ISO/TS 19870:2023
(Main)Hydrogen technologies — Methodology for determining the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production, conditioning and transport of hydrogen to consumption gate
Hydrogen technologies — Methodology for determining the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production, conditioning and transport of hydrogen to consumption gate
ISO 14044 requires the goal and scope of an LCA to be clearly defined and be consistent with the intended application. Due to the iterative nature of LCA, it is possible that the LCA scope needs to be refined during the study. This document specifies methodologies that can be applied to determine the carbon footprint of a product (CFP) or partial CFP of a hydrogen product in line with ISO 14067. The goals and scopes of the methodologies correspond to either approach a) or b), given below, that ISO 14040:2006, A.2 gives as two possible approaches to LCA. a) An approach that assigns elementary flows and potential environmental impacts to a specific product system, typically as an account of the history of the product. b) An approach that studies the environmental consequences of possible (future) changes between alternative product systems. Approaches a) and b) have become known as attributional and consequential, respectively, with complementary information accessible in the ILCD handbook.[1] There are numerous pathways to produce hydrogen from various primary energy sources. This document describes the requirements and evaluation methods applied to several hydrogen production pathways of interest: electrolysis, steam methane reforming (with carbon capture and storage), co-production and coal gasification (with carbon capture and storage), auto-thermal reforming (with carbon capture and storage), hydrogen as a co-product in industrial applications and hydrogen from biomass waste as feedstock. This document also considers the GHG emissions due to the conditioning or conversion of hydrogen into different physical forms and chemical carriers: — hydrogen liquefaction; — production, transport and cracking of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier; — hydrogenation, transport and dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs). This document considers the GHG emissions due to hydrogen and/or hydrogen carriers’ transport up to the consumption gate. It is possible that future revisions of this document will consider additional hydrogen production, conditioning, conversion and transport methods. This document applies to and includes every delivery along the supply chain up to the final delivery to the consumption gate (see Figure 2 in the Introduction). This document also provides additional information related to evaluation principles, system boundaries and expected reported metrics in the form of Annexes A to K, that are accessible via the online ISO portal (https://standards.iso.org/iso/ts/19870/ed-1/en).
Technologies de l'hydrogène — Méthodologie pour déterminer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre associées à la production, au conditionnement et au transport de l'hydrogène jusqu'au point de consommation
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19870
First edition
2023-11
Hydrogen technologies —
Methodology for determining the
greenhouse gas emissions associated
with the production, conditioning and
transport of hydrogen to consumption
gate
Technologies de l'hydrogène — Méthodologie pour déterminer
les émissions de gaz à effet de serre associées à la production, au
conditionnement et au transport de l'hydrogène jusqu'au point de
consommation
Reference number
© ISO 2023
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 2
3.1 Quantification of the Carbon Footprint of a Product . 2
3.2 Products, product systems and processes . 5
3.3 Transport . 7
3.4 Life Cycle Assessment .13
3.5 Organizations . 15
3.6 Data and Data Quality .15
3.7 Abbreviated Terms . 17
4 Evaluation Methods .18
4.1 Evaluation Basis . 18
4.1.1 General Principles . 18
4.1.2 Attributional approach . 19
4.1.3 Consequential approach . 19
4.2 Product reporting . 19
4.2.1 Product System Boundary . 19
4.2.2 Selected Cut-Off Criteria . 22
4.2.3 Evaluation Elements .22
4.2.4 Evaluation cycle . 25
4.3 Quantification of greenhouse gas emissions . 25
4.3.1 Process description and data quality . 25
4.3.2 Emissions inventory .26
4.4 Life Cycle Assessment Report . 51
5 Critical review .51
Bibliography .52
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
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database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197, Hydrogen technologies, Subcommittee
SC 1, Hydrogen at scale and horizontal energy systems.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
The Paris Agreement was adopted at the UN Climate Change conference (COP21) with the aims of:
strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, restricting global temperature rise
to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1,5 °C
above pre-industrial levels. To meet these goals, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions need to be reduced by
about 45 % from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching net zero in 2050 (IPCC, 2018; UNFCCC, 2021).
