ISO/DTS 19870
(Main)Hydrogen technologies — Methodology for determining the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production, conditioning and transport of hydrogen to consumption gate
Hydrogen technologies — Methodology for determining the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production, conditioning and transport of hydrogen to consumption gate
The scope of this proposal is to establish a methodology and analytical framework to determine the GHG emissions related to a unit of produced hydrogen up to the consumption gate. This NP proposes a Technical Specification consisting of the following 3 Parts (see attached Outline for details): • Part 1: Hydrogen production • Part 2: Hydrogen conditioning • Part 3: Hydrogen transportation NOTE: Once a draft of this comprehensive TS is developed (estimated December 2023), the intent is to use it as a seed document for the development of 3 individual standards – one per each part noted above – belonging to the same family of standards. This will require 3 individual NPs.
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
ISO TC 197/SC 1/WG 1
Secretariat: SCC
Date: 2023-07-2608-01
Hydrogen technologies — Methodology for determining the greenhouse gas emissions
associated with the production, conditioning and transport of hydrogen to consumption gate
Méthodologie pour déterminer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre
associées à la production, au conditionnement et au transport
d'hydrogène jusqu’au point de consommation
(The scope of this document is to establish a methodology and analytical
framework to determine the GHG emissions related to a unit of
produced hydrogen up to the consumption gate)
DTS stage
Warning for WDs and CDs
This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to
change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of
which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
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ISO /DTS 19870:2023
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part
of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written
permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body
in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/DTS 19870:2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023
Contents
FOREWORD . VI
INTRODUCTION . VII
1 SCOPE .1
2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES .2
3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS .2
3.1 Quantification of the Carbon Footprint of a Product . 2
3.2 Products, Product Systems and Processes . 5
3.3 Transport . 8
3.4 Life Cycle Assessment . 15
3.5 Organizations . 18
3.6 Data and Data Quality . 18
3.7 Abbreviated Terms . 19
4 EVALUATION METHODS . 20
4.1 Evaluation Basis . 20
4.1.1 Attributional approach . 21
4.1.2 Consequential approach . 21
4.2 Product reporting . 21
4.2.1 Product System Boundary . 21
4.2.2 Selected Cut-Off Criteria . 24
4.2.3 Evaluation Elements . 25
4.2.4 Evaluation cycle . 27
4.3 Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 28
4.3.1 Description of Data . 28
4.3.2 Emissions Inventory . 28
4.4 Life Cycle Assessment Report . 53
5 CRITICAL REVIEW . 53
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 53
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ISO /DTS 19870:2023
List of Figures
Figure 1 — Relationship between standards beyond the GHG management family of standards
(source ISO 14067:2018) . vii
Figure 2 — Examples of hydrogen supply chain . 2
Figure 3 — Schematic of “Well-to-Consumption Gate” system boundary adopted for this document . 22
Figure 4 — “Well-to-Consumption Gate” system boundary divided in three sections (production,
conditioning/conversion and transport) . 22
Figure 5 — Illustrative example of a multi-element freight transport chain [modified from ISO
14083:2023] 24
Figure 6 — Example of process diagram for the upstream system to deliver the natural gas for H
2
production 33
Figure 7 — Diagrammatic relationship between operations and TCEs for an example freight
transport chain (modified from ISO 14083:2023) . 35
Figure 8 — Example of avoiding allocation by expanding the system boundary (ISO 14044:2006 /
FDAM 2:2020) . 51
Figure 9 — Decision tree to select allocation methods . 53
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023
List of tables
Table 1 — Types of environmental impacts and characteristic factors . 25
Table 2 — Global warming potential (GWP) of various GHGs[IPCC 2015] . 25
FOREWORD . V
INTRODUCTION . VI
1 SCOPE .1
2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES .2
3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS .3
3.1 Quantification of the Carbon Footprint of a Product . 3
3.2 Products, product systems and processes . 6
3.3 Transport . 10
3.4 Life Cycle Assessment . 19
3.5 Organizations . 23
3.6 Data and Data Quality . 23
3.7 Abbreviated Terms . 24
4 EVALUATION METHODS . 26
4.1 Evaluation Basis . 26
4.1.1 General Principles . 26
4.1.2 Attributional approach . 26
4.1.3 Consequential approach . 27
4.2 Product reporting . 27
4.2.1 Product System Boundary . 27
4.2.2 Selected Cut-Off Criteria . 31
4.2.3 Evaluation Elements . 32
4.2.4 Evaluation cycle . 35
4.3 Quantification of greenhouse gas emissions . 35
4.3.1 Process description and data quality . 35
