ISO/TS 19127:2005
(Main)Geographic information — Geodetic codes and parameters
Geographic information — Geodetic codes and parameters
ISO TS 19127:2005 defines rules for the population and maintenance of registers of geodetic codes and parameters and identifies the data elements, in compliance with ISO 19135 and ISO 19111, required within these registers. Recommendations for the use of the registers, the legal aspects, the applicability to historic data, the completeness of the registers, and a mechanism for maintenance are specified by the registers themselves.
Information géographique — Codes et paramètres géodésiques
Geografske informacije - Geodetske kode in parametri
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19127
First edition
2005-06-15
Geographic information — Geodetic
codes and parameters
Information géographique — Codes et paramètres géodésiques
Reference number
ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance. 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions. 1
5 Registers of geodetic codes and parameters. 1
6 Management of a register of geodetic codes and parameters . 2
7 Content of a register of geodetic codes and parameters. 3
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite. 4
Annex B (normative) Register of geodetic codes and parameters. 5
Annex C (informative) Best practices for geodetic codes and parameters . 12
Bibliography . 20
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document:
an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting
a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a
further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is
confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an
International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 19127 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Introduction
ISO 19135 specifies procedures for the registration of items of geographic information. ISO/IEC JTC 1 defines
registration as the assignment of an unambiguous name to an object in a way that makes the object available
to interested parties.
ISO 19111 describes elements necessary to define fully coordinate reference systems and coordinate
systems so that coordinates for positions on or near the Earth’s surface can be unambiguously referenced.
ISO 19111 also describes elements to define coordinate operations that change coordinate values from one
coordinate reference system to coordinate values based on another coordinate reference system.
Currently, many lists of geodetic codes and parameters exist in national standards, standards of liaison
organizations, and industrial specifications and software products. Little guidance is provided on applicability
and appropriate use of these geodetic codes and parameters. Applicability and appropriate use are of great
concern, as geographic information systems become more widely available to non-experts in cartography and
geodesy.
This Technical Specification describes how the procedures specified in ISO 19135 are to be applied to
registers of elements applicable to spatial referencing by coordinates in compliance with ISO 19111. Some
elements that are optional in ISO 19111 become mandatory in this Technical Specification to provide
guidance on applicability and appropriate use.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Geographic information — Geodetic codes and parameters
1 Scope
This Technical Specification defines rules for the population and maintenance of registers of geodetic codes
and parameters and identifies the data elements, in compliance with ISO 19111 and ISO 19135, required
within these registers. Recommendations for the use of the registers, the legal aspects, the applicability to
historic data, the completeness of the registers, and a mechanism for maintenance are specified by the
registers themselves.
2 Conformance
To conform to this Technical Specification, a register of items of geographic information shall satisfy all of the
conditions specified in the Abstract test suite (Annex A).
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19111:2003, Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19112, Geographic information Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers
1)
ISO 19135: , Geographic information Procedures for item registration
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms, definitions, symbols, notations and abbreviated terms given in
ISO 19111 and ISO 19135 apply.
5 Registers of geodetic codes and parameters
The ISO geodetic registry network is defined as:
a) The ISO register of geodetic registers. This principal register holds a set of items that describe the
subregisters described in b) and c);
b) The ISO register of geodetic codes and parameters. This subregister shall contain coordinate reference
system data and coordinate transformation data that conform to ISO 19111 and are international in
1) To be published.
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
geographic extent of application, widely used, and well defined. See Tables B.1, B.2 and B.3 for
requirements for entries in the ISO register;
c) External subregisters of geodetic codes and parameters. These subregisters shall contain coordinate
reference system data and coordinate transformation data that conform to ISO 19111. See Tables B.1,
B.2 and B.3 for requirements for entries in the external subregisters of geodetic codes and parameters.
Figure 1 illustrates the ISO geodetic registry network.
Key
1 ISO register of geodetic registers
2 ISO register of geodetic codes and parameters
3 1.n ISO-approved external registers conforming to ISO 19111 and ISO 19135
Figure 1 — The ISO geodetic registry network
6 Management of a register of geodetic codes and parameters
Rules for managing a register of geographical information items, including the submission of information, are
found in ISO 19135.
There are additional rules for managing registers of geodetic codes and parameters. The minimum level of
information that the register manager shall accept from a submitting organization is complete data for a
coordinate reference system or coordinate transformation that conforms to requirements as specified in
Clause 7 of this Technical Specification. The register manager shall also accept data for compound coordinate
reference systems, single coordinate operations, and concatenated coordinate operations that conform to
requirements of ISO 19111 and Clause 7 of this Technical Specification.
