SIST EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2007
(Main)Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
This European Standard specifies requirements for the design, materials, manufacturing and testing of pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts intended for use with a maximum allowable pressure, PS, equal or less than 100 bar and shell wall thicknesses not exceeding 60 mm, which are constructed of ferritic or austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron. The thickness limitation of the shell does not apply to thickness of flanges, reinforcements, bosses etc.
The allowable grades do not include lamellar graphite cast iron grades for ferritic and austenitic grades, which are explicitly excluded from this European Standard because of low elongation and brittle material behaviour, which requires the use of different safety factors and a different approach.
NOTE 1 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades are principally used for high and low temperature applications and for their corrosion resistance properties.
NOTE 2 The allowable grades of spheroidal graphite cast iron are listed in Tables 3 and 4. Service conditions are given in Clause 4.
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 6: Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
Récipients sous pression non soumis a la flamme - Partie 6: Exigences pour la conception et la fabrication des récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression moulés en fonte a graphite sphéroidal
Neogrevane tlačne posode - 6. del: Zahteve za konstruiranje in proizvodnjo tlačnih posod in tlačnih delov posode iz nodularne litine
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2007
01-april-2007
1HRJUHYDQHWODþQHSRVRGHGHO =DKWHYH]DNRQVWUXLUDQMHLQSURL]YRGQMRWODþQLK
SRVRGLQWODþQLKGHORYSRVRGHL]QRGXODUQHOLWLQH
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of
pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 6: Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und Herstellung
von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
Récipients sous pression non soumis a la flamme - Partie 6: Exigences pour la
conception et la fabrication des récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression
moulés en fonte a graphite sphéroidal
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006
ICS:
23.020.30 7ODþQHSRVRGHSOLQVNH Pressure vessels, gas
MHNOHQNH cylinders
SIST EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2007 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2007
01-april-2007
1HRJUHYDQHWODþQHSRVRGHGHO =DKWHYH]DNRQVWUXLUDQMHLQSURL]YRGQMRWODþQLK
SRVRGLQWODþQLKGHORYSRVRGHL]VLYHOLWLQHVNURJODVWLPJUDILWRP
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of
pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 6: Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und Herstellung
von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
Récipients sous pression non soumis a la flamme - Partie 6: Exigences pour la
conception et la fabrication des récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression
moulés en fonte a graphite sphéroidal
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006
ICS:
23.020.30 Tlacne posode, plinske Pressure vessels, gas
jeklenke cylinders
SIST EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2007 English language
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 13445-6:2002/A2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2006
ICS 23.020.30
English Version
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design
and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts
constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 6: Anforderungen an die
6: Exigences pour la conception et la fabrication des Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern und
récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
moulés en fonte à graphite sphéroïdal
This amendment A2 modifies the European Standard EN 13445-6:2002; it was approved by CEN on 11 October 2006.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for inclusion of this
amendment into the relevant national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such
national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This amendment exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms, definitions, units and symbols .5
3.1 Terms and definitions .5
3.3 Symbols .6
4 Service conditions.7
4.1 Cyclic loading.8
4.2 Limitations on temperature and energy content.8
5 Requirements.9
5.1 Materials .9
5.2 Design .11
5.3 Founding.15
6 Material testing.16
6.1 General.16
6.2 Frequency and number of tests .16
6.3 Chemical analysis.16
6.4 Graphite structure.16
6.5 Inspection documents.17
7 Testing and final assessment.17
7.1 Testing .17
7.2 Final assessment.20
8 Pressure vessels constructed of a combination of parts in different materials.21
9 Marking and documentation.21
9.1 Marking of castings .21
Annex A (normative) Technical data for the design calculations.22
A.1 Purpose.22
A.2 Technical data.22
Annex B (informative) Ductility .24
Annex C (informative) Determination of the minimum local wall thickness and maximum
allowable working pressure.25
Annex D (normative) Assessment of fatigue life.27
D.1 Purpose.27
D.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations .27
D.5 General.27
D.6 Simplified fatigue assessment .28
D.7 Detailed fatigue assessment .31
D.8 Assessment rule for total fatigue damage .35
D.9 Repairs of surface imperfections.35
Annex E (normative) Design by analysis for castings.36
E.1 Introduction.36
E.2 Special requirements to EN 13445-3:2002, Annex B.36
E.3 Additions to EN13445-3:2002, Annex C.37
E.4 Requirements.37
2
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EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
Annex F (informative) Recommendations for in-service validation and inspection.38
F.1 Purpose .38
F.2 Tests during operation.38
F.3 Measures to be taken when the calculated allowable fatigue lifetime has been reached .39
Annex G (normative) Specific design requirements.40
G.1 Scope.40
G.2 Design.40
Annex H (normative) Experimental cyclic pressure testing procedure.42
H.1 Purpose .42
H.2 Validity.42
H.3 Tests requirements .42
H.4 Allowable number of cycles .44
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of the EU Directive 97/23/EC.46
Bibliography.47
3
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EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 “Unfired
pressure vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This Amendment to the European Standard EN 13445-6:2002 shall be given the status of a national standard,
either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2007, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2007.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
This document includes the text of the amendment itself. The corrected pages of EN 13445-6 will be delivered
as issue 23 of the standard.
