SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
(Main)Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geohydraulic testing - Part 3: Water pressure tests in rock (ISO 22282-3:2012)
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geohydraulic testing - Part 3: Water pressure tests in rock (ISO 22282-3:2012)
This part of ISO 22282 specifies the requirements for water pressures tests (WPT) carried out in boreholes drilled into rock as part of geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2. The tests are used to investigate the following: - hydraulic properties of the rock mass, which are mainly governed by discontinuities; - absorption capacity of the rock mass; - tightness of the rock mass; - effectiveness of grouting; - geomechanical behaviour, e.g. hydrofracturing, hydrojacking. Many effects of the geohydraulic tests are not only influenced by the ground itself, but stem from the testing procedure. Historically, the water pressure test was evaluated based on the assumption that the stationary behaviour was achieved. Recent advances in geohydraulics have shown that transient phenomena are often present. This part of ISO 22282 attempts to address the limitations of certain testing procedures without restricting the required equipment too stringently.
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Geohydraulische Versuche - Teil 3: Wasserdruckversuch im Fels (ISO 22282-3:2012)
Dieser Teil von ISO 22282 behandelt die Anforderungen an Wasserdruckversuche (WPT, en: water pressure
tests) in Bohrlöchern, die als Teil der geotechnischen Erkundung und Untersuchung nach EN 1997-1 und
EN 1997-2 in Fels hergestellt werden.
Die Versuche werden durchgeführt, um Folgendes zu untersuchen:
hydraulische Eigenschaften des Gebirges, die überwiegend durch Trennflächen bestimmt werden;
Absorptionsvermögen des Gebirges;
Dichtheit des Gebirges;
Wirksamkeit des Verpressens;
geomechanisches Verhalten, z. B. hydraulisches Aufspalten, hydraulisches Aufweiten.
Viele der sich bei den geohydraulischen Versuchen ergebenden Auswirkungen werden nicht nur durch den
Baugrund selbst beeinflusst, sondern sind Ergebnis der Versuchsverfahren. Historisch gesehen wurde der
Wasserdruckversuch auf der Grundlage der Annahme bewertet, dass ein stationäres Verhalten erreicht wird.
In jüngster Zeit erfolgte Fortschritte in der Geohydraulik haben jedoch gezeigt, dass häufig transiente
Phänomene vorliegen. In diesem Teil von ISO 22282 wird der Ansatz verfolgt, die Grenzen bestimmter
Versuchsverfahren
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais géohydrauliques - Partie 3: Essais de pression d'eau dans des roches (ISO 22282-3:2012)
Geotehnično preiskovanje in preskušanje - Hidrogeološke preiskave - 3. del: Tlačni preskus v kamninah (VDP) (ISO 22282-3:2012)
Ta del standarda ISO 22282 določa zahteve za preizkuse tlaka vode, izvedene v vrtinah, izvrtanih v kamnine, kot del geotehničnega raziskovanja in preizkušanja v skladu s standardoma EN 1997-1 in EN 1997-2. Ti preizkusi se uporabljajo za raziskovanje naslednjega: – hidravlične lastnosti kamninske mase, pri kateri so pogoste prekinitve; – zmožnost absorpcije kamninske mase; tesnjenje kamninske mase; učinkovitost injeciranja; geomehansko delovanje, npr. hidravlično razpokanje, hidravlično lomljenje. Na veliko geohidravličnih preizkusov ne vplivajo sama tla, ampak preizkusni postopek. V preteklosti se je preizkus tlaka vode ocenjeval na podlagi predpostavke, da je doseženo mirujoče stanje. Nedavna odkritja na področju geohidravlike kažejo, da so velikokrat prisotni prehodni pojavi. Osrednji predmet obravnave v tem delu standarda ISO 22282 so omejitve nekaterih preizkusnih postopkov brez prestrogega omejevanja potrebne opreme.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
01-december-2012
*HRWHKQLþQRSUHLVNRYDQMHLQSUHVNXãDQMH+LGURJHRORãNHSUHLVNDYHGHO
7ODþQLSUHVNXVYNDPQLQDK 9'3 ,62
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geohydraulic testing - Part 3: Water pressure
tests in rock (ISO 22282-3:2012)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Geohydraulische Versuche - Teil 3:
Wasserdruckversuch im Fels (ISO 22282-3:2012)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais géohydrauliques - Partie 3: Essais de
pression d'eau dans des roches (ISO 22282-3:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 22282-3
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2012
ICS 93.020
English Version
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geohydraulic testing -
Part 3: Water pressure tests in rock (ISO 22282-3:2012)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung -
géohydrauliques - Partie 3: Essais de pression d'eau dans Geohydraulische Versuche - Teil 3: Wasserdruckversuch in
des roches (ISO 22282-3:2012) Fels (ISO 22282-3:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 31 May 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22282-3:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
EN ISO 22282-3:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
EN ISO 22282-3:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 22282-3:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 341
“Geotechnical Investigation and Testing", the secretariat of which is held by ELOT, in collaboration with
Technical Committee ISO/TC 182 "Geotechnics".
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by December 2012.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22282-3
First edition
2012-06-01
Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Geohydraulic testing —
Part 3:
Water pressure tests in rock
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais géohydrauliques —
Partie 3: Essais de pression d’eau dans des roches
Reference number
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
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E-mail copyright@iso.org
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22282-3 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical investigation and testing, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 182,
Geotechnics, Subcommittee SC 1, Geotechnical investigation and testing, in accordance with the Agreement
on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
ISO 22282 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Geohydraulic testing:
— Part 1: General rules
— Part 2: Water permeability tests in a borehole using open systems
— Part 3: Water pressure tests in rock
— Part 4: Pumping tests
— Part 5: Infiltrometer tests
— Part 6: Water permeability tests in a borehole using closed systems
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Geohydraulic testing —
Part 3:
Water pressure tests in rock
1 Scope
This part of ISO 22282 specifies the requirements for water pressures tests (WPT) carried out in boreholes
drilled into rock as part of geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2.
The tests are used to investigate the following:
— hydraulic properties of the rock mass, which are mainly governed by discontinuities;
— absorption capacity of the rock mass;
— tightness of the rock mass;
— effectiveness of grouting;
— geomechanical behaviour, e.g. hydrofracturing, hydrojacking.
Many effects of the geohydraulic tests are not only influenced by the ground itself, but stem from the testing
procedure. Historically, the water pressure test was evaluated based on the assumption that the stationary
behaviour was achieved. Recent advances in geohydraulics have shown that transient phenomena are often
present. This part of ISO 22282 attempts to address the limitations of certain testing procedures without
restricting the required equipment too stringently.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14689-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of rock — Part 1:
Identification and description
ISO 22282-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Geohydraulic testing — Part 1: General rules
ISO 22475-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Sampling methods and groundwater measurements —
Part 1: Technical principles of execution
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 22282-1 and the following apply.
3.1.1
water flow rate
Q
quantity of water that flows through the test equipment under certain test conditions per time unit
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
3.1.2
water take
w
water flow Q related to the effective test pressure p
T
3.1.3
single pressure step test
test with only one pressure step
NOTE This test is normally used to check the tightness of the rock or the tightening measures.
3.1.4
multiple pressure step test
test with more than one pressure step
NOTE This test is normally used to investigate the water take and the behaviour of the discontinuities, e.g hydrojacking,
hydrofracturing, erosion and clogging.
3.1.5
steady state condition
test phase during which both pressure and flow rate are constant
3.1.6
Lugeon
unit of permeability
NOTE 1 lugeon unit equals 1 litre of water taken per metre of test length, per minute, at 10 bars pressure.
3.1.7
hydrofracturing
formation of new discontinuities by injection
3.1.8
hydrojacking
dilation of discontinuities by injection
3.1.9
flow meter
device used to measure the volume of water usage
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in Table 1 apply.
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Designation Unit
D diameter of the test section m
d diameter of the pipe m
2
g gravity m/s
h hydraulic head m
2
K absolute permeability m
k permeability coefficient m/s
L length m
L length of the packer m
p
m
slope —
N
number of discontinuities —
p
pressure MPa
p pressure above packer MPa
A
p pressure below packer MPa
B
p pressure at the top of the borehole MPa
M
p pressure loss MPa
R
p effective test pressure MPa
T
p pressure at the top of the hole (p ) MPa
p M
p press-in pressure MPa
0
Δp pressure loss between the pump and the test section MPa
3
Q flow rate m /s
R calculated radius of investigation m
r radius of the borehole m
0
S storage coefficient —
2
T transmissivity m /s
t time —
W mean width of joints m
m
3
w
water take m /s
a
shape coefficient of the test section —
3
g
density kg/m
2
h
dynamic viscosity of the fluid N s/m
3
r
water density kg/m
4 Equipment
4.1 General
According to Figure 1 water shall be pumped into a test section of a borehole closed by one or more packers
to determine the relationship between pressure and water take.
Depending on the type of testing, a single packer or double packer assembly is used (see Figure 1).
The water pressure test can be carried out in a borehole of any orientation and diameter. The test section may
be located either below or above the groundwater level.
The basic equipment consists of the following parts (see also the example in Figure 1):
— pump, including water supply;
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
— pipes;
— single or double packer;
— shut-off valve in the pipe above the test section;
— pressure measuring device;
— measurements in test section with pressure transducer;
— control measurements at the surface with manometer;
— flow meter;
— data recording system.
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
a) With single packer b) With double packer
Key
1 reservoir 8 manometer
2 pump 9 data recording unit
3 flow meter 10 shut-in valve
4 single packer, inflatable L length of test section
5 double packer, inflatable L length of packer
p
6 compressed gas bottle p effective test pressure
T
7 controller to regulate pressure inflating packers p pressure in borehole above packer (optional)
A
p pressure below double packer in borehole (optional)
B
Figure 1 — Example of equipment and set-up of water pressure test using
single packer and double packer
The function of manometers and flow meters used shall be verified before each test. In cases of manual
recording, two manometers and two flow meters of different ranges shall be installed. In cases of automatic
recording, a visual control shall be available.
All devices shall be calibrated in accordance with ISO 22282-1. The pressure loss of the system shall be assessed.
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
4.2 Pump and supply
A pressure controlled pump shall be suitable to produce the pressure required by the local conditions.
NOTE A controlled pump typically has an output capacity of up to 150 l/min. A pump of 1,5 MPa is usually suitable.
In order to provide an oscillation-free water flow and pressure, a pump with an oscillation pressure of maximum
± 3 % or a pressure damper that is constant within ± 3 % shall be used.
The water shall be pumped through a flexible pressure hose or a pipe system to the test section.
4.3 Flow meter
The measuring range of the flow meters used shall be adapted to the quantity of water (water flow) Q expected
to be absorbed. It may be necessary to install two flow meters covering different measuring ranges:
— if Q reaches the order of 100 l/min, a flow of 2 l/min shall be identifiable;
max
— if Q reaches the order of 10 l/min, a flow of 0,5 l/min shall be identifiable.
max
The accuracy of the flow meter shall be better than 3 % of the measuring range.
4.4 Packers
The effective length of the packer sleeve shall be at least 10 times the diameter of the borehole and at least 0,5 m.
The pressure to expand the packer shall be at least 30 % higher than the maximum test pressure expected.
5 Test procedure
5.1 Test preparation
Before the water pressure test is carried out, the basic requirements according to ISO 22282-1 shall be considered.
In addition to the requirements in ISO 22282-1, the following test requirements shall be given:
— purpose of the test (e.g. estimation of permeability or groutablity);
— depth and sequence of test section;
— length of test section;
— application of testing pressure;
— number and duration of pressure stages, as ascending and descending pressure steps;
— maximum pressure allowable during the test.
After drilling, the borehole shall be cleaned by flushing prior to the execution of the test.
NOTE Drilling and flushing for cleaning of the borehole influences the groundwater in the rock mass.
The pressure in the test section shall be measured and recorded before starting the test while the packer is set
and the water supply pipe is closed.
5.2 Test execution
During the test, readings shall be taken and recorded of the pressure p and the quantity of water (water flow) Q
flowing through the flow meter over a certain time (Figure 2).
Pressure and flow rate shall be simultaneously adapted to the value of the pressure step.
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
A substantial increase of the flow rate compared to the pressure may be an indication of hydrofracturing or
hydrojacking. A reduced increase of the flow rate compared to the pressure may indicate turbulent flow in the
rock surrounding the boring.
The data shall be taken during each pressure step until the steady state condition is reached for both the
pressure p and the water flow Q, i.e. the pressure and the water flow remain constant. Each step shall last at
least 10 min. Where steady state conditions are not reached within 10 min, the measurements may be stopped
when the variation is less than 5 % per minute or after 30 min.
The reading and recording of the data can be done either manually or automatically.
If automatic recording is used, the data shall be recorded at least every 5 s. If manual recording is used, the
data shall be recorded at least every minute.
Manual readings generally require steady state conditions which can be reached after 10 min of water flow per
pressure step.
For manual readings at the surface the length of the pipe shall be less than 30 m below the manometer in order
to make a reasonable correction of the pressure loss in the pipe system.
If pressure transducers are used, an additional manometer at the surface should be used for checking.
Direct measurements in the test section should be done to avoid additional corrections.
Leakages around and/or along the packer(s) can be detected by installation of pressure transducers above the
upper packer (and below the lower packer). Changes in water pressure may indicate leakages.
Leakages around and/or along the packer shall be minimized. Examples of actions that can be taken are:
— applying a drilling technique producing a smooth and uniform surface of the borehole wall and constant
borehole diameter;
— using a suitable flexible material for the packer sleeve allowing a tight contact with the borehole wall;
— using longer packer sleeves depending on the local conditions in case of a tight net of open joints.
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
Key
1 pressure in ground
Figure 2 — Example of a record of pressure and flow rate of a multi-stage water pressure test
The results of a water pressure test are the recorded pressure p and the water flow Q as a function of time.
Moreover, the recorded pressure p and the water flow Q shall be plotted on a graph (see Annex B).
The test results can be used for evaluating the permeability and groutability with steady state conditions
(see Annex C) and transient conditions (see Annex D).
6 Reports
6.1 Field report
6.1.1 General
At the project site, a field report shall be completed. This field report shall consist of the following, if applicable:
a) summary log according to ISO 22475-1;
b) drilling record according to ISO 22475-1;
c) sampling record according to ISO 22475-1;
d) record of identification and description of rock according to ISO 14689-1;
e) installation record according to 6.1.2;
f) calibration record according to ISO 22282-1;
g) record of measured values and test results according to 6.1.3.
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SIST EN ISO 22282-3:2012
ISO 22282-3:2012(E)
All field investigations shall be reported such that third persons are able to check and understand the results.
6.1.2 Installation record
The installation record shall be attached to the summary log and include the following essential information,
if applicable:
a) type of
...
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