Higher-level records for coordinate reference system and coordinate transformation data are dependent on
records for entities such as datums, coordinate systems, and coordinate operation parameters. The register
manager shall assign individual registration identifiers for records for entities such as datums, coordinate
systems, and coordinate operation parameters so that multiple higher-level records can point to them. When a
record for an entity such as a datum, coordinate system, or coordinate operation parameter is modified,
dependent records also shall be modified, according to rules in ISO 19135.
To promote interoperability among subregisters within the ISO geodetic registry network, register managers
are encouraged to adopt the “best practices” in Annex C.
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
7 Content of a register of geodetic codes and parameters
Data included in a register of geodetic codes and parameters shall conform, at a minimum, to requirements of
ISO 19111.
Additional rules for content of a register of geodetic codes and parameters are as follows:
a) Information on scope of coordinate reference system and coordinate operation and their elements in
accordance with ISO 19111 is mandatory for acceptance in the register. Some coordinate reference
systems have a legal status in their valid area; this status shall be included in the scope.
b) Information on valid area is mandatory for acceptance in the register.
c) If the submitting organization uses geographic identifiers (as documented in ISO 19112) to describe valid
area, it shall provide a citation to the source.
d) The geographic area where use of the coordinate reference system is accepted shall be logically
consistent with the geographic area where use of the datum is accepted and, if applicable, the geographic
area where use of the map projection is accepted.
e) Description of valid area for a coordinate operation shall be logically consistent with the valid areas for the
source coordinate reference system and the target coordinate reference system.
f) Information on datum type is mandatory for registration validation purposes.
Requirements for content of a subregister within the ISO geodetic registry network, as required by ISO 19111
and as specified in this clause, are documented in Tables B.1, B.2 and B.3. A mechanism for maintenance is
discussed in ISO 19135.
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Abstract test suite
A.1 Management procedures
a) Test Purpose: Verify that the register is managed according to the rules specified in this Technical
Specification.
b) Test Method: Check the procedures described in the information distributed by the registration manager.
c) Reference: Clause 6 and ISO 19135, Clause 6.
d) Test Type: Capability.
A.2 Register content
a) Test Purpose: Verify that the register contains the minimum specified content.
b) Test Method: Inspect entries in the register to ensure that they include all elements of information
required by ISO 19135 and this Technical Specification.
c) Reference: Clause 7 and ISO 19135, Clause 8.
d) Test Type: Capability.
A.3 Publication of register contents
a) Test Purpose: Verify that the contents of the register are publicly available.
b) Test Method: Check the information distributed by the registration manager. Visit the web site and inspect
the information made available.
c) Reference: ISO 19135, 6.4.
d) Test Type: Capability.
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Annex B
(normative)
Register of geodetic codes and parameters
This annex contains Tables B.1, B.2 and B.3, which specify information for elements to be included in a
subregister within the ISO geodetic registry network. Many of these elements are taken from ISO 19111 and
ISO 19135, but this annex contains additional elements and guidance for completing those elements beyond
those provided in ISO 19111.
Table B.1 — Requirements for describing an entry for a coordinate reference system
E N X Y Z i j k
ϕ λ h
i j
ϕ λ
k r
r Ω Θ
Ω Θ
r Ω
r Θ
H
Datum type: Geodetic Geodetic Geodetic Engineering
or vertical
Coordinate Projected Geodetic or Cartesian Cartesian or
system type: spherical spherical
polar polar or
gravity-
related height
Element name Comments
a
Coordinate M M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
M
reference system describe a source citation. Information
identifier for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Coordinate O O O O
reference system
alias
Coordinate M M M M If the submitting organization uses
reference system geographic identifiers (as documented in
valid area ISO 19112) to describe valid area, it
shall provide a citation for the
geographic identifiers.
Coordinate M M M M
reference system
scope
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Table B.1 (continued)
E N X Y Z i j k
ϕ λ h
i j
ϕ λ
k r
r Ω Θ
Ω Θ
r Ω
r Θ
H
Datum type: Geodetic Geodetic Geodetic Engineering
or vertical
Coordinate Projected Geodetic or Cartesian Cartesian or
system type: spherical spherical
polar polar or
gravity-
related height
Element name Comments
Datum identifier M M M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
describe a source citation. Information
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Datum alias O O O O
Datum type M M M M Mandatory, for acceptance in the
register.