4.3.2 Emissions inventory . 36
4.4 Life Cycle Assessment Report . 73
5 CRITICAL REVIEW . 73
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ISO /DTS 19870:2023
BIBLIOGRAPHY . 73
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documentsdocument should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance
with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Field Code Changed
Attention is drawnISO draws attention to the possibility that some of the elementsimplementation of this
document may beinvolve the subjectuse of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence,
validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights. in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of
this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this
document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information,
which may be obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the
development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations
received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197, Hydrogen technologies, Subcommittee
SC 1, HYDROGEN @Hydrogen at scale and horizontal energy systems.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO/DTS 19870:2023 – All rights reserved vii
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ISO /DTS 19870:2023
Introduction
In order to strengthenThe Paris Agreement was adopted at the UN Climate Change conference (COP21)
with the aims of: strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a,
restricting global temperature rise this century well to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to
pursuepursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.,5 °C, the Paris Agreement has
been established at the COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015. Green House Gas above pre-industrial
levels. To meet these goals, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions need to be reduced by about 45 % from
2010 levels by 2030, reaching net zero in 2050 (IPCC, 2018; UNFCCC, 2021).
ISO produces documents that support the transformation of scientific knowledge into tools that will help
address climate change. GHG initiatives on mitigation rely on the quantification, monitoring, reporting
and verification of GHG emissions and/or removals. International Standards that support the
transformation of scientific knowledge into tools can help in reaching the targets of the Paris Agreement
to address climate change.
ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 define the principles, requirements and guidelines identified in existing
International Standards on Life Cycle Assessmentlife cycle assessment (LCA). The ISO 14060 familyseries
provides clarity and consistency for quantifying, monitoring, reporting and validating or verifying GHG
emissions and removals to support sustainable development through a low-carbon economy. It also
benefits organizations, project proponents and stakeholders worldwide by providing clarity and
consistency on quantifying, monitoring, reporting, and validating or verifying GHG emissions and
removals.
The ISO 14067 document is based on the principles, requirements and guidelines on LCA identified in
existing International Standards on LCA, ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, and aims to set specific requirements
for the quantification of a Carbon Foot Printcarbon footprint (CFP) and a partial CFP.
ItISO 14067 defines the principles, requirements and guidelines for the quantification of the carbon
footprint of products. TheIts aim of ISO 14067 is to quantify GHG emissions associated with the lifecycle
stages of a product, beginning with resource extraction and raw material sourcing and extending through
the production, use and end-of-life stages of the product.
It is related toFigure 1 illustrates the relationship between ISO 14067 and other ISO documents on LCA
as illustrated below:.
viii © ISO/DTS 19870:2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023
PCR: Product category rule
Figure 1 — Relationship between standards beyond the GHG management family of standards
1
(source ISO 14067:2018)
Hydrogen can be produced from diverse sources including renewables, nuclear and fossil fuels using
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storagecarbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) to reduce the
emissions associated with its production. Hydrogen can be used to decarbonize numerous sectors
including transport, industrial manufacturing, and power generation.
A particular challenge is that identical hydrogen molecules can be produced and combined from sources
withthat have different GHG intensities. LikewiseSimilarly, hydrogen-based fuels and
productsderivatives will be indistinguishable and might resultcan be produced from hydrogen being
combined with a range of fossil and low-carbon inputs. Indeed, some of the products made from hydrogen
(e.g. electricity) couldcan themselves be used in the production of hydrogen. Accounting standards for
different sources of hydrogen along the supply chain (see Figure 2) will be fundamental to creating a
market for low-carbon hydrogen, and that these standards need to be agreed upon internationally.