GHG initiatives on mitigation rely on the quantification, monitoring, reporting and verification of GHG
emissions and/or removals. International Standards that support the transformation of scientific
knowledge into tools can help in reaching the targets of the Paris Agreement to address climate change.
ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 define the principles, requirements and guidelines identified in existing
International Standards on life cycle assessment (LCA). The ISO 14060 series provides clarity and
consistency for quantifying, monitoring, reporting and validating or verifying GHG emissions
and removals to support sustainable development through a low-carbon economy. It also benefits
organizations, project proponents and stakeholders worldwide by providing clarity and consistency on
quantifying, monitoring, reporting and validating or verifying GHG emissions and removals.
ISO 14067 is based on the principles, requirements and guidelines on LCA identified in ISO 14040 and
ISO 14044 and aims to set specific requirements for the quantification of a carbon footprint (CFP) and
a partial CFP.
ISO 14067 defines the principles, requirements and guidelines for the quantification of the carbon
footprint of products. Its aim is to quantify GHG emissions associated with the lifecycle stages of a
product, beginning with resource extraction and raw material sourcing and extending through the
production, use and end-of-life stages of the product.
Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between ISO 14067 and other ISO documents on LCA.
PCR Product category rule
Figure 1 — Relationship between standards beyond the GHG management family of standards
(source ISO 14067:2018)
Hydrogen can be produced from diverse sources including renewables, nuclear and fossil fuels using
carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) to reduce the emissions associated with its production.
Hydrogen can be used to decarbonize numerous sectors including transport, industrial manufacturing
and power generation.
v
A particular challenge is that identical hydrogen molecules can be produced and combined from
sources that have different GHG intensities. Similarly, hydrogen-based fuels and derivatives will be
indistinguishable and can be produced from hydrogen combined with a range of fossil and low-carbon
inputs. Indeed, some of the products made from hydrogen (e.g. electricity) can themselves be used in the
production of hydrogen. Accounting standards for different sources of hydrogen along the supply chain
(see Figure 2) will be fundamental to creating a market for low-carbon hydrogen, and these standards
need to be agreed upon internationally. Additionally, there is the possibility that consumption gates
are not located in proximity to hydrogen production gates, requiring hydrogen transport. ISO 14083
gives guidelines for the quantification and reporting of GHG emissions arising from transport chain
operations.
A mutually recognized international framework that is robust, avoids miscounting or double counting
of environmental impacts is needed. Such a framework will provide a mutually agreed approach to
“guaranties" or “certificates” of origin, and cover greenhouse gas inputs used for hydrogen production,
conditioning, conversion and transport.
This document aims at increasing the methodologies that should be applied, in line with ISO 14067, to
the specific case of the hydrogen value chain, covering different production processes and other parts
of the value chain, such as conditioning hydrogen in different physical states, conversion of hydrogen
into different hydrogen carriers and the subsequent transport up to the consumption gate.
Figure 2 — Examples of hydrogen supply chain
vi
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19870:2023(E)
Hydrogen technologies — Methodology for determining
the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the
production, conditioning and transport of hydrogen to
consumption gate
1 Scope
ISO 14044 requires the goal and scope of an LCA to be clearly defined and be consistent with the
intended application. Due to the iterative nature of LCA, it is possible that the LCA scope needs to be
refined during the study.
This document specifies methodologies that can be applied to determine the carbon footprint of a
product (CFP) or partial CFP of a hydrogen product in line with ISO 14067. The goals and scopes of the
methodologies correspond to either approach a) or b), given below, that ISO 14040:2006, A.2 gives as
two possible approaches to LCA.
a) An approach that assigns elementary flows and potential environmental impacts to a specific
product system, typically as an account of the history of the product.
b) An approach that studies the environmental consequences of possible (future) changes between
alternative product systems.