Datum anchor O O O O
point
Datum realization O O O O
epoch
Datum valid area M M M M If the submitting organization uses
geographic identifiers (as documented in
ISO 19112) to describe valid area, it
shall provide a citation for the
geographic identifiers.
Datum scope M M M M
Datum remarks O O O O
Prime meridian M M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
identifier describe a source citation. Information
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Prime meridian M M M
Greenwich
longitude
Prime meridian O O O
remarks
Ellipsoid identifier M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
describe a source citation. Information
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Ellipsoid alias O O
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Table B.1 (continued)
E N X Y Z i j k
ϕ λ h
i j
ϕ λ
k r
r Ω Θ
Ω Θ
r Ω
r Θ
H
Datum type: Geodetic Geodetic Geodetic Engineering
or vertical
Coordinate Projected Geodetic or Cartesian Cartesian or
system type: spherical spherical
polar polar or
gravity-
related height
Element name Comments
Ellipsoid semi- M M
major axis
Ellipsoid shape M M Boolean TRUE if ellipsoid.
Boolean FALSE if sphere.
Ellipsoid inverse cd 1 cd 1
b
flattening
Ellipsoid remarks O O
Coordinate system M M M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
identifier describe a source citation. Information
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Coordinate system M M M M
type
Coordinate system M M M M
dimension
Coordinate system O O O O
remarks
Coordinate system M M M M
c
axis name
Coordinate system M M M M
c
axis direction
Coordinate system M M M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
c
describe a source citation. Information
axis unit identifier
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Coordinate M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
operation identifier describe a source citation. Information
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Table B.1 (continued)
E N X Y Z i j k
ϕ λ h
i j
ϕ λ
k r
r Ω Θ
Ω Θ
r Ω
r Θ
H
Datum type: Geodetic Geodetic Geodetic Engineering
or vertical
Coordinate Projected Geodetic or Cartesian Cartesian or
system type: spherical spherical
polar polar or
gravity-
related height
Element name Comments
Coordinate M If the submitting authority uses
operation valid geographic identifiers (as documented in
area ISO 19112) to describe valid area, it
shall provide a citation for the
geographic identifiers.
Coordinate M
operation scope
Source coordinate cd 2
reference system
b
identifier
Target coordinate cd 2
reference system
b
identifier
Coordinate cd 3
b
operation version
Coordinate M
operation method
b
name
Coordinate O
operation method
name alias
Coordinate M
operation method
formula(s)
Coordinate M
operation method
parameters
number
Coordinate O
operation method
remarks
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Table B.1 (continued)
E N X Y Z i j k
ϕ λ h
i j
ϕ λ
k r
r Ω Θ
Ω Θ
r Ω
r Θ
H
Datum type: Geodetic Geodetic Geodetic Engineering
or vertical
Coordinate Projected Geodetic or Cartesian Cartesian or
system type: spherical spherical
polar polar or
gravity-
related height
Element name Comments
Coordinate M
operation
d
parameter name
Coordinate M
operation
d
parameter value
Coordinate O
operation
parameter
d
remarks
a
M – Mandatory (if in italics, differs from obligation in ISO 19111:2003); O – Optional.
b
Conditions are as follows:
cd 1 – Mandatory if an ellipsoid shape is true.
cd 2 – Mandatory if describing a coordinate transformation.
cd 3 – Mandatory if describing either (i) a projected coordinate system and none of coordinate reference system citation, coordinate
system citation, or coordinate operation citation is supplied; or (ii) a single coordinate conversion or coordinate transformation.
c
Repeat for each coordinate axis.
d
Repeat for as many parameters are required by the coordinate operation.
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Table B.2 — Requirements for describing a coordinate transformation
Element name Obligation Rules
Coordinate operation M See ISO 19111 for requirements to describe a source citation. Information
identifier for source citation as part of the element identifier is mandatory for
acceptance into the register.
Coordinate operation M If the submitting authority uses geographic identifiers (as documented in
valid area ISO 19112) to describe valid area, it shall provide a citation for the
geographic identifiers.
Coordinate operation M
scope
Source coordinate M
reference system
identifier
Target coordinate M
reference system
identifier
Coordinate operation M
version
Coordinate operation M
method name
Coordinate operation O
method name alias
Coordinate operation M Formula used by the coordinate operation method. This may be a reference
method formula(e) to a publication.
Coordinate operation M Number of parameters required by this coordinate operation method.
method number of
a
parameters
Coordinate operation O
method remarks
a
See Annex C for treatment of grid lookup tables.
