SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
(Main)Fire hazard testing - Part 1-40: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - Insulating liquids
Fire hazard testing - Part 1-40: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - Insulating liquids
EN-IEC 60695-1-40 provides guidance on the minimization of fire hazard arising from the use of electrical insulating liquids, with respect to: a) electrotechnical equipment and systems, b) people, building structures and their contents. This basic safety publication is intended for use by technical committees in the preparation of standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC Guide 51. It is not intended for use by manufacturers or certification bodies. One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications.
Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr - Teil 1-40: Anleitung zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr von elektrotechnischen Erzeugnissen - Isolierflüssigkeit
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu - Partie 1-40: Guide pour l'évaluation des risques du feu des produits électrotechniques - Liquides isolants
Fournit un guide pour la minimisation du risque de feu dans le cadre de l'utilisation de liquides isolants électriques a) pour les équipements et systèmes électrotechniques, b) pour les personnes, les structures des bâtiments et leur contenu. Comme les liquides isolants font toujours partie d'un système d'isolation, il faut également évaluer le risque de feu du système complet. A le statut d'une publication fondamentale de sécurité conformément au Guide 104 de la CEI.
Preskušanje požarne ogroženosti - 1-40. del: Navodilo za ocenjevanje požarne ogroženosti elektrotehničnih izdelkov - Izolacijske tekočine (IEC 60695-1-40:2013)
Standard EN-IEC 60695-1-40 nudi navodila za zmanjšanje požarne ogroženosti, ki izvira iz uporabe izolacijskih tekočin za električno izolacijo za: a) elektrotehnično opremo in sisteme, b) ljudi, stavbe in njihovo vsebino. Ta osnovna varnostna publikacija je namenjena tehničnim odborom za pripravo standardov v skladu z načeli vodil IEC Guide 104 in ISO/IEC Guide 51. Ni namenjena proizvajalcem ali certifikacijskim organom. Ena od odgovornosti tehničnih odborov je, da med pripravo publikacij uporabljajo osnovne varnostne publikacije, kadar je to primerno.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Essais relatifs aux risques du feu - Partie 1-40: Guide pour l'évaluation des risques du feu des produits électrotechniques - Liquides isolantsFire hazard testing - Part 1-40: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - Insulating liquids29.040.01Izolacijski fluidi na splošnoInsulating fluids in general13.220.40Sposobnost vžiga in obnašanje materialov in proizvodov pri gorenjuIgnitability and burning behaviour of materials and productsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 60695-1-40:2014SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014en01-junij-2014SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60695-1-40 NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM April 2014
CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels
© 2014 CENELEC -
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 60695-1-40:2014 E
ICS 13.220.40; 29.020
English version
Fire hazard testing -
Part 1-40: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products -
Insulating liquids (IEC 60695-1-40:2013)
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu -
Partie 1-40: Guide pour l'évaluation des risques du feu des produits électrotechniques -
Liquides isolants (CEI 60695-1-40:2013)
Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr -
Teil 1-40: Anleitung zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr von elektrotechnischen Erzeugnissen -
Isolierflüssigkeit (IEC 60695-1-40:2013)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2013-12-24. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
EN 60695-1-40:2014 - 2 -
Foreword The text of document 89/1191/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 60695-1-40, prepared by IEC/TC 89 "Fire hazard testing" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 60695-1-40:2014. The following dates are fixed: • latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2014-10-25 • latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the document have to be withdrawn (dow) 2016-12-24
This European Standard is to be used in conjunction with EN 60695-1-10. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 60695-1-40:2013 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated: ISO 2719:2002 NOTE
Harmonised as EN ISO 2719:2002 (not modified). IEC 61039 NOTE
Harmonised as.EN 61039. IEC 62271-202 NOTE
Harmonised as.EN 62271-202. IEC 60708:2005 NOTE
Harmonised as.EN 60708:2005 (not modified). IEC 60794-1-1:2011 NOTE
Harmonised as.EN 60794-1-1:2011 (not modified). IEC 60836:2005 NOTE
Harmonised as.EN 60836:2005 (not modified). IEC 61099:2010 NOTE
Harmonised as.EN 61099:2010 (not modified). IEC 61144:1992 NOTE
Harmonised as.EN 61144:1993 (not modified). IEC 61197:1993 NOTE
Harmonised as.EN 61197:1994 (not modified). IEC 62271-105:2012 NOTE
Harmonised as.EN 62271-105:2012 (not modified). SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
- 3 - EN 60695-1-40:2014 Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE
When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60050
International electrotechnical vocabulary
IEC 60296
Fluids for electrotechnical applications - Unused mineral insulating oils for transformers and switchgear EN 60296
IEC 60465
Specification for unused insulating mineral oils for cables with oil ducts EN 60465
IEC 60695-1-10
Fire hazard testing - Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - General guidelines EN 60695-1-10
IEC 60695-1-11
Fire hazard testing - Part 1-11: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - Fire hazard assessment EN 60695-1-11
IEC 60695-4 2012 Fire hazard testing - Part 4: Terminology concerning fire tests for electrotechnical products EN 60695-4 2012
IEC/TS 60695-5-2
Fire hazard testing - Part 5-2: Corrosion damage effects of fire effluent - Summary and relevance of test methods
IEC 60695-6-2
Fire hazard testing - Part 6-2: Smoke obscuration - Summary and relevance of test methods EN 60695-6-2
IEC 60695-7-2
Fire hazard testing - Part 7-2: Toxicity of fire effluent - Summary and relevance of test methods EN 60695-7-2
IEC 60695-8-2
Fire hazard testing - Part 8-2: Heat release - Summary and relevance of test methods EN 60695-8-2
IEC/TS 60695-8-3
Fire hazard testing - Part 8-3: Heat release - Heat release of insulating liquids used in electrotechnical products
IEC 60944
Guide for maintenance of silicone transformer liquids
IEC 61039
Classification of insulating liquids EN 61039
IEC 61203
Synthetic organic esters for electrical purposes - Guide for maintenance of transformer esters in equipment EN 61203
ISO 1716
Reaction to fire tests for building products - Determination of the heat of combustion EN ISO 1716
ISO 2592
Determination of flash and fire points - Cleveland open cup method EN ISO 2592
ISO 13943 2008 Fire safety - Vocabulary EN ISO 13943 2010
SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
IEC 60695-1-40 Edition 1.0 2013-11 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Fire hazard testing –
Part 1-40: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Insulating liquids
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu –
Partie 1-40: Guide pour l’évaluation des risques du feu des produits électrotechniques – Liquides isolants INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE V ICS 13.220.40; 29.020 PRICE CODE CODE PRIX ISBN 978-2-8322-1170-0
BASIC SAFETY PUBLICATION PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE DE SÉCURITÉ
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale ®
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé. SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
– 2 – 60695-1-40 © IEC:2013 CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4 INTRODUCTION . 6 1 Scope . 7 2 Normative references . 7 3 Terms and definitions . 8 4 Classification of insulating liquids . 13 5 Types of electrotechnical equipment containing insulating liquids . 13 6 Fire parameters . 14 6.1 General . 14 6.2 Ignition . 14 6.2.1 General . 14 6.2.2 Combustion . 14 6.2.3 Potential fire growth . 14 6.2.4 Fire effluent . 14 7 Fire scenarios . 14 7.1 General . 14 7.2 Origin fire scenarios . 14 7.2.1 General . 14 7.2.2 Major causes of fire . 15 7.2.3 Minor causes of fire . 16 7.2.4 Pool fires . 16 7.2.5 Burning spray . 16 7.2.6 Ignition on hot surface . 16 7.3 Victim fire scenarios . 16 8 Protective measures against fire . 17 9 Considerations for the selection of test methods . 17 9.1 General . 17 9.2 Type tests . 18 9.3 Sampling tests . 18 9.4 Arc resistance tests . 18 9.5 Relevance of test results to fire scenario . 18 Annex A (informative)
History of insulating liquids . 19 Annex B (informative)
Preventive and protective measures against fire . 20 B.1 General . 20 B.2 Physical protective measures . 20 B.3 Chemical protective measures . 20 B.4 Electrical protective measures . 20 B.5 Sensing devices . 20 B.6 Maintenance and inspection . 20 Annex C (informative)
Transformers. 22 C.1 General . 22 C.2 Transformer choice . 22 Annex D (informative)
Power capacitors . 24 SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
60695-1-40 © IEC:2013 – 3 –Annex E (informative)
Cables. 25 E.1 Power cables . 25 E.2 Communication cables . 26 E.3 Cables with water blocking compounds . 26 E.4 Cable terminations . 26 Annex F (informative)
Bushings . 27 Annex G (informative)
Switchgear . 28 Bibliography . 29
Figure E.1 – Oil viscosity . 26
Table 1 – Classification of insulating liquids . 13
SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
– 4 – 60695-1-40 © IEC:2013 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ____________
FIRE HAZARD TESTING –
Part 1-40: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard
of electrotechnical products –
Insulating liquids
FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 60695-1-40 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 89: Fire hazard testing. This first edition of IEC 60695-1-40 cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC/TS 60695-1-40 published in 2002. It constitutes a technical revision and now has the status of an International Standard. The main changes with respect to the first edition of IEC/TS 60695-1-40 are the integration of editorial and technical changes throughout the text. SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
60695-1-40 © IEC:2013 – 5 –The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS Report on voting 89/1191/FDIS 89/1200/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all the parts in the 60695 series, under the general title Fire hazard testing, can be found on the IEC web site. This international standard is to be used in conjunction with IEC 60695-1-10. IEC 60695-1 consists of the following parts: – Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – General guidelines – Part 1-11: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Fire hazard assessment – Part 1-12: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Fire safety engineering – Part 1-20: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Ignitability – General guidance – Part 1-21: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Ignitability – Summary and relevance of test methods – Part 1-30: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Preselection testing process
General guidelines – Part 1-40: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Insulating liquids The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed, • withdrawn, • replaced by a revised edition, or • amended.
SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
– 6 – 60695-1-40 © IEC:2013 INTRODUCTION In the design of any electrotechnical product the risk of fire and the potential hazards associated with fire need to be considered. In this respect the objective of component, circuit and product design as well as the choice of materials is to reduce to acceptable levels the potential risks of fire even in the event of foreseeable abnormal use, malfunction or failure. For more than 100 years, insulating liquids based on mineral oil have been used for the insulating and cooling of electrical transformers and some other types of electrotechnical equipment. During the last 70 years, synthetic insulating liquids have been developed and used in specific electrotechnical applications for which their properties are particularly suitable. However, for technical and economic reasons, highly refined mineral oil continues to be the most widely used insulating liquid for use in transformers, the major end use application. Their safe installation is covered by local, national and international regulations. The fire safety record of electrotechnical equipment containing insulating liquids is good, for both mineral oil and synthetic liquids. In recent years improvements in design and protective measures against fire have reduced the fire hazard for electrotechnical equipment containing mineral oil. However, as for all forms of electrotechnical equipment, the objective should be to reduce the likelihood of fire even in the event of foreseeable abnormal use. The practical aim is to prevent ignition, but if ignition occurs, to control the fire, preferably within the enclosure of the electrotechnical equipment.
SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
60695-1-40 © IEC:2013 – 7 –FIRE HAZARD TESTING –
Part 1-40: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard
of electrotechnical products –
Insulating liquids
1 Scope This international standard provides guidance on the minimization of fire hazard arising from the use of electrical insulating liquids, with respect to: a) electrotechnical equipment and systems, b) people, building structures and their contents. This basic safety publication is intended for use by technical committees in the preparation of standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 [1]1 and ISO/IEC Guide 51 [2]. It is not intended for use by manufacturers or certification bodies. One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60050, International electrotechnical vocabulary IEC 60296, Fluids for electrotechnical applications – Unused mineral insulating oils for transformers and switchgear IEC 60465, Specification for unused insulating mineral oils for cables with oil ducts IEC 60695-1-10, Fire hazard testing
Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products
General guidelines IEC 60695-1-11, Fire hazard testing
Part 1-11: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products
Fire hazard assessment IEC 60695-4:2012, Fire hazard testing – Part 4: Terminology concerning fire tests for electrotechnical products IEC 60695-6-2, Fire hazard testing – Part 6-2: Smoke obscuration – Summary and relevance of test methods IEC 60695-7-2, Fire hazard testing – Part 7-2: Toxicity of fire effluent – Summary and relevance of test methods ______________ 1
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography. SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
– 8 – 60695-1-40 © IEC:2013 IEC 60695-8-2, Fire hazard testing – Part 8-2: Heat release – Summary and relevance of test methods IEC 60944, Guide for the maintenance of silicone transformer liquids IEC 61039, Classification of insulating liquids IEC 61203, Synthetic organic esters for electrical purposes – Guide for maintenance of transformer esters in equipment IEC/TS 60695-5-2, Fire hazard testing – Part 5-2: Corrosion damage effects of fire effluent – Summary and relevance of test methods IEC/TS 60695-8-3, Fire hazard testing – Part 8-3: Heat release – Heat release of insulating liquids used in electrotechnical products ISO 1716, Reaction to fire tests for products – Determination of the gross heat of combustion (calorific value) ISO 2592, Determination of flash and fire points
Cleveland open cup method ISO 13943:2008, Fire safety
Vocabulary 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, terms and definitions given in ISO 13943:2008 and IEC 60695-4:2012, some of which are reproduced below for the user’s convenience, as well as the following additional definitions, apply. 3.1
arc electrical breakdown of a gas which produces a sustained plasma discharge, resulting from an electric current flowing through a normally nonconductive medium such as air 3.2
bund outer wall or tank designed to retain the contents of an inner container in the event of leakage or spillage Note 1 to entry: A bund should be designed to capture well in excess of the volume of liquids held within the bund area. 3.3
bushing insulating liner in an opening through which a conductor passes 3.4