Approaches a) and b) have become known as attributional and consequential, respectively, with
[1]
complementary information accessible in the ILCD handbook.
There are numerous pathways to produce hydrogen from various primary energy sources. This
document describes the requirements and evaluation methods applied to several hydrogen production
pathways of interest: electrolysis, steam methane reforming (with carbon capture and storage), co-
production and coal gasification (with carbon capture and storage), auto-thermal reforming (with
carbon capture and storage), hydrogen as a co-product in industrial applications and hydrogen from
biomass waste as feedstock.
This document also considers the GHG emissions due to the conditioning or conversion of hydrogen into
different physical forms and chemical carriers:
— hydrogen liquefaction;
— production, transport and cracking of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier;
— hydrogenation, transport and dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs).
This document considers the GHG emissions due to hydrogen and/or hydrogen carriers’ transport up to
the consumption gate.
It is possible that future revisions of this document will consider additional hydrogen production,
conditioning, conversion and transport methods.
This document applies to and includes every delivery along the supply chain up to the final delivery to
the consumption gate (see Figure 2 in the Introduction).
This document also provides additional information related to evaluation principles, system boundaries
and expected reported metrics in the form of Annexes A to K, that are accessible via the online ISO
portal (https://standards . iso. org/i so/t s/19870/ ed -1/ en ).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework
ISO 14044, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines
ISO 14067:2018, Greenhouse gases — Carbon footprint of products — Requirements and guidelines for
quantification
ISO 14083:2023, Greenhouse gases — Quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions arising
from transport chain operations
ISO/TS 14071, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Critical review processes and
reviewer competencies: Additional requirements and guidelines to ISO 14044:2006
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Quantification of the Carbon Footprint of a Product
3.1.1
allocation
partitioning the input (3.2.8) or output (3.2.10) flows of a process or a product system (3.2.3) between
the product system under study and one or more other product systems
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14040:2006/AMD 1:2020]
3.1.2
carbon footprint of a product
CFP
sum of greenhouse gas emissions (3.1.12) and greenhouse gas removals (3.1.4) in a product system (3.2.3),
expressed as CO equivalent (3.1.10) and based on a life cycle assessment (3.4.5) using the single impact
category of climate change
Note 1 to entry: A CFP can be disaggregated into a set of figures identifying specific GHG emissions (3.1.12) and
removals (3.1.4). A CFP can also be disaggregated into the stages of the life cycle (3.4.4).
Note 2 to entry: The results of the quantification of CFP (3.1.8) are documented in the CFP study report expressed
in mass of CO e (3.1.11) per functional unit (3.2.14).
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.1]
3.1.3
partial CFP
sum of greenhouse gas emissions (3.1.12) and greenhouse gas removals (3.1.4) of one or more selected
process(es) in a product system (3.2.3) expressed as CO equivalents (3.1.10) and based on the selected
stages or processes within the life cycle (3.4.4)
Note 1 to entry: A partial CFP is based on or compiled from data related to (a) specific process(es) or footprint
information modules (defined in ISO 14026:2017, 3.1.4), which is (are) part of a product system (3.2.3) and
can form the basis for quantification of a carbon footprint of a product (CFP). More detailed information on
information modules is given in ISO 14025:2006, 5.4.
Note 2 to entry: The results of the quantification of the partial CFP are documented in the CFP study report
expressed in mass of CO e (3.1.10) per declared unit.