Some countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan and New Zealand, provide
a datum transformation program that looks up and interpolates a table of local transformation parameters
given at grid points. In such a case, the total number of parameters can be so large that listing of parameters
with the format of Table B.3 becomes unrealistic. For example, a parameter file of TKY2JGD (ver.2.0.5) used
for a datum transformation from Tokyo Datum to JGD2000 in Japan, contains latitude and longitude
differences at 392,183 grid points.
Therefore, for transformation methods using a grid lookup table, description of parameter names and values
can be omitted by denoting “Grid lookup table - too many parameters to be listed below.” in the entry of the
coordinate operation method remarks. In the entry of coordinate operation method number of parameters, the
total number of parameters in the grid lookup table should be described.
NOTE Examples of transformation methods that use a grid lookup table: NADCON (United States), TKY2JGD
(Japan), NTv2 (Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and OSTN02 (United Kingdom).
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Table B.3 — Requirements for describing coordinate transformation parameters
Element name Obligation Rules
Coordinate operation M Identifier of the coordinate operation parameter that is defined or used with
parameter name the coordinate operation method. The parameters differ among coordinate
operation methods. (Example: ∆E, ∆N)
Coordinate operation M Value of the coordinate operation parameter used in this instance of a
a
parameter value coordinate operation.
Coordinate operation O
parameter remarks
a
Elements shall be repeated for as many times as there are parameters. See Annex C for treatment of grid lookup tables.
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Annex C
(informative)
Best practices for geodetic codes and parameters
C.1 Introduction
Standardization may be considered from two perspectives:
a) in an open way, whereby various conventions in actual use are all permitted and the standard requires
that each be unambiguously described but capture the local convention;
b) in a closed way, when a particular convention is mandated.
Advantages and disadvantages are:
a) Open standardization allows data to be recorded as used, without the need for conversion to a closed
standard.
b) Closed standardization has the advantage of their being a single defined format and thereby enhances
data interchange.
A closed standard reduces the cost of data interchange, particularly if it is introduced in an emerging
environment. However, in a mature environment where many conventions have already been adopted, an
open standard is more likely to meet with early acceptance.
The key information contained in a registry of geodetic codes and parameters are the values of ellipsoid,
coordinate conversion and coordinate transformation parameters. Many independent coordinate operation
methods have been and are in use globally. To capture these, a registry of geodetic codes and parameters
must of necessity use open standardization.
This annex describes commonly encountered conventions and recommends those to be used.
C.2 The representation of degrees
ISO 1000, the International Standard for angle units, is the radian. Geographic coordinates (latitude and
th
longitude) are usually expressed in whole circle measure [degrees, 1/360 circle, but note that degrees are
th
not the only whole circle units used in geographic applications; a 1/400 circle (grad or gon) is also found]. For
geographic information processing, the adoption of the radian as the standard for geographic coordinate
system units is inconvenient, requiring the application of π (pi) to convert from whole circle measure to and
from radian, with no standard for the precision to which π should be taken. The retention of geographic values
in whole circle measure is recommended.
Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) are usually expressed as degrees, minutes and seconds with
an abbreviation hemisphere suffix (N, S, E or W). This is a natural result of geographic position being
correlated with time (given in hours, minutes and seconds). Degrees, minutes, seconds and hemisphere
suffixes are inconvenient for data processing, requiring description through four separate fields. However, the
conversion of minutes and seconds to decimal degrees can result in rounding problems. For registries of
geodetic codes and parameters, there are advantages in retaining original degree-minute-second values. It is
recommended that an artificial real number unit, a “sexagesimal degree”, be created as a concatenation of
digits. Almost all practical implementations use DD.MMSSss, However ISO 6709 codifies a concatenation in
the form DDMMSS.ss (“sexagesimal second”). In either case, for minute and second values of less than 10,
inclusion of a leading zero is mandatory. Registries may allow either representation.
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ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
C.3 Coordinate systems
C.3.1 Coordinate system axis direction
ISO 6709 is the International Standard for geographic coordinates for positive latitude north of the equator and
positive longitude east of Greenwich. Other conventions have been used. The ISO geodetic registry should
use the International Standard.
The positive direction of a geocentric Cartesian coordinate system with an origin at the centre of the earth is
defined by the International Association of Geodesy. Z is along the Earth’s rotation axis through the North
Pole, X is in the plane of the equator and through the intersection of the prime meridian with the equator, and
Y is in the plane of the equator forming a right-handed coordinate system (that is, through the intersection of
longitude 90° east with the equator). The ISO geodetic registry should follow this convention.