4
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EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
1 Scope
Replace the Scope with the following text:
This European Standard specifies requirements for the design, materials, manufacturing and testing of
pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts intended for use with a maximum allowable pressure, PS, equal
or less than 100 bar and shell wall thicknesses not exceeding 60 mm, which are constructed of ferritic or
austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron. The thickness limitation of the shell does not apply to thickness of
flanges, reinforcements, bosses etc.
The allowable grades do not include lamellar graphite cast iron grades for ferritic and austenitic grades, which
are explicitly excluded from this European Standard because of low elongation and brittle material behaviour,
which requires the use of different safety factors and a different approach.
NOTE 1 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades are principally used for high and low temperature applications
and for their corrosion resistance properties.
NOTE 2 The allowable grades of spheroidal graphite cast iron are listed in Tables 3 and 4. Service conditions are given
in Clause 4.
2 Normative references
Replace the standard paragraph with the following text:
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
Insert the following normative references:
EN 13835:2002, Founding — Austenitic cast irons
EN 10204:2004, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents
Delete the following normative reference:
EN 10204:1991, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents
3 Terms, definitions, units and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
Replace 3.1.1 with the following text:
3.1.1
critical zone
highly stressed area where a fracture is expected to occur in a burst test or where surface fatigue cracks are
expected to be initiated due to fluctuating pressure loads
NOTE 1 Critical zones may occur, for example, by any of the following:
5
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EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
— sudden change in cross section;
— sharp edges;
— sharp radii;
— peak stresses;
— bending stresses;
— stresses due to other than membrane stress;
— changes in curvature.
NOTE 2 A critical zone is analysed by any appropriate method, e.g. holographic, interferometric, strain gauge methods,
burst test, fatigue testing, FEM analysis etc.
NOTE 3 Additionally, thermal gradients and thermal stresses due to different operating wall temperatures need to be
considered in defining critical zones.
Add 3.1.8 and 3.1.9:
3.1.8
ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron
cast material, iron and carbon based (carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal graphite particles)
with a predominantly ferritic matrix
3.1.9
austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
cast material, iron and carbon based (carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal graphite
particles ) with an austenitic matrix and alloyed with nickel and where appropriate, manganese, copper and/or
chromium
3.3 Symbols
Replace the old Table 3.3-1 with new Table 3.3-1:
6
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EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
Table 3.3-1 — Symbols
Symbol Quantity Unit
C Corrosion allowance mm
e Required thickness mm
e Analysis thickness (without corrosion allowance) mm
a
e Actual thickness mm
act
e Minimum thickness including corrosion allowance as mm
min
specified on drawing
E Modulus of elasticity N/mm² or MPa
F Nominal design stress MPa or N/mm²
F Fatigue factor related to 99,8 % survival dimensionless
P Actual burst test pressure N/mm² or MPa
b,act
P Minimum required bursting pressure N/mm² or MPa
b
2
P Design pressure MPa, N/mm
d
2
Maximum allowable pressure bar, MPa, N/mm
PS, P
s
RM Material strength parameter N/mm² or MPa
R Minimum 0,2 %-proof strength at room temperature N/mm² or MPa
p0,2
R
m(3) Average tensile strength of 3 test bars taken from the N/mm² or MPa
same lot or heat
TS TS Minimum / maximum allowable temperature °C
min , max
T Calculation temperature °C
V
Internal volume of the vessel l
C Wall thickness factor dimensionless
e
C Temperature factor dimensionless
t
C Testing factor dimensionless
Q
N Factor depending on shape of shell dimensionless
f Thickness correction factor dimensionless
e
f
m Mean stress correction factor dimensionless
f Surface finish correction factor dimensionless
s
SF Safety factor dimensionless
γγγγ Partial safety factor dimensionless
R
δ Casting tolerance mm
Ε Extra thickness due to casting process mm
Poisson’s ratio dimensionless
νν νν
4 Service conditions
Replace Clause 4 with the following text:
7
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EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
4.1 Cyclic loading
Spheroidal graphite cast iron pressure vessels and vessel parts can be used for cyclic operation if the stress
concentration factor is limited to 3. If the calculated number of cycles is close to a limit number of cycles
mentioned in Table 4.1-1 below to determine the need for fatigue analysis, a worst-case model shall be
implemented for this determination.