3.1.4
greenhouse gas removal
GHG removal
withdrawal of a greenhouse gas (3.1.9) from the atmosphere
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.2.6]
3.1.5
CFP study
all activities that are necessary to quantify and report the carbon footprint of a product (3.1.2) or a
partial CFP (3.1.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.4]
3.1.6
product category
group of products that can fulfil equivalent functions
[SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006, 3.12]
3.1.7
production batch
amount of products produced by a device between any two points in time selected by the operator
3.1.8
quantification of CFP
activities that result in the determination of the carbon footprint of a product (3.1.2) or a partial CFP
(3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: Quantification of the CFP (3.1.2) or the partial CFP (3.1.3) is part of the CFP study (3.1.5)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.6]
3.1.9
greenhouse gas
GHG
gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits
radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s
surface, the atmosphere and clouds
Note 1 to entry: For a list of greenhouse gases (3.1.9), see the latest IPCC Assessment Report (currently carbon
dioxide (CO ); methane (CH ); nitrous oxide (N O)). Other GHGs are not considered relevant for this document.
2 4 2
Note 2 to entry: Water vapour and ozone, which are anthropogenic as well as natural greenhouse gases (3.1.9), are
not included in the carbon footprint of a product (3.1.2).
Note 3 to entry: The focus of this document is limited to long-lived GHGs and it therefore excludes climate effects
due to changes in surface reflectivity (albedo) and short-lived radiative forcing agents (e.g. black carbon and
aerosols).
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.2.1]
3.1.10
carbon dioxide equivalent
CO equivalent
CO e
unit for comparing the radiative forcing of a greenhouse gas (3.1.9) to that of carbon dioxide
Note 1 to entry: Mass of a greenhouse gas is converted into CO equivalents by multiplying the mass of the
greenhouse gas (3.1.9) by the corresponding global warming potential (3.1.11) or global temperature change
potential (GTP) of that gas.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of GTP, CO equivalent is the unit for comparing the change in global mean surface
temperature caused by a greenhouse gas to the temperature change caused by carbon dioxide.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.2.2]
3.1.11
global warming potential
GWP
index, based on radiative properties of greenhouse gases (3.1.9) (GHG) measuring the radiative forcing
following a pulse emission of a unit mass of a given GHG in the present-day atmosphere integrated over
a chosen time horizon, relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO )
Note 1 to entry: “Index” as used in this document is a “characterization factor” as defined in ISO 14040:2006,
3.37.
Note 2 to entry: A “pulse emission” is an emission at one point in time.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.2.4]
3.1.12
greenhouse gas emission
GHG emission
release of a greenhouse gas (3.1.9) into the atmosphere
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.2.5]
3.1.13
greenhouse gas emission factor
GHG emission factor
coefficient relating activity data with the greenhouse gas emission (3.1.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.2.7]
3.1.14
capital goods emission
CAPEX emission
GHG emissions (3.1.12) related to the manufacturing of capital goods
3.1.15
subdivision
virtual subdivision
decomposition of the analysed unit process into physically or virtually distinguishable sub-process
steps with the possibility to collect data exclusively for those sub-processes
3.2 Products, product systems and processes
3.2.1
product
any goods or service
Note 1 to entry: The product can be categorized as follows:
— services (e.g. transport);
— software (e.g. computer program, dictionary);
— hardware (e.g. engine mechanical part);
— processed materials (e.g. lubricant).
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.9]
3.2.2
product flow
products (3.2.1) entering from or leaving to another product system (3.2.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.27]
3.2.3
product system
collection of unit processes with elementary flows (3.2.16) and product flows (3.2.2), performing one or
more defined functions and which models the life cycle (3.4.4) of a product (3.2.1)
[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.28]
3.2.4
co-product
two or more products (3.2.1) coming from the same unit process or product system (3.2.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.10]
3.2.5
conditioning
means changing the physical conditions (temperature, pressure) of a species
Note 1 to entry: In this document, examples are changing the pressure of gaseous hydrogen or liquefying gaseous
hydrogen.
3.2.6
conversion
means changing the chemicals conditions of a species
Note 1 to entry: In this document, examples are changing hydrogen molecules into ammonia or LOHCs.
3.2.7
heating value
amount of energy released when a fuel is burned completely
Note 1 to entry: Care must be taken not to confuse higher heating values (HHVs) and lower heating values (LHVs).