The positive direction of axes in a projected coordinate reference system is part of the system definition.
Although north and east predominate, south and west or north and west are found. To avoid confusion and
the need to convert values, an open standard is desirable. The ISO geodetic registry should record actual
definition.
C.3.2 Coordinate system axis order and axis abbreviation
This is the order in which n-dimensional coordinates are quoted. Several conventions are found.
For projected coordinate reference systems, there is a bias in English-speaking countries to giving the
ordinat
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS ISO/TS 19127:2009
01-maj-2009
Geografske informacije - Geodetske kode in parametri
Geographic information - Geodetic codes and parameters
Information géographique - Codes et paramètres géodésiques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/TS 19127:2005
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
SIST-TS ISO/TS 19127:2009 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19127:2009
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19127:2009
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19127
First edition
2005-06-15
Geographic information — Geodetic
codes and parameters
Information géographique — Codes et paramètres géodésiques
Reference number
ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19127:2009
ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19127:2009
ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance. 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions. 1
5 Registers of geodetic codes and parameters. 1
6 Management of a register of geodetic codes and parameters . 2
7 Content of a register of geodetic codes and parameters. 3
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite. 4
Annex B (normative) Register of geodetic codes and parameters. 5
Annex C (informative) Best practices for geodetic codes and parameters . 12
Bibliography . 20
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19127:2009
ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document:
an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting
a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a
further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is
confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an
International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 19127 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
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Introduction
ISO 19135 specifies procedures for the registration of items of geographic information. ISO/IEC JTC 1 defines
registration as the assignment of an unambiguous name to an object in a way that makes the object available
to interested parties.
ISO 19111 describes elements necessary to define fully coordinate reference systems and coordinate
systems so that coordinates for positions on or near the Earth’s surface can be unambiguously referenced.
ISO 19111 also describes elements to define coordinate operations that change coordinate values from one
coordinate reference system to coordinate values based on another coordinate reference system.
Currently, many lists of geodetic codes and parameters exist in national standards, standards of liaison
organizations, and industrial specifications and software products. Little guidance is provided on applicability
and appropriate use of these geodetic codes and parameters. Applicability and appropriate use are of great
concern, as geographic information systems become more widely available to non-experts in cartography and
geodesy.
This Technical Specification describes how the procedures specified in ISO 19135 are to be applied to
registers of elements applicable to spatial referencing by coordinates in compliance with ISO 19111. Some
elements that are optional in ISO 19111 become mandatory in this Technical Specification to provide
guidance on applicability and appropriate use.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19127:2005(E)
Geographic information — Geodetic codes and parameters
1 Scope
This Technical Specification defines rules for the population and maintenance of registers of geodetic codes
and parameters and identifies the data elements, in compliance with ISO 19111 and ISO 19135, required
within these registers. Recommendations for the use of the registers, the legal aspects, the applicability to
historic data, the completeness of the registers, and a mechanism for maintenance are specified by the
registers themselves.
2 Conformance
To conform to this Technical Specification, a register of items of geographic information shall satisfy all of the
conditions specified in the Abstract test suite (Annex A).
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19111:2003, Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19112, Geographic information Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers
1)
ISO 19135: , Geographic information Procedures for item registration
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms, definitions, symbols, notations and abbreviated terms given in
ISO 19111 and ISO 19135 apply.
5 Registers of geodetic codes and parameters
The ISO geodetic registry network is defined as:
a) The ISO register of geodetic registers. This principal register holds a set of items that describe the
subregisters described in b) and c);
b) The ISO register of geodetic codes and parameters. This subregister shall contain coordinate reference
system data and coordinate transformation data that conform to ISO 19111 and are international in
1) To be published.
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geographic extent of application, widely used, and well defined. See Tables B.1, B.2 and B.3 for
requirements for entries in the ISO register;
c) External subregisters of geodetic codes and parameters. These subregisters shall contain coordinate
reference system data and coordinate transformation data that conform to ISO 19111. See Tables B.1,
B.2 and B.3 for requirements for entries in the external subregisters of geodetic codes and parameters.
Figure 1 illustrates the ISO geodetic registry network.
Key
1 ISO register of geodetic registers
2 ISO register of geodetic codes and parameters
3 1.n ISO-approved external registers conforming to ISO 19111 and ISO 19135
Figure 1 — The ISO geodetic registry network
6 Management of a register of geodetic codes and parameters
Rules for managing a register of geographical information items, including the submission of information, are
found in ISO 19135.
