ISO/TR 18961

Buildings and civil engineering works — Seismic resilience assessment and strategies — Compilation of relevant information

Bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil — Eevaluation de la résilience sismique et stratégies — Compilation des informations pertinentes

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 91.010.01 - Construction industry in general
• ICS: 91.120.25 - Seismic and vibration protection
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 59 - Buildings and civil engineering works
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 59 - Buildings and civil engineering works
• Current Stage: 6000 - International Standard under publication
• Due Date: 13-Dec-2024
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2024

Standards Content (Sample)

FINAL DRAFT
Technical
Report
ISO/DTR 18961
ISO/TC 59
Buildings and civil engineering
Secretariat: SN
works — Seismic resilience
Voting begins on:
assessment and strategies —
2024-10-17
Compilation of relevant information
Voting terminates on:
2024-12-12
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
ISO/DTR 18961:2024(en) © ISO 2024

FINAL DRAFT
ISO/DTR 18961:2024(en)
Technical
Report
ISO/DTR 18961
ISO/TC 59
Buildings and civil engineering
Secretariat: SN
works — Seismic resilience
Voting begins on:
assessment and strategies —
Compilation of relevant information
Voting terminates on:
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2024
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DTR 18961:2024(en) © ISO 2024

ii
ISO/DTR 18961:2024(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 1
5 Concept of seismic resilience . 2
6 Assessment . . 2
6.1 General .2
6.2 Determining seismic response .4
6.2.1 Earthquake hazard . .4
6.2.2 Building performance model .5
6.2.3 Building seismic damage state .5
6.3 Assessment using resilience indicators .6
6.3.1 Earthquake-induced casualties .6
6.3.2 Earthquake-induced downtime .7
6.3.3 Earthquake-induced economic losses .7
6.3.4 Seismic resilience level .8
6.4 Seismic resilience-related datasets .8
7 Strategies . 9
7.1 General .9
7.2 Design of built assets .9
7.2.1 Structural design for newly built assets .9
7.2.2 Structural retrofitting for existing built assets.10
7.2.3 Nonstructural design for newly built assets .10
7.2.4 Nonstructural retrofitting for existing built assets .11
7.3 Design for external earthquake-induced hazards .11
Bibliography .12

iii
ISO/DTR 18961:2024(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
ISO/DTR 18961:2024(en)
Introduction
[1]
With the issue of the "Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030" , resilience for disaster
risk reduction has become a global consensus. Seismic resilience, as a critical capacity for built assets, needs
to be prioritized. It considers the social, environmental and economic aspects based on conventional seismic
design, ensuring the desired recovery time, tolerable losses and minimal casualties while preventing
collapse.
As a typical example, the conventionally designed building shown in Figure 1 a) underwent severe damage
and lost key functions during an earthquake. By contrast, the building in Figure 1 b), which was designed for
seismic resilience, sustained minimal damage and rapidly regained full postearthquake functionality.
a) Conventionally seismic designed building
b) Seismic-resilient building
Figure 1 — Comparison between buildings designed based on conventional seismic design and
seismic-resilient design concepts
Consequently, seismic resilience has emerged as a critical global concern that necessitates prioritization.
Some countries have standards for assessing and boosting resilience; however, many still overlook its
importance because of inadequate knowledge sharing. ISO documents on the seismic resilience of buildings
and civil engineering works play a critical role in raising awareness worldwide. The development of this
document assists in gathering information on assessment frameworks, metrics and guidelines for improving
seismic resilience.
The collated information includes the following:
— concept of seismic resilience and its development history; recent earthquake disasters have underscored
the need for seismic resilience, as evidenced in a typical case;
— assessment tools for seismic resilience levels; standards, codes and documents were collected from
various entities; these tools assess earthquake-related economic impacts, recovery times and casualties
by providing assessment methods, data, information-acquisition methods and indicators;
— strategies for enhancing seismic resilience; these were collected from investigative documents focusing
on constructing newly built resilient assets and retrofitting existing assets.