3.2.8
input
product (3.2.1), material or energy flow (3.2.17) that enters a unit process
Note 1 to entry: Products (3.2.1) and materials include raw materials, intermediate products (3.2.9) and co-
products (3.2.4).
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.21]
3.2.9
intermediate product
output from a unit process that is input to other unit processes that require further transformation
within the system
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.23]
3.2.10
output
product (3.2.1), material or energy flow (3.2.17) that leaves a unit process (3.2.13)
Note 1 to entry: Products (3.2.1), and materials include raw materials, intermediate products (3.2.9), co-products
(3.2.4) and releases (3.4.11).
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.25]
3.2.11
system boundary
boundary based on a set of criteria representing which unit processes (3.2.13) are a part of the system
under study
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006/AMD 1:2020, 3.32]
3.2.12
system expansion
concept of expanding the product system (3.2.3) to include additional functions related to the co-
products (3.2.4)
Note 1 to entry: The product system (3.2.3) that is substituted by the co-product (3.2.4) is integrated in the product
system (3.2.3) under study. In practice, the co-products (3.2.4) are compared to other substitutable products, and
the environmental burdens associated with the substituted product(s) are subtracted from the product system
(3.2.3) under study. The identification of this substituted system is done in the same way as the identification of
the upstream system for intermediate product (3.2.9) inputs (3.2.8). See also ISO/TR 14049:2012, 6.4
Note 2 to entry: The application of system expansion (3.2.12) involves an understanding of the market for the co-
products (3.2.4). Decisions about system expansion (3.2.12) can be improved through understanding the way co-
products (3.2.4) compete with other products, as well as the effects of any product substitution upon production
practices in the industries impacted by the co-products (3.2.4).
Note 3 to entry: Can be referred to as system expansion (3.2.12) and also as expanding the system boundary
(3.2.11).
[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006/AMD 2:2020, D.2.1]
3.2.13
process
set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs (3.2.8) into outputs (3.2.10)
[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.11]
3.2.14
functional unit
quantified performance of a product system (3.2.3) for use as a reference unit
Note 1 to entry: As the carbon footprint of a product treats information on a product basis, an additional
calculation based on a declared unit can be presented.
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.20]
3.2.15
reference flow
measure of the inputs (3.2.8) to or outputs (3.2.10) from processes (3.2.13) in a given product system
(3.2.3) required to fulfil the function expressed by the functional unit (3.2.14)
Note 1 to entry: In the case of a partial CFP (3.1.3), the reference flow (3.2.15) refers to the declared unit.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.3.9]
3.2.16
elementary flow
material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment
without previous human transformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied that is
released into the environment without subsequent human transformation
Note 1 to entry: “Environment” is defined in ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.1.
[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.12]
3.2.17
energy flow
input (3.2.8) to or output (3.2.10) from a unit process or product system (3.2.3), quantified in energy
units
Note 1 to entry: Energy flow that is an input can be called an energy input; energy flow that is an output can be
called an energy output.
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.13]
3.3 Transport
3.3.1
cargo
goods or sets of goods (liquid, solid or gaseous) transported from one place to another on a means of
transport (3.3.5)
3.3.2
consignment
separately identifiable amount of freight (3.3.3) transported from one consignor to one consignee via
one or more modes of transport
Note 1 to entry: Although “consignment” and “shipment” are common terms often considered as synonyms, in
this document and other technical publications, a consignment is differentiated to a shipment. Indeed, a shipment
refers to a grouping of freight corresponding to the shipper needs, whereas a consignment refers a grouping of
freight according to a carrier or freight forwarder’s transport solutions.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.4]
3.3.3
freight
goods, materials, commodities, parcels, etc. being transported from one location to another
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.7]
3.3.4
fuel consumption
amount of energy used by a means of transport (3.3.5) to fulfil a given task
3.3.5
means of transport
modes of transport such as inland waterway, pipeline, rail and road that are used for the transport of
freight
3.3.6
route
journey (to be) taken to get from one point to another point
3.3.7
delivery gate
location where products have their custody transferred according to contractual arrangements
between the purchaser and the provider.