Moreover, Additionally, there is the possibility that consumption gates mayare not be located nearby the
in proximity to hydrogen production gates and, requiring hydrogen transport will be needed. ISO
14083:2023 is presenting a gives guidelines for the quantification and reporting of GHG emissions arising
from transport chain operations.
A mutually recognized, international framework that is robust, avoids miscounting or double counting of
environmental impacts is needed. TheSuch a framework will provide a mutually agreed approach to
“guaranties“" or “certificates” of origin, and that coverscover greenhouse gas inputs used for hydrogen
production, conditioning, conversion and transport.
This document aims at increasing the methodologies that should be applied, in line with ISO 14067, to
the specific case of the hydrogen value chain, covering different production processes and other parts of
the value chain, such as conditioning hydrogen in different physical states, conversion of hydrogen into
different hydrogen carriers and the subsequent transport up to the consumption gate.
1
PCR: Product Category Rule
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ISO /DTS 19870:2023(E)
Figure 2 — Examples of hydrogen supply chain
10 © ISO/DTS 19870:2023 – All rights reserved
x © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
Hydrogen technologies – Methodology for determining the
greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production,
conditioning and transport of hydrogen to consumption gate
Méthodologie pour déterminer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre
associées à la production, au conditionnement et au transport
d'hydrogène jusqu’au point de consommation
1 Scope
As required by ISO 14044, requires the goal and scope of an LCA shallto be clearly defined and shall be
consistent with the intended application. Due to the iterative nature of LCA, it is possible that the LCA scope
may haveneeds to be refined during the study.
According to ISO 14040, Annex A.2, Two possible different approaches to LCA have developed:
one whichThis document specifies methodologies that can be applied to determine the carbon footprint of
a product (CFP) or partial CFP of a hydrogen product in line with ISO 14067. The goals and scopes of the
methodologies correspond to either approach a) or b), given below, that ISO 14040:2006, A.2 gives as two
possible approaches to LCA.
a) An approach that assigns elementary flows and potential environmental impacts to a specific product
system typically as an account of the history of the product, and .
one whichb) An approach that studies the environmental consequences of possible (future) changes
between alternative product systems.
These two approachesApproaches a) and b) have become known as attributional and consequential,
respectively, with complementary information accessible in the ILCD handbook [ 1 ]. This document
determines methodologies that may be applied to determine the Carbon Foot Print of a Product (CFP) or
Partial CFP of hydrogen product in line with ISO 14067, for goal and scopes corresponding to either
[1]
approach a) or b).
There are numerous pathways to produce hydrogen from various primary energiesenergy sources. This
document describes the requirements and evaluation methods applied to several hydrogen production
pathways of interest: electrolysis, steam methane reforming (with carbon capture and storage), co-
production and coal gasification (with carbon capture and storage), auto-thermal reforming (with carbon
capture and storage), hydrogen as a co-product in industrial applications, and hydrogen from biomass
waste as feedstock. Additional pathways may be added in future revisions of this document.
This document also considers the GHG emissions due to the conditioning or conversion of hydrogen,
respectively, into different physical forms and chemical carriers: 1)
— hydrogen liquefaction, 2) the ;
— production, transport and cracking of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier, and 3) ;
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ISO /DTS 19870:2023(E)
— hydrogenation, transport and dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) and is
completed with the consideration of).
This document considers the GHG emissions due to hydrogen and/or hydrogen carriers’ transport up to
the consumption gate.
It is possible that future revisions of this document will consider additional hydrogen production,
conditioning, conversion and transport methods.
This document applies to and includes every single delivery along the supply chain up to the final delivery
to the consumption gate. (see Figure 2 in the Introduction).