v
ISO/DTR 18961:2024(en)
The compiled information serves as a valuable resource for stakeholders, guiding them in strategizing
to enhance the seismic resilience of built assets, thereby minimizing earthquake-induced damage. This
document can be useful for standard setters, policymakers, users, architects, engineers, and construction
and manufacturing sectors.
vi
FINAL DRAFT Technical Report ISO/DTR 18961:2024(en)
Buildings and civil engineering works — Seismic resilience
assessment and strategies — Compilation of relevant
information
1 Scope
This document provides an index of typical existing information on the concept, assessment and strategy for
seismic resilience of buildings and civil engineering works.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Abbreviated terms
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
DS damage state
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency, an agency of the United States
GIS geographic information system
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, a ministry of the People's Republic of
MOHURD
China
National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States, Grant/Contractor Re-
NIST GCR
ports
NZSEE New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering
JSCE Japan Society of Civil Engineers
PACT Performance Assessment Calculation Tool provided in FEMA P-58
PGA peak ground acceleration
PGV peak ground velocity
SPUR San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association

ISO/DTR 18961:2024(en
...

ISO /WD TR/DTR 18961:####(X)
ISO TC59/WG 4/TC 59
Secretariat: SN
Date: YYYY-MM-DD2024-10-03
Buildings and civil engineering works – — Seismic resilience
assessment and strategies –— Compilation of relevant
information
WD/CD/DIS/FDIS stage
Warning for WDs and CDs
This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to
change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of
which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.

A model manuscript of a draft International Standard (known as “The Rice Model”) is available at

© ISO #### – All rights reserved

ISO #####-#:####(X)
2 © ISO #### – All rights reserved

ISO #####-#:####(X)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can
be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO #### – All rights reserved iii

ISO #####-#:####(X)
Contents
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 1
5 Concept of seismic resilience . 2
6 Assessment . 3
6.1 General . 3
6.2 Determining seismic response . 6
6.3 Assessment using resilience indicators . 9
6.4 Seismic resilience-related datasets .11
7 Strategies .11
7.1 General .11
7.2 Design of built assets .12
7.3 Design for external earthquake-induced hazards .14
Bibliography .16

iv © ISO #### – All rights reserved

ISO #####-#:####(X)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documentsdocument should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance
with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of
(a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO [had/had not] received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, [Buildings and civil engineering works].
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO #### – All rights reserved v

ISO #####-#:####(X)
Introduction
[1 ]
With the issue of the "Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030" " [1], , resilience for
disaster risk reduction has become a global consensus. Seismic resilience, as a critical capacity for built
assets, needs to be prioritized. It comprehensively considers the social, environmental, and economic
aspects based on conventional seismic design, ensuring the desired recovery time, tolerable losses, and
minimal casualties while preventing collapse.
As a typical example, the conventionally designed building shown in Figure 1 aFigure 1(a)) underwent
severe damage and lost key functions during an earthquake. By contrast, the building in Figure 1 bFigure
1(b),), which was designed for seismic resilience, sustained minimal damage and rapidly regained full
postearthquake functionality.
Function Earthquake
Without Conventionally
Pre Post Normal
100%
resilience seismic designed
building
Lost function
Do not collapse
Long-time
& Ensure life safety
recovery
Severely
damaged
0% Earthquake
Time
Function Earthquake
Without Resilient
Pre Post Normal
resilience building
100%
Less damage
Seismic-resilient
Smaller loss
Severely
built assets
( Normal
damaged
operation
Faster recovery
a) Conventionally seismic designed building
0% Time
Earthquake
Recovery time
vi © ISO #### – All rights reserved