combustion exothermic reaction of a substance with an oxidizing agent Note 1 to entry: Combustion generally emits fire effluent accompanied by flames and/or glowing. [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.46] 3.5
corrosion damage physical and/or chemical damage or impaired function caused by chemical action SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
60695-1-40 © IEC:2013 – 9 –[SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.56] 3.6
enclosure electrotechnical external casing protecting the electrical and mechanical parts of apparatus Note 1 to entry: The term excludes cables. [SOURCE: IEC 60695-4:2012, 3.2.6] 3.7
fire generalprocess of combustion characterized by the emission of heat and fire effluent and usually accompanied by smoke, flame, glowing or a combination thereof Note 1 to entry: In the English language the term “fire” is used to designate three concepts, two of which, fire and fire, relate to specific types of self-supporting combustion with different meanings and two of them are designated using two different terms in both French and German. [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.96] 3.8
fire effluent totality of gases and aerosols, including suspended particles, created by combustion or pyrolysis in a fire [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.105] 3.9
fire growth stage of fire development during which the heat release rate and the temperature of the fire are increasing [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.111] 3.10
fire hazard physical object or condition with a potential for an undesirable consequence from fire [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, definition 4.112] 3.11
fire Ioad quantity of heat which can be released by the complete combustion of all the combustible materials in a volume, including the facings of all bounding surfaces Note 1 to entry: Fire load may be based on effective heat of combustion, gross heat of combustion, or net heat of combustion as required by the specifier. Note 2 to entry: The word “load” can be used to denote force or power or energy. In this context, it is being used to denote energy. Note 3 to entry: The typical units are kilojoules (kJ) or megajoules (MJ). [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.114] 3.12
fire point minimum temperature at which a material ignites and continues to burn for a specified time after a standardized small flame has been applied to its surface under specified conditions SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
– 10 – 60695-1-40 © IEC:2013 Note 1 to entry: In some countries, the term “fire point” has an additional meaning: a location where fire-fighting equipment is sited, which may also comprise a fire-alarm call point and fire instruction notices. Note 2 to entry: The typical units are degrees Celsius (C). [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.119] 3.13
fire risk probability of a fire combined with a quantified measure of its consequence Note 1 to entry: It is often calculated as the product of probability and consequence. [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.124] 3.14
fire scenario qualitative description of the course of a fire with respect to time, identifying key events that characterise the studied fire and differentiate it from other possible fires Note 1 to entry: It typically defines the ignition and fire growth processes, the fully developed fire stage, the fire decay stage, and the environment and systems that impact on the course of the fire. [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.129] 3.15
flame, noun zone in which there is rapid, self-sustaining, sub-sonic propagation of combustion in a gaseous medium, usually with emission of light [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.133
modified by addition of "zone in which there is"] 3.16
flammability ability of a material or product to burn with a flame under specified conditions [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.151] 3.17
flash point minimum temperature to which it is necessary to heat a material or a product for the vapours emitted to ignite momentarily in the presence of flame under specified conditions Note 1 to entry: The typical units are degrees Celsius (C). [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.154] 3.18
gross heat of combustion heat of combustion of a substance when the combustion is complete and any produced water is entirely condensed under specified conditions Note 1 to entry: The typical units are kilojoules per gram (kJg-1). [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.170] 3.19
heat of combustion thermal energy produced by combustion of unit mass of a given substance SIST EN 60695-1-40:2014
60695-1-40 © IEC:2013 – 11 –Note 1 to entry: The typical units are kilojoules per gram (kJg-1). [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.174] 3.20
heat of gasification thermal energy required to change a unit mass of material from the cond
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