3.3.8
consumption gate
location of the final delivery of the product along its complete supply chain.
3.3.9
transport
movement of freight (3.3.3) from one location to another performed by modes of transport
Note 1 to entry: The term “transport” in general is used for movement supported by means.
3.3.10
vehicle
any means of transport (3.3.5)
Note 1 to entry: Within this standard, this definition includes vessels (watercraft and aircraft like ships, boats,
and planes), for reasons of simplification only. Pipelines (see 3.3.24) are not considered a vehicle.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.35, modified Note 1 to entry]
3.3.11
empty trip
section of the route of a vehicle (3.3.10) during which no freight or passenger is transported
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.5]
3.3.12
distance adjustment factor
DAF
ratio between the actual distance and the transport activity distance, related to the same origin and
destination locations
EXAMPLE Ratio between “actual distance” and “shortest feasible distance (3.3.31)”
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.3.5]
3.3.13
fleet
set of vehicles (3.3.10) operated by one transport service operator
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.6]
3.3.14
great circle distance
GCD
transport distance determined as the shortest distance between any two points measured along the
surface of a sphere
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023]
3.3.15
hub
DEPRECATED: node
DEPRECATED: site
DEPRECATED: station
DEPRECATED: facility
DEPRECATED: centre
DEPRECATED: depot
location where passengers transfer and/or freight (3.3.3) is transferred from one vehicle (3.3.10) or
mode of transport to another before, after or between different elements of a transport chain
Note 1 to entry: Hubs include, but are not limited to, rail/road terminals, cross-docking sites, airport terminals,
terminals at seaports and distribution centres.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.8]
3.3.16
hub activity
parameter that quantifies the throughput (3.3.29) of a hub (3.3.15)
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.9]
3.3.17
hub equipment
equipment and facilities used within a hub (3.3.15) to transfer freight (3.3.3) or passengers
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.10]
3.3.18
hub operation
operation in order to transfer freight (3.3.3) or passengers through a hub (3.3.15)
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.11]
3.3.19
hub operation category
HOC
group of hub operations (3.3.18) that share similar characteristics
Note 1 to entry: ISO 14083:2023, Annex H contains examples of HOCs.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.12]
3.3.20
hub operator
entity that carries out hub operations (3.3.18) involving carriage of freight (3.3.3) or passengers or both
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.13]
3.3.21
hub service
service provided within a hub transport chain element
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.14]
3.3.22
load
quantity or nature of is the freight being carried by a vehicle (3.3.10)
3.3.23
load factor
ratio of the actual load (3.3.22) and the maximum authorized load of one means of transport (3.3.5)
Note 1 to entry: Different dimensions are used for the measurement of the capacity, such as mass and volume.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.15]
3.3.24
packaging
materials used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of freight (3.3.3)
Note 1 to entry: Packaging may be further categorized into:
— primary packaging, which is designed to come into direct contact with the product;
— secondary packaging, which is designed to contain one or more products together with any primary
packaging required;
— transport packaging
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.4.2]
3.3.25
pipeline
long continuous line of pipes, including ancillary equipment, used for transporting freight (3.3.3).