ISO #####-#:####(X)
(
b) Seismic-resilient building
Figure 1 — Comparison between buildings designed based on conventional seismic design and
seismic-resilient design concepts
Consequently, seismic resilience has emerged as a critical global concern that necessitates prioritization.
Some countries have standards for assessing and boosting resilience; however, many still overlook its
importance because of inadequate knowledge sharing. ISO documents on the seismic resilience of
buildings and civil engineering works will play a critical role in raising awareness worldwide. The
development of an ISO Technical Report (TR)this document assists in gathering information on
assessment frameworks, metrics, and guidelines for improving seismic resilience.
From theThe collated information, readers will likely see,information includes the following:
— ——Conceptconcept of seismic resilience and its development history. Recent; recent earthquake
disasters have underscored the need for seismic resilience, as evidenced in a typical case. ;
— ——Assessmentassessment tools for seismic resilience levels. Standards; standards, codes, and
documents were collected from various entities. These; these tools assess earthquake-related
economic impacts, recovery times, and casualties by providing assessment methods, data,
information-acquisition methods, and indicators. ;
— ——Strategiesstrategies for enhancing seismic resilience. These; these were collected from
investigative documents focusing on constructing newly built resilient assets and retrofitting existing
assets.
The compiled information serves as a valuable resource for stakeholders, guiding them in strategizing to
enhance the seismic resilience of built assets, thereby minimizing earthquake-induced damage. The
readership encompassesThis document can be useful for standard setters, policymakers, users,
architects, engineers, and construction and manufacturing sectors.

© ISO #### – All rights reserved vii

ISO #####-#:####(X/DTR 18961:(en)
Title (Introductory element — Main element — Part #: Part title)
© ISO #### 2024 – All rights reserved
viii
ISO #####-#:####(X/DTR 18961:(en)
Buildings and civil engineering works — Seismic resilience
assessment and strategies — Compilation of relevant information
1 Scope
This document provides an index of typical existing information on the concept, assessment, and strategy for
seismic resilience of buildings and civil engineering works.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
4 Abbreviated terms
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
DS damage state
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency, an agency of the United States
ASCEGIS American Society of Civil Engineersgeographic information system
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, a ministry of the People's Republic of
MOHURD
China
JSCE Japan Society of Civil Engineers
NZSEE New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering
SPUR San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association
SBA Small Business Administration
National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States, Grant/Contractor
NIST GCR
Reports
NZSEE New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering
JSCE Japan Society of Civil Engineers
PACT Performance Assessment Calculation Tool provided in FEMA P-58
PGA Peak Ground Accelerationpeak ground acceleration
PGV Peak Ground Velocitypeak ground velocity
Geographic Information SystemSan Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research
GISSPUR
Association
DS Damage State
© ISO #### 2024 – All rights reserved
ISO #####-#:####(X/DTR 18961:(en)
85 Concept of seismic resilience
Seismic resilience includes the capacity to withstand, adapt to, or promptly recover from earthquake damage
to preserve or restore the intended functionality. The concept of seismic resilience is derived from the broader
concept of resilience,; and its developmental history is depicted in Figure 2Figure 2.

th
19 century
resilience was introduced in physics

th
20 century
resilience was used in medicine and psychology

resilience was developed as an ecological concept

resilience was used for long-term phenomena,

e.g., climate change
resilience was applied to social systems

resilience was used for short-term disasters
seismic resilience was defined and quantified for
communities
seismic resilience was quantified for
complex systems
resilience was defined in the United States’ presidential
2013 policy directive
seismic resilience was associated with
earthquake design
resilience was defined in Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030

seismic resilience was defined in Chinese
national standards
ISO/TR 22845 Resilience of buildings and civil

engineering works
© ISO #### 2024 – All rights reserved
ISO #####-#:####(X/DTR 18961:(en)

[2-15 ]
Figure 2 — Development of the concept of seismic resilience [2-15]
[16 ]
Seismic resilience was exemplified by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. [16]. On February 22, 2011, a
strong earthquake hit Christchurch, New Zealand. Although many built assets in the struck area were
constructed according to traditional seismic design for human safety, many minimally damaged assets were
beyond economic repair and were demolished, resulting in significant economic losses and downtime. By
contrast, a hospital located north of the area and built with a focus on seismic resilience endured the
earthquake with slight damage and swiftly resumed operations.
In drawing lessons from the Christchurch earthquake, focusing on two pivotal elements is crucial: first,
evaluating the current seismic resilience of built assets, and second, the focus is on the following two pivotal
elements:developing strategies to enhance their seismic resilience.
a) evaluating the current seismic re
...