Figure 1 — Examples of hydrogen supply chain
This document also provides additional information related to evaluation principles, system boundaries
and expected reported metrics in the form of Annexes A to J, that are accessible via the online ISO portal
(https://standards.iso.org/iso/ts/19870/ed-1/en).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14040:2006, Environmental Managementmanagement — Life Cycle Assessmentcycle assessment —
Principles and Framework framework
ISO 14044, Environmental Managementmanagement — Life Cycle Assessmentcycle assessment —
Requirements and Guidelinesguidelines
ISO 14067: 2018, Greenhouse gases — Carbon footprint of products — Requirements and guidelines for
quantification
ISO 14083:2023, Greenhouse gases — Quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions arising from
transport chain operations
EN 16258:2012 Methodology for calculation and declaration of energy consumption and GHG emissions of
transport services (freight and passengers)
2 © ISO/DTS 19870:2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
ISO/TS 14071, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Critical review processes and
reviewer competencies: Additional requirements and guidelines to ISO 14044:2006
3 Terms and, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The terms and definitions
used by various international organisations (e.g. IEC, ISO) have been adopted whenever possible.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 Quantification of the Carbon Footprint of a Product
3.1.1
allocation
Partitioningpartitioning the input (3.2.8) or output (3.2.10) flows of a process or a product system (3.2.3)
between the product system under study and one or more other product systems
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006] and [SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006/AMD 1:2020]
3.1.2
carbon footprint of a product,
CFP
Sumsum of greenhouse gas emissions (3.1.12) and greenhouse gas removals (3.1.4) in a product system,
(3.2.3), expressed as CO equivalent (3.1.10) and based on a life cycle assessment (3.4.5) using the single
2
impact category of climate change.
Note 1 to entry: A CFP can be disaggregated into a set of figures identifying specific GHG emissions (3.1.12) and
removals .(3.1.4). A CFP can also be disaggregated into the stages of the life cycle. (3.4.4).
Note 2 to entry: The results of the quantification of the CFP (3.1.8) are documented in the CFP study report expressed
in mass of CO e (3.1.11) per functional unit. (3.2.14).
2
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.1]
3.1.3
partial CFP
Sumsum of greenhouse gas emissions (3.1.12) and greenhouse gas removals (3.1.4) of one or more selected
process(es) in a product system (3.2.3) expressed as CO2 equivalents (3.1.10) and based on the selected
stages or processes within the life cycle (3.4.4)
Note 1 to entry: A partial CFP is based on or compiled from data related to (a) specific process(es) or footprint
information modules (defined in ISO 14026:2017, 3.1.4), which is (are) part of a product system (3.2.3) and can form
the basis for quantification of a carbon footprint of a product (CFP). More detailed information on information
modules is given in ISO 14025:2006, 5.4.
Note 2 to entry: The results of the quantification of the partial CFP are documented in the CFP study report expressed
in mass of CO e (3.1.10) per declared unit.
2
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ISO /DTS 19870:2023(E)
3.1.4
greenhouse gas removal
GHG removal
Withdrawalwithdrawal of a greenhouse gas (3.1.9) from the atmosphere
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.1.5
permanent GHG removal
The process of removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and locking it away for decades, centuries,
or millennia
3.1.6
CFP study
Allall activities that are necessary to quantify and report athe carbon footprint of a product (3.1.2) or a
partial CFP (3.1.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.1.76
product category
Groupgroup of products that can fulfil equivalent functions
[SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.12]
3.1.87
production batch
Amountamount of products produced by a device between any two points in time selected by the Operator
for which the quantity of it is calculatedoperator
3.1.9
3.1.8
quantification of CFP
Activitiesactivities that result in the determination of athe carbon footprint of a product (3.1.2) or a partial
CFP (3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: Quantification of the CFP (3.1.2) or the partial CFP (3.1.3) is part of th
...