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.17]
3.3.26
pipeline transport
movement of a medium (liquid, gas, liquefied gas, slurry) through a system of pipes from one location
to another
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.18]
3.3.27
round trip
group of sequential journeys that start and end in the same place, whatever the intermediate routing
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.19]
3.3.28
shipment
identifiable collection of one or more freight (3.3.3) items (available to be) transported together from
the original shipper to the ultimate consignee
Note 1 to entry: A shipment may be transported in one or a multiple number of consignments
Note 2 to entry: A shipment can be aggregated or disaggregated to different consignments according to the
requirements of the means of transport on any one element of the transport chain, e.g. single bulk units and
packages can be aggregated on a pallet and such pallet can be handed over as a unit for aggregation in a container,
which in turn is treated as a consignment in a vehicle (3.3.10)
Note 3 to entry: Although “consignment” and “shipment” are common terms often considered as synonyms, in
this document and other technical publications, a consignment is differentiated to a shipment. Indeed, a shipment
refers to a grouping of freight (3.3.3) corresponding to the shipper needs, whereas a consignment refers a
grouping of freight (3.3.3) according to a carrier or freight (3.3.3) forwarder’s transport solutions.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.20]
3.3.29
throughput
quantity of passengers or freight (3.3.3) handled, sorted, cross-docked or transferred within and
between modes at a hub (3.3.15)
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.21]
3.3.30
transhipment
action by which freight (3.3.3) is transferred from one means of transport (3.3.5) to another during the
course of one transport chain
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.22]
3.3.31
shortest feasible distance
SDF
DEPRECATED: planned distance
DEPRECATED: network distance
transport distance determined as the distance achievable by the shortest practical route available
according to the infrastructure options for a particular vehicle (3.3.10) type
Note 1 to entry: “Shortest practical route” implies that small detours from the shortest distance, e.g. to avoid
congested city centres or rural roads unsuitable for certain vehicle (3.3.10) sizes, can be included.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.27.3]
3.3.32
transport activity
parameter that quantifies passenger or freight (3.3.3) transport
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.24]
3.3.33
transport activity distance
transport distance related to passengers or freight (3.3.3) moved, used as a parameter for calculation of
transport activity (3.3.32)
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.27.4]
3.3.34
transport chain
sequence of elements related to freight (3.3.3) or a (group of) passenger(s) that, when taken together,
constitutes its movement from an origin to a destination
Note 1 to entry: A passenger or a group of passengers can include their luggage and, if any, their vehicles
Note 2 to entry: Where there are two or more elements, in the majority of cases, one of them implies that the
freight (3.3.3) or passengers use a hub (3.3.15)
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.25]
3.3.35
transport chain element
TCE
section of a transport chain within which the freight (3.3.3) or a (group of) passenger(s) is carried by a
single vehicle (3.3.10) or transits through a single hub (3.3.15)
EXAMPLE If a multimodal trip of a passenger includes taking a bus from stop “L4” to stop “L7” of bus line “L”,
then one TCE is the trip of the passenger from “L4” to “L7”.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.26]
3.3.36
transport distance
distance between the origin and the destination of a passenger, a consignment or a vehicle (3.3.10) along
a specified route
Note 1 to entry: For the use of this document, the route followed by the passenger, the freight (3.3.3) or the vehicle
(3.3.10) may be different from that originally planned. This leads to two categories of transport distances: actual
distances, and distances used for calculation of greenhouse gas emissions (3.1.12), i.e. transport activity distances
(3.3.33)
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.27]
3.3.37
actual distance
transport distance along the actual route taken by a vehicle (3.3.10)
EXAMPLE Distance measured by an on-board device (odometer).
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.27.1]
3.3.38
transport operation
operation of a vehicle (3.3.10) in order to transport passengers and/or freight (3.3.3)
EXAMPLE If a multimodal trip of a passenger includes taking a bus from stop “L4” to stop “L7” of bus line “L”,
this requires a transport operation being the operation of this bus on line “L”, from the first stop “L1” to the last
stop of this bus line.
Note 1 to entry: It includes cases where the destination is the same as the origin passing through other locations
on the way.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.28]
3.3.39
transport operation category
TOC
group of transport operations (3.3.38) that share similar characteristics
Note 1 to entry: ISO 14083:2023, Annexes A-G contain recommendations for the characteristics used to specify
the TOCs for each transport mode.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.29]
3.3.40
transport operator
entity that carries out transport operations (3.3.38) involving carriage of freight (3.3.3) or passengers,
or both
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.30]
3.3.41
transport packaging
tertiary packaging
distribution packaging
protective packaging
packaging (3.3.24) designed to contain one or more articles or packages, or bulk material, for the
purposes of transport, handling and/or distribution
Note 1 to entry: Transport packaging does not include road, rail, ship and air containers.