There are additional rules for managing registers of geodetic codes and parameters. The minimum level of
information that the register manager shall accept from a submitting organization is complete data for a
coordinate reference system or coordinate transformation that conforms to requirements as specified in
Clause 7 of this Technical Specification. The register manager shall also accept data for compound coordinate
reference systems, single coordinate operations, and concatenated coordinate operations that conform to
requirements of ISO 19111 and Clause 7 of this Technical Specification.
Higher-level records for coordinate reference system and coordinate transformation data are dependent on
records for entities such as datums, coordinate systems, and coordinate operation parameters. The register
manager shall assign individual registration identifiers for records for entities such as datums, coordinate
systems, and coordinate operation parameters so that multiple higher-level records can point to them. When a
record for an entity such as a datum, coordinate system, or coordinate operation parameter is modified,
dependent records also shall be modified, according to rules in ISO 19135.
To promote interoperability among subregisters within the ISO geodetic registry network, register managers
are encouraged to adopt the “best practices” in Annex C.
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7 Content of a register of geodetic codes and parameters
Data included in a register of geodetic codes and parameters shall conform, at a minimum, to requirements of
ISO 19111.
Additional rules for content of a register of geodetic codes and parameters are as follows:
a) Information on scope of coordinate reference system and coordinate operation and their elements in
accordance with ISO 19111 is mandatory for acceptance in the register. Some coordinate reference
systems have a legal status in their valid area; this status shall be included in the scope.
b) Information on valid area is mandatory for acceptance in the register.
c) If the submitting organization uses geographic identifiers (as documented in ISO 19112) to describe valid
area, it shall provide a citation to the source.
d) The geographic area where use of the coordinate reference system is accepted shall be logically
consistent with the geographic area where use of the datum is accepted and, if applicable, the geographic
area where use of the map projection is accepted.
e) Description of valid area for a coordinate operation shall be logically consistent with the valid areas for the
source coordinate reference system and the target coordinate reference system.
f) Information on datum type is mandatory for registration validation purposes.
Requirements for content of a subregister within the ISO geodetic registry network, as required by ISO 19111
and as specified in this clause, are documented in Tables B.1, B.2 and B.3. A mechanism for maintenance is
discussed in ISO 19135.
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Annex A
(normative)
Abstract test suite
A.1 Management procedures
a) Test Purpose: Verify that the register is managed according to the rules specified in this Technical
Specification.
b) Test Method: Check the procedures described in the information distributed by the registration manager.
c) Reference: Clause 6 and ISO 19135, Clause 6.
d) Test Type: Capability.
A.2 Register content
a) Test Purpose: Verify that the register contains the minimum specified content.
b) Test Method: Inspect entries in the register to ensure that they include all elements of information
required by ISO 19135 and this Technical Specification.
c) Reference: Clause 7 and ISO 19135, Clause 8.
d) Test Type: Capability.
A.3 Publication of register contents
a) Test Purpose: Verify that the contents of the register are publicly available.
b) Test Method: Check the information distributed by the registration manager. Visit the web site and inspect
the information made available.
c) Reference: ISO 19135, 6.4.
d) Test Type: Capability.
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Annex B
(normative)
Register of geodetic codes and parameters
This annex contains Tables B.1, B.2 and B.3, which specify information for elements to be included in a
subregister within the ISO geodetic registry network. Many of these elements are taken from ISO 19111 and
ISO 19135, but this annex contains additional elements and guidance for completing those elements beyond
those provided in ISO 19111.
Table B.1 — Requirements for describing an entry for a coordinate reference system
E N X Y Z i j k
ϕ λ h
i j
ϕ λ
k r
r Ω Θ
Ω Θ
r Ω
r Θ
H
Datum type: Geodetic Geodetic Geodetic Engineering
or vertical
Coordinate Projected Geodetic or Cartesian Cartesian or
system type: spherical spherical
polar polar or
gravity-
related height
Element name Comments
a
Coordinate M M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
M
reference system describe a source citation. Information
identifier for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Coordinate O O O O
reference system
alias
Coordinate M M M M If the submitting organization uses
reference system geographic identifiers (as documented in
valid area ISO 19112) to describe valid area, it
shall provide a citation for the
geographic identifiers.