FINAL
TECHNICAL ISO/DTS
DRAFT
SPECIFICATION 19870
ISO/TC 197/SC 1
Hydrogen technologies —
Secretariat: SCC
Methodology for determining the
Voting begins on:
2023-09-14 greenhouse gas emissions associated
with the production, conditioning and
Voting terminates on:
2023-11-09
transport of hydrogen to consumption
gate
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
FINAL
TECHNICAL ISO/DTS
DRAFT
SPECIFICATION 19870
ISO/TC 197/SC 1
Hydrogen technologies —
Secretariat: SCC
Methodology for determining the
Voting begins on:
2023-09-14 greenhouse gas emissions associated
with the production, conditioning and
Voting terminates on:
2023-11-09
transport of hydrogen to consumption
gate
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
DOCUMENTATION.
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 2
3.1 Quantification of the Carbon Footprint of a Product . 2
3.2 Products, product systems and processes . 5
3.3 Transport . 7
3.4 Life Cycle Assessment .13
3.5 Organizations . 15
3.6 Data and Data Quality .15
3.7 Abbreviated Terms . 17
4 Evaluation Methods .18
4.1 Evaluation Basis . 18
4.1.1 General Principles . 18
4.1.2 Attributional approach . 19
4.1.3 Consequential approach . 19
4.2 Product reporting . 19
4.2.1 Product System Boundary . 19
4.2.2 Selected Cut-Off Criteria . 22
4.2.3 Evaluation Elements .22
4.2.4 Evaluation cycle . 25
4.3 Quantification of greenhouse gas emissions . 25
4.3.1 Process description and data quality . 25
4.3.2 Emissions inventory .26
4.4 Life Cycle Assessment Report . 51
5 Critical review .51
Bibliography .52
iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197, Hydrogen technologies, Subcommittee
SC 1, Hydrogen at scale and horizontal energy systems.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
Introduction
The Paris Agreement was adopted at the UN Climate Change conference (COP21) with the aims of:
strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, restricting global temperature rise
to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1,5 °C
above pre-industrial levels. To meet these goals, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions need to be reduced by
about 45 % from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching net zero in 2050 (IPCC, 2018; UNFCCC, 2021).
GHG initiatives on mitigation rely on the quantification, monitoring, reporting and verification of GHG
emissions and/or removals. International Standards that support the transformation of scientific
knowledge into tools can help in reaching the targets of the Paris Agreement to address climate change.
ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 define the principles, requirements and guidelines identified in existing
International Standards on life cycle assessment (LCA). The ISO 14060 series provides clarity and
consistency for quantifying, monitoring, reporting and validating or verifying GHG emissions
and removals to support sustainable development through a low-carbon economy. It also benefits
organizations, project proponents and stakeholders worldwide by providing clarity and consistency on
quantifying, monitoring, reporting and validating or verifying GHG emissions and removals.
ISO 14067 is based on the principles, requirements and guidelines on LCA identified in ISO 14040 and
ISO 14044 and aims to set specific requirements for the quantification of a carbon footprint (CFP) and
a partial CFP.
ISO 14067 defines the principles, requirements and guidelines for the quantification of the carbon
footprint of products. Its aim is to quantify GHG emissions associated with the lifecycle stages of a
product, beginning with resource extraction and raw material sourcing and extending through the
production, use and end-of-life stages of the product.
Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between ISO 14067 and other ISO documents on LCA.
PCR Product category rule
Figure 1 — Relationship between standards beyond the GHG management family of standards
(source ISO 14067:2018)
Hydrogen can be produced from diverse sources including renewables, nuclear and fossil fuels using
carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) to reduce the emissions associated with its production.
Hydrogen can be used to decarbonize numerous sectors including transport, industrial manufacturing
and power generation.
v
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
A particular challenge is that identical hydrogen molecules can be produced and combined from
sources that have different GHG intensities. Similarly, hydrogen-based fuels and derivatives will be
indistinguishable and can be produced from hydrogen combined with a range of fossil and low-carbon
inputs. Indeed, some of the products made from hydrogen (e.g. electricity) can themselves be used in the
production of hydrogen. Accounting standards for different sources of hydrogen along the supply chain
(see Figure 2) will be fundamental to creating a market for low-carbon hydrogen, and these standards
need to be agreed upon internationally. Additionally, there is the possibility that consumption gates
are not located in proximity to hydrogen production gates, requiring hydrogen transport. ISO 14083
gives guidelines for the quantification and reporting of GHG emissions arising from transport chain
operations.