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.4.4]
3.3.42
transport service
service provided to a user for the transport of freight (3.3.3) from an origin to a destination
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.31]
3.3.43
twenty-foot equivalent unit
TEU
standard unit used to express a number of containers of various lengths and for describing the
capacities of container ships or terminals
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.34]
3.3.44
vehicle operation
deployment of a vehicle (3.3.10) to fully or partially provide a transport operation (3.3.38)
[SOURCE: ISO 14083:2023, 3.1.36]
3.4 Life Cycle Assessment
3.4.1
cut-off criteria
specification of the amount of material or energy flow (3.2.17) or the level of significance of greenhouse
gas emissions (3.1.12) associated with unit processes or the product system (3.2.3) to be excluded from
a CFP study
Note 1 to entry: “Energy flow” is defined in ISO 14040:2006, 3.13.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.4.1]
3.4.2
evaluation
element within the life cycle interpretation phase intended to establish confidence in the results of the
life cycle assessment (3.4.5)
Note 1 to entry: Evaluation includes completeness check, sensitivity check, consistency check, and any other
validation that may be required according to the goal and scope definition of the study
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006]
3.4.3
fugitive emissions
emissions that are not physically controlled but result from the intentional or unintentional releases
(3.4.11) of GHGs (3.1.9)
Note 1 to entry: They commonly arise from the production, processing transmission storage and use of fuels and
other chemicals, often through joints, seals, packing, gaskets, etc.
[SOURCE: 2004 GHG protocol, Chapter 4.6]
3.4.4
life cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages related to a product, from raw material acquisition or generation
from natural resources to end-of-life treatment
Note 1 to entry: “Raw material” is defined in ISO 14040:2006, 3.15.
Note 2 to entry: Stages of a life cycle related to a product include raw material acquisition, production,
distribution, use and end-of-life treatment.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.4.2]
3.4.5
life cycle assessment
LCA
compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product
system (3.2.3) throughout its life cycle (3.4.4)
Note 1 to entry: “Environmental impact” is defined in ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.4.
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.4.3]
3.4.6
life cycle inventory analysis
LCI
phase of life cycle assessment (3.4.5) involving the compilation and quantification of inputs (3.2.8) and
outputs (3.2.10) for a product throughout its life cycle (3.4.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 14044:2006, 3.3]
3.4.7
location-based method
uses the average emissions intensity of the electricity grid in the location in which energy consumption
occurs.
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, Annex E]
3.4.8
market-based method
uses the emissions intensity from choices a consumer makes regarding its electricity supplier or
product
Note 1 to entry: These choices (purchasing energy certificates or differentiated electricity product) are reflected
through contractual arrangements between the purchaser and the provider.
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, Annex E]
3.4.9
leakage
loss of a product or service that results in changes in GHG emissions (3.1.12)
3.4.10
process emissions
emissions generated from manufacturing processes, such as the CO that arises from the breakdown of
calcium carbonate (CaCO ) during cement manufacture
Note 1 to entry: Not to be confused with combustion emissions.
[SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2018, Annex B]
3.4.11
releases
emissions to air and discharges to water and soil
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.30]
3.4.12
sensitivity analysis
systematic procedures for estimating the effects of the choices made regarding methods and data on
the outcome of a CFP study (3.1.5)
[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.4.7]
3.4.13
sensitivity check
process to determine whether the information obtained from a sensitivity analysis is relevant for
reaching the conclusions and for giving recommendations
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006/AMD1: 2020, 3.43]
3.4.14
transparency
open, comprehensive and understandable presentation of information
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.7]
3.4.15
uncertainty analysis
systematic procedure to quantify the uncertainty introduced in the results of a life cycle
...
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