Coordinate M M M M
reference system
scope
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Table B.1 (continued)
E N X Y Z i j k
ϕ λ h
i j
ϕ λ
k r
r Ω Θ
Ω Θ
r Ω
r Θ
H
Datum type: Geodetic Geodetic Geodetic Engineering
or vertical
Coordinate Projected Geodetic or Cartesian Cartesian or
system type: spherical spherical
polar polar or
gravity-
related height
Element name Comments
Datum identifier M M M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
describe a source citation. Information
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Datum alias O O O O
Datum type M M M M Mandatory, for acceptance in the
register.
Datum anchor O O O O
point
Datum realization O O O O
epoch
Datum valid area M M M M If the submitting organization uses
geographic identifiers (as documented in
ISO 19112) to describe valid area, it
shall provide a citation for the
geographic identifiers.
Datum scope M M M M
Datum remarks O O O O
Prime meridian M M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
identifier describe a source citation. Information
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Prime meridian M M M
Greenwich
longitude
Prime meridian O O O
remarks
Ellipsoid identifier M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
describe a source citation. Information
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Ellipsoid alias O O
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Table B.1 (continued)
E N X Y Z i j k
ϕ λ h
i j
ϕ λ
k r
r Ω Θ
Ω Θ
r Ω
r Θ
H
Datum type: Geodetic Geodetic Geodetic Engineering
or vertical
Coordinate Projected Geodetic or Cartesian Cartesian or
system type: spherical spherical
polar polar or
gravity-
related height
Element name Comments
Ellipsoid semi- M M
major axis
Ellipsoid shape M M Boolean TRUE if ellipsoid.
Boolean FALSE if sphere.
Ellipsoid inverse cd 1 cd 1
b
flattening
Ellipsoid remarks O O
Coordinate system M M M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
identifier describe a source citation. Information
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Coordinate system M M M M
type
Coordinate system M M M M
dimension
Coordinate system O O O O
remarks
Coordinate system M M M M
c
axis name
Coordinate system M M M M
c
axis direction
Coordinate system M M M M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
c
describe a source citation. Information
axis unit identifier
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
Coordinate M See ISO 19111 for requirements to
operation identifier describe a source citation. Information
for source citation as part of the element
identifier is mandatory for acceptance
into the register.
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Table B.1 (continued)
E N X Y Z i j k
ϕ λ h
i j
ϕ λ
k r
r Ω Θ
Ω Θ
r Ω
r Θ
H
Datum type: Geodetic Geodetic Geodetic Engineering
or vertical
Coordinate Projected Geodetic or Cartesian Cartesian or
system type: spherical spherical
polar polar or
gravity-
related height
Element name Comments
Coordinate M If the submitting authority uses
operation valid geographic identifiers (as documented in
area ISO 19112) to describe valid area, it
shall provide a citation for the
geographic identifiers.
Coordinate M
operation scope
Source coordinate cd 2
reference system
b
identifier
Target coordinate cd 2
reference system
b
identifier
Coordinate cd 3
b
operation version
Coordinate M
operation method
b
name
Coordinate O
operation method
name alias
Coordinate M
operation method
formula(s)
Coordinate M
operation method
parameters
number
Coordinate O
operation method
remarks
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Table B.1 (continued)
E N X Y Z i j k
ϕ λ h
i j
ϕ λ
k r
r Ω Θ
Ω Θ
r Ω
r Θ
H
Datum type: Geodetic Geodetic Geodetic Engineering
or vertical
Coordinate Projected Geodetic or Cartesian Cartesian or
system type: spherical spherical
polar polar or
gravity-
related height
Element name Comments
Coordinate M
operation
d
parameter name
Coordinate M
operation
d
parameter value
Coordinate O
operation
parameter
d
remarks
a
M – Mandatory (if in italics, differs from obligation in ISO 19111:2003); O – Optional.
b
Conditions are as follows:
cd 1 – Mandatory if an ellipsoid shape is true.
cd 2 – Mandatory if describing a coordinate transformation.
cd 3 – Mandatory if describing either (i) a projected coordinate system and none of coordinate reference system citation, coordinate
system citation, or coordinate operation citation is supplied; or (ii) a single coordinate conversion or coordinate transformation.
c
Repeat for each coordinate axis.
d
Repeat for as many parameters are required by the coordinate operation.
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Table B.2 — Requirements for describing a coordinate transformation
Element name Obligation Rules
Coordinate operation M See ISO 19111 for requirements to describe a source citation. Information
identifier for source citation as part of the element identifier is mandatory for
acceptance into the register.
Coordinate operation M If the submitting authority uses geographic identifiers (as documented in
valid area ISO 19112) to describe valid area, it shall provide a citation for the
geographic identifiers.
