location . 119
Figure 57 – Transmission path from millimetre-wave small cell to apartment (132 m). 119
Figure 58 – Example of test case representing family with teenagers and guests during
a weekend stay . 121
Figure 59 – Example of test case representing technology-intensive usage . 122
Figure 60 – Measured RF exposure levels (30-minute time-averaged) – family with
teenagers . 122
Figure 61 – Measured RF exposure levels (30-minute time-averaged) – technology-
intensive usage . 123
Figure 62 – Outdoor site with 5G small cell product at millimetre-wave frequency
installed on a 44 m radio tower . 124
Figure 63 – Measurement locations in the measurement area . 126
Figure 64 – Map of the outdoor measurement locations . 127
Figure 65 – Outdoor measurement location 1 . 127
Figure 66 – Outdoor measurement location 2 . 127
Figure 67 – Satellite view of measurement site . 129
Figure 68 – Description of the measurement setup . 130
Figure 69 – View from the measurement location to the BS. 133
Figure 70 – Example of frequency selective measurement result – POME 3, BS site A
with additional data downloading . 137
Figure 71 – View from the MELs to the BS site A . 138
Figure 72 – Measurement results for POME-3 under normal operation for different
values of averaging schemes (10-second sampling): tumbling (blue) and sliding
average (cyan) . 140
Figure 73 – Measurement results in POME-3 for different values of averaging time . 141
Figure 74 – Measurement results in POME-3 – comparison between the normal
operation mode (left) and the forced data transmission mode (right) . 141
Figure 75 – View from the MEL to the BS site B . 142
Figure 76 – Measurement results on BS site B for different values of averaging time . 144
Figure 77 – Measurement results on BS site B – comparison between the normal
operation mode and the forced data transmission mode . 144
Figure 78 – BS, UE and broadband meter positioning. 146
Figure 79 – Broadband RMS electric field strength measurements using the non-
specific BS load profile. 147
Figure 80 – Measurements with typical BS load profile .
...