A mutually recognized international framework that is robust, avoids miscounting or double counting
of environmental impacts is needed. Such a framework will provide a mutually agreed approach to
“guaranties" or “certificates” of origin, and cover greenhouse gas inputs used for hydrogen production,
conditioning, conversion and transport.
This document aims at increasing the methodologies that should be applied, in line with ISO 14067, to
the specific case of the hydrogen value chain, covering different production processes and other parts
of the value chain, such as conditioning hydrogen in different physical states, conversion of hydrogen
into different hydrogen carriers and the subsequent transport up to the consumption gate.
Figure 2 — Examples of hydrogen supply chain
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
Hydrogen technologies — Methodology for determining
the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the
production, conditioning and transport of hydrogen to
consumption gate
1 Scope
ISO 14044 requires the goal and scope of an LCA to be clearly defined and be consistent with the
intended application. Due to the iterative nature of LCA, it is possible that the LCA scope needs to be
refined during the study.
This document specifies methodologies that can be applied to determine the carbon footprint of a
product (CFP) or partial CFP of a hydrogen product in line with ISO 14067. The goals and scopes of the
methodologies correspond to either approach a) or b), given below, that ISO 14040:2006, A.2 gives as
two possible approaches to LCA.
a) An approach that assigns elementary flows and potential environmental impacts to a specific
product system typically as an account of the history of the product.
b) An approach that studies the environmental consequences of possible (future) changes between
alternative product systems.
Approaches a) and b) have become known as attributional and consequential, respectively, with
[1]
complementary information accessible in the ILCD handbook.
There are numerous pathways to produce hydrogen from various primary energy sources. This
document describes the requirements and evaluation methods applied to several hydrogen production
pathways of interest: electrolysis, steam methane reforming (with carbon capture and storage), co-
production and coal gasification (with carbon capture and storage), auto-thermal reforming (with
carbon capture and storage), hydrogen as a co-product in industrial applications and hydrogen from
biomass waste as feedstock.
This document also considers the GHG emissions due to the conditioning or conversion of hydrogen into
different physical forms and chemical carriers:
— hydrogen liquefaction;
— production, transport and cracking of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier;
— hydrogenation, transport and dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs).
This document considers the GHG emissions due to hydrogen and/or hydrogen carriers’ transport up to
the consumption gate.
It is possible that future revisions of this document will consider additional hydrogen production,
conditioning, conversion and transport methods.
This document applies to and includes every delivery along the supply chain up to the final delivery to
the consumption gate (see Figure 2 in the Introduction).
This document also provides additional information related to evaluation principles, system boundaries
and expected reported metrics in the form of Annexes A to J, that are accessible via the online ISO portal
(https:// standards .iso .org/ iso/ ts/ 19870/ ed -1/ en).
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework
ISO 14044, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines
ISO 14067: 2018, Greenhouse gases — Carbon footprint of products — Requirements and guidelines for
quantification
ISO 14083:2023, Greenhouse gases — Quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions arising
from transport chain operations
ISO/TS 14071, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Critical review processes
and reviewer competencies: Additional requirements and guidelines to ISO 14044:2006
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www. iso. org/o bp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www.e lectropedia. org/
3.1 Quantification of the Carbon Footprint of a Product
3.1.1
allocation
partitioning the input (3.2.8) or output (3.2.10) flows of a process or a product system (3.2.3) between
the product system under study and one or more other product systems
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14040:2006/AMD 1:2020]
3.1.2
carbon footprint of a product
CFP
sum of greenhouse gas emissions (3.1.12) and greenhouse gas removals (3.1.4) in a product system (3.2.3),
expressed as CO equivalent (3.1.10) and based on a life cycle assessment (3.4.5) using the single impact
2
category of climate change
Note 1 to entry: A CFP can be disaggregated into a set of figures identifying specific GHG emissions (3.1.12) and
removals (3.1.4). A CFP can also be disaggregated into the stages of the life cycle (3.4.4).
Note 2 to entry: The results of the quantification of CFP (3.1.8) are documented in the CFP study report expressed
in mass of CO e (3.1.11) per functional unit (3.2.14).
2
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.1]
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
3.1.3
partial CFP
sum of greenhouse gas emissions (3.1.12) and greenhouse gas removals (3.1.4) of one or more selected
process(es) in a product system (3.2.3) expressed as CO equivalents (3.1.10) and based on the selected
2
stages or processes within the life cycle (3.4.4)
Note 1 to entry: A partial CFP is based on or compiled from data related to (a) specific process(es) or footprint
information modules (defined in ISO 14026:2017, 3.1.4), which is (are) part of a product system (3.2.3) and
can form the basis for quantification of a carbon footprint of a product (CFP). More detailed information on
information modules is given in ISO 14025:2006, 5.4.
Note 2 to entry: The results of the quantification of the partial CFP are documented in the CFP study report
expressed in mass of CO e (3.1.10) per declared unit.
2
3.1.4
greenhouse gas removal
GHG removal
withdrawal of a greenhouse gas (3.1.9) from the atmosphere
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.1.5
CFP study
all activities that are necessary to quantify and report the carbon footprint of a product (3.1.2) or a
partial CFP (3.1.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.1.6
product category
group of products that can fulfil equivalent functions
[SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.12]
3.1.7
production batch
amount of products produced by a device between any two points in time selected by the operator
3.1.8
quantification of CFP
activities that result in the determination of the carbon footprint of a product (3.1.2) or a partial CFP
(3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: Quantification of the CFP (3.1.2) or the partial CFP (3.1.3) is part of the CFP study (3.1.5)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.1.9
greenhouse gas
GHG
gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits
radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s
surface, the atmosphere and clouds
Note 1 to entry: For a list of greenhouse gases (3.1.9), see the latest IPCC Assessment Report (currently carbon
dioxide (CO ); methane (CH ); nitrous oxide (N O)). Other GHGs are not considered relevant for this document.
2 4 2
Note 2 to entry: Water vapour and ozone, which are anthropogenic as well as natural greenhouse gases (3.1.9), are
not included in the carbon footprint of a product (3.1.2).
Note 3 to entry: The focus of this document is limited to long-lived GHGs and it therefore excludes climate effects
due to changes in surface reflectivity (albedo) and short-lived radiative forcing agents (e.g. black carbon and
aerosols).
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.1.10
carbon dioxide equivalent
CO equivalent
2
CO e
2
unit for comparing the radiative forcing of a greenhouse gas (3.1.9) to that of carbon dioxide
Note 1 to entry: Mass of a greenhouse gas is converted into CO equivalents by multiplying the mass of the
2
greenhouse gas (3.1.9) by the corresponding global warming potential (3.1.11) or global temperature change
potential (GTP) of that gas.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of GTP, CO equivalent is the unit for comparing the change in global mean surface
2
temperature caused by a greenhouse gas to the temperature change caused by carbon dioxide.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.1.11
global warming potential
GWP
index, based on radiative properties of greenhouse gases (3.1.9) (GHG) measuring the radiative forcing
following a pulse emission of a unit mass of a given GHG in the present-day atmosphere integrated over
a chosen time horizon, relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO )
2
Note 1 to entry: “Index” as used in this document is a “characterization factor” as defined in ISO 14040:2006,
3.37.
Note 2 to entry: A “pulse emission” is an emission at one point in time.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.1.12
greenhouse gas emission
GHG emission
release of a greenhouse gas (3.1.9) into the atmosphere
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.1.13
greenhouse gas emission factor
GHG emission factor
coefficient relating activity data with the greenhouse gas emission (3.1.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.1.14
capital goods emission
CAPEX emission
GHG emissions (3.1.12) related to the manufacturing of capital goods
3.1.15
subdivision
virtual subdivision
decomposition of the analysed unit process into physically or virtually distinguishable sub-process
steps with the possibility to collect data exclusively for those sub-processes
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
3.2 Products, product systems and processes
3.2.1
product
any goods or service
Note 1 to entry: The product can be categorized as follows:
— services (e.g. transport);
— software (e.g. computer program, dictionary);
— hardware (e.g. engine mechanical part);
— processed materials (e.g. lubricant).
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006]
3.2.2
product flow
products (3.2.1) entering from or leaving to another product system (3.2.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006]
3.2.3
product system
collection of unit processes with elementary flows (3.2.7) and product flows (3.2.2), performing one or
more defined functions and which models the life cycle (3.4.4) of a product (3.2.1)
[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.28]
3.2.4
co-product
two or more products (3.2.1) coming from the same unit process or product system (3.2.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.10]
3.2.5
conditioning
means changing the physical conditions (temperature, pressure) of a species
Note 1 to entry: In this document, examples are changing the pressure of gaseous hydrogen or liquefying gaseous
hydrogen.
3.2.6
conversion
means changing the chemicals conditions of a species
Note 1 to entry: In this document, examples are changing hydrogen molecules into ammonia or LOHCs.
3.2.7
heating value
amount of energy released when a fuel is burned completely
Note 1 to entry: Care must be taken not to confuse higher heating values (HHVs) and lower heating values (LHVs).
3.2.8
input
product (3.2.1), material or energy flow (3.2.17) that enters a unit process
Note 1 to entry: Products (3.2.1) and materials include raw materials, intermediate products (3.2.9) and co-
products (3.2.4).
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006]
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
3.2.9
intermediate product
output from a unit process that is input to other unit processes that require further transformation
within the system
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006]
3.2.10
output
product (3.2.1), material or energy flow (3.2.17) that leaves a unit process (3.2.13)
Note 1 to entry: Products (3.2.1), and materials include raw materials, intermediate products (3.2.9), co-products
(3.2.4) and releases (3.4.11).
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006]
3.2.11
system boundary
boundary based on a set of criteria representing which unit processes (3.2.13) are a part of the system
under study
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006/AMD 1:2020]
3.2.12
system expansion
concept of expanding the product system (3.2.3) to include additional functions related to the co-
products (3.2.4)
Note 1 to entry: The product system (3.2.3) that is substituted by the co-product (3.2.4) is integrated in the product
system (3.2.3) under study. In practice, the co-products (3.2.4) are compared to other substitutable products, and
the environmental burdens associated with the substituted product(s) are subtracted from the product system
(3.2.3) under study. The identification of this substituted system is done in the same way as the identification of
the upstream system for intermediate product (3.2.9) inputs (3.2.8). See also ISO/TR 14049:2012, 6.4
Note 2 to entry: The application of system expansion (3.2.12) involves an understanding of the market for the co-
products (3.2.4). Decisions about system expansion (3.2.12) can be improved through understanding the way co-
products (3.2.4) compete with other products, as well as the effects of any product substitution upon production
practices in the industries impacted by the co-products (3.2.4).
Note 3 to entry: Can be referred to as system expansion (3.2.12) and also as expanding the system boundary
(3.2.11).
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006/AMD 1:2020, modified - content from definition moved to Note 3 to entry]
3.2.13
process
set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs (3.2.8) into outputs (3.2.10)
[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006]
3.2.14
functional unit
quantified performance of a product system (3.2.3) for use as a reference unit
Note 1 to entry: As the carbon footprint of a product treats information on a product basis, an additional
calculation based on a declared unit can be presented.
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.20]
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ISO/DTS 19870:2023(E)
3.2.15
reference flow
measure of the inputs (3.2.8) to or outputs (3.2.10) from processes (3.2.13) in a given product system
(3.2.3) required to fulfil the function expressed by the functional unit (3.2.14)
Note 1 to entry: In the case of a partial CFP (3.1.3), the reference flow (3.2.15) refers to the declared unit.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018]
3.2.16
elementary flow
material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment
without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied that is
released into the environment without subsequent human transformation
Note 1 to entry: “Environment” is defined in ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.1.
[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006]
3.2.17
energy flo
...
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