Coordinate operation M
scope
Source coordinate M
reference system
identifier
Target coordinate M
reference system
identifier
Coordinate operation M
version
Coordinate operation M
method name
Coordinate operation O
method name alias
Coordinate operation M Formula used by the coordinate operation method. This may be a reference
method formula(e) to a publication.
Coordinate operation M Number of parameters required by this coordinate operation method.
method number of
a
parameters
Coordinate operation O
method remarks
a
See Annex C for treatment of grid lookup tables.
Some countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan and New Zealand, provide
a datum transformation program that looks up and interpolates a table of local transformation parameters
given at grid points. In such a case, the total number of parameters can be so large that listing of parameters
with the format of Table B.3 becomes unrealistic. For example, a parameter file of TKY2JGD (ver.2.0.5) used
for a datum transformation from Tokyo Datum to JGD2000 in Japan, contains latitude and longitude
differences at 392,183 grid points.
Therefore, for transformation methods using a grid lookup table, description of parameter names and values
can be omitted by denoting “Grid lookup table - too many parameters to be listed below.” in the entry of the
coordinate operation method remarks. In the entry of coordinate operation method number of parameters, the
total number of parameters in the grid lookup table should be described.
NOTE Examples of transformation methods that use a grid lookup table: NADCON (United States), TKY2JGD
(Japan), NTv2 (Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and OSTN02 (United Kingdom).
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Table B.3 — Requirements for describing coordinate transformation parameters
Element name Obligation Rules
Coordinate operation M Identifier of the coordinate operation parameter that is defined or used with
parameter name the coordinate operation method. The parameters differ among coordinate
operation methods. (Example: ∆E, ∆N)
Coordinate operation M Value of the coordinate operation parameter used in this instance of a
a
parameter value coordinate operation.
Coordinate operation O
parameter remarks
a
Elements shall be repeated for as many times as there are parameters. See Annex C for treatment of grid lookup tables.
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Annex C
(informative)
Best practices for geodetic codes and parameters
C.1 Introduction
Standardization may be considered from two perspectives:
a) in an open way, whereby various conventions in actual use are all permitted and the standard requires
that each be unambiguously described but capture the local convention;
b) in a closed way, when a particular convention is mandated.
Advantages and disadvantages are:
a) Open standardization allows data to be recorded as used, without the need for conversion to a closed
standard.
b) Closed standardization has the advantage of their being a single defined format and thereby enhances
data interchange.
A closed standard reduces the cost of data interchange, particularly if it is introduced in an emerging
environment. However, in a mature environment where many conventions have already been adopted, an
open standard is more likely to meet with early acceptance.
The key information contained in a registry of geodetic codes and parameters are the values of ellipsoid,
coordinate conversion and coordinate transformation parameters. Many independent coordinate operation
methods have been and are in use globally. To capture these, a registry of geodetic codes and parameters
must of necessity use open standardization.
This annex describes commonly encountered conventions and recommends those to be used.
C.2 The representation of degrees
ISO 1000, the International Standard for angle units, is the radian. Geographic coordinates (latitude and
th
longitude) are usually expressed in whole circle measure [degrees, 1/360 circle, but note that degrees are
th
not the only whole circle units used in geographic applications; a 1/400 circle (grad or gon) is also found]. For
geographic information processing, the adoption of the radian as the standard for geographic coordinate
system units is inconvenient, requiring the application of π (pi) to convert from whole circle measure to and
from radian, with no standard for the precision to which π should be taken. The retention of geographic values
in whole circle measure is recommended.
Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) are usually expressed as degrees, minutes and seconds with
an abbreviation hemisphere suffix (N, S, E or W). This is a natural result of geographic position being
correlated with time (given in hours, minutes and seconds). Degrees, minutes, seconds and hemisphere
suffixes are inconvenient for data processing, requiring description through four separate fields. However, the
conversion of minutes and seconds to decimal degrees can result in rounding problems. For registries of
geodetic codes and parameters, there are advantages in retaining original degree-minute-second values. It is
recommended that an artificial real number unit, a “sexagesimal degree”, be created as a concatenation of
digits. Almost all practical implementations use DD.MMSSss, However ISO 6709 codifies a concatenation in
the form DDMMSS.ss (“sexagesimal second”). In either case, for minute and second values of less than 10,
inclusion of a leading zero is mandatory. Registries may allow either representation.
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C.3 Coordinate systems
C.3.1 Coordinate system axis direction
ISO 6709 is the International Standard for geographic coordinates for positive latitude nort
...
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