If it is expected that under service conditions the maximum number of full pressure cycles will exceed the limit
number according to Table 4.1-1, or exceeds more than the equivalent number of cycles with smaller
amplitude, then a fatigue analysis shall be performed according to Annex D.
Table 4.1-1 — Number of full pressure cycles for cyclic loading consideration
Maximum number of full pressure cycles without
Testing factor
mandatory fatigue analysis according to Annex D
C = 0,9 1 000
Q
if stress concentration
40 000
factor ≤ 3
C = 0,8
Q
If stress concentration
200 000
factor ≤ 2,5
NOTE 1 A testing factor of 0,9 implies the application of higher nominal design stresses and consequently results in a
lower maximum number of full pressure cycles without mandatory fatigue analysis.
NOTE 2 A stress concentration factor (ratio of peak stress to fatigue stress) of more than 3, determined by any of the
design methods given in 5.2 can be the result of inappropriate design. By enlarging radii or other small changes, an
acceptable design may be generated.
For pressure cycles at a pressure difference ∆P less than the full pressure, the number of equivalent full
i
cycles is given by Equation (4.1-1):
8,6
i=N
∆P
i
n = n ⋅ (4.1-1)
eq i
∑
P
max
i=1
where
N is the total number of envisaged types of pressure cycles with different amplitude;
n is the number of cycles of amplitude ∆P;
i
∆P is the pressure cycle amplitude;
i
P is the maximum permissible pressure, as defined in 3.15 of EN 13445-3:2002.
max
4.2 Limitations on temperature and energy content
The minimum and maximum allowable temperatures TS and TS shall be in accordance with the limits
min max
given in Tables 5.1-1 and 5.1-2.
The product PS · V for a single casting shall not exceed 10 000 MPa·l (100 000 bar·l).
8
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EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
5 Requirements
5.1 Materials
Replace 5.1 with the following text:
All cast iron grades subject to internal or external pressure shall comply with EN 1563 for ferritic spheroidal
graphite cast iron and EN 13835 for austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron.
The ferritic material grades given in Table 5.1-1 shall be used for applications where the minimum allowable
°
temperature is higher or equal to – 10 C.
The material grades listed in Table 5.1-2 are intended for low temperature or high temperature design
conditions.
9
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
Table 5.1-1 — Allowable material grades for usual design temperatures (-10 °C up to 300 °C)
b
Material standard Design temperature limits
Material designation
°C
Symbol Number
EN-GJS-350-22 EN-JS1010 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN-GJS-350-22-RT EN-JS1014
-10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-350-22 U EN-JS1032
-10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-350-22U-RT EN-JS1029 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN 1563
EN-GJS-400-18 EN-JS1020 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN-GJS-400-18-RT EN-JS1024
-10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-400-18U EN-JS1062 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-400-18U-RT EN-JS1059 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
Mechanical properties verified on test pieces from cast-on samples. These grades should be chosen in preference to the material
grades with the separately cast samples when the unit mass of the casting is equal to or greater than 2 000 kg or when the relevant wall
thickness varies between 30 mm and 200 mm.
The material grades listed in Table 5.1-1 and Table 5.1-2 may be produced in the as-cast or heat treated condition (see EN 1563:1997,
Clause 6).
b
When materials specified in these tables are not available, other suitable materials may be used when the technical documentation
defining the characteristics of the materials has been accepted in accordance with the requirements for European approval for materials
(EAM) or particular material appraisal (PMA).
Table 5.1-2 — Allowable material grades for low or high temperature design conditions
b
Material designation
Design temperature limits
Material standard
°C
Symbol Number
EN-GJS-350-22-LT EN-JS1015 -40 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-350-22U-LT EN-JS1019
-40 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN 1563
EN-GJS-400-18-LT EN-JS1025 -20 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-400-18U-LT EN-JS1049 -20 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN-GJSA-XNiMn23-4 EN-JS3021 -196 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN 13835 EN-GJSA-XNi22 EN-JS3041
-40 ≤ TS ≤ 540
EN-GJSA-XNiMn13-7 EN-JS3071 -40 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
Mechanical properties verified on test pieces from cast-on samples. These grades should be chosen in preference to the
material grades with the separately cast samples when the unit mass of the casting is equal to or greater than 2 000 kg or
when the relevant wall thickness varies between 30 mm and 200 mm.
The material grades listed in Table 5.1-1 and Table 5.1-2 may be produced in the as-cast or heat treated condition (see
EN 1563:1997, Clause 6 and EN 13835:2002, Clause 6).
b
When materials specified in these tables are not available, other suitable materials may be used when the technical
documentation defining the characteristics of the materials has been accepted in accordance with the requirements for
European approval for materials (EAM) or particular material appraisal (PMA).
Material grades EN-GJS-350-22-LT or EN-GJS-350-22U-LT can be used at design temperatures down to –
60 °C. When used between (-40 ± 2) °C and (-60 ± 2) °C, impact testing at the minimum design temperature
shall be:
10
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EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
• mean value from 3 tests 12 J for t ≤ 60 mm;
• 10 J for 60 mm ≤ t ≤ 200 mm;
• individual value 9 J for t ≤ 60 mm and 7 J for 60 mm ≤ t ≤ 200 mm.
The applicable requirements for the delivery conditions given in EN 1559-1 and EN 1559-3 shall also apply.
NOTE The use of materials working in the creep domain is not applicable to this standard since stress ranges are
limited to elastic behaviour.
5.2 Design
Replace 5.2.1 with the following text:
5.2.1 Technical documentation
The manufacturer shall document those items listed in Clause 5 of EN 13445-5:2002 prior to fabrication.
5.2.2 Design methods
Replace 5.2.2.1 with the following text:
5.2.2.1 General
5.2.2.1.1 Principle
The loadings to be accounted for shall be in accordance with EN 13445-3:2002, Clause 5.
The service conditions of Clause 4 shall be accounted for.
Design methods shall be in accordance with this European Standard and, when applicable, with the relevant
clauses of EN 13445-3.
If the geometry of the component or the loading case do not allow calculation by the formulas given in
EN 13445-3 and Annex G, design by analysis (DBA) (see Annex E) or design by experiment (DBE) shall be
applied.
Depending on the complexity of the component, the loading conditions and the level of NDT testing, the
designer may choose one of the following available design methods mentioned below. Guidance is given on
the correlation between safety factor, testing factor and the method to assess dynamic loading (see
Table 5.2-1).
5.2.2.1.2 Static loading
In order to design the part for static loading, the following options can be considered by the designer.
5.2.2.1.3 Design by formula (DBF)
Equations for the calculation of the various components of the pressure part are given in EN 13445-3 and
Annex G. Annex G gives additional equations for non-standard shaped parts often used in casting design.
5.2.2.1.4 Design by analysis (DBA)
The following applies:
11
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
EN 13445-6:2002/A2:2006 (E)
1) decide whether the direct route (limit load – EN 13445-3:2002, Annex B) or the stress
categorisation method (EN 13445-3:2002, Annex C) will be followed. Decide whether linear or non-
linear approach will be used;
2) base modelling and interpretation of calculation results shall be based on analysis thicknesses
(e ) and material characteristics at operation temperature;
a
3) for interpretation of calculation results, follow the evaluation procedures and assessment criteria
in order to evaluate the fitness for purpose of the real structure. These design checks and related
procedures are typical for the failure mode to be dealt with. For the different failure modes see
EN 13445-3.
5.2.2.1.5 Design by experiment (DBE)
Where design by equations according to EN 13445-3 is not considered appropriate due to complex shape of
the component, then a hydraulic burst test to determine the analysis thickness e and the minimum thickness
a
e shall be performed according to the procedure in 5.2.3. This test is also a part of the technical
min
documentation.
This design method may be used without additional calculations if P · V < 600 MPa·l (6 000 bar·l).
d
If P · V > 600 MPa·l (6 000 bar·l) for the complete vessel, this method can be used in addition to DBA or DBF.
d
The minimum required thickness at a specific location is given by:
1 / n
SF ⋅ PS ⋅ R
m (3)
e = e ⋅ (5.2-1)
a act
P ⋅ R ⋅C ⋅C ⋅C
b,act p0,2 Q t e
e ≥ e + c (5.2-2)
min a
where
e is the minimum measured wall thickness at the specific location;
act.
R is in accordance with Annex A;
p0,2
P is the actual obtained value of burst pressure or the highest pressure during the test;
b,act
n = 1 for curved surfaces (cylinders, spheres) or cones with angles α ≤ 60°, stayed surfaces and
stressed parts if bending stress is less than 2/3 of the total stress;
n = 2 for all other surfaces.
5.2.2.1.6 Determination of the hydraulic burst pressure and maximum allowable pressure for static
loading
A random sample from the production of the vessel or vessel part shall be taken for the burst test or to
determine the maximum allowable working conditions. The procedure shall be as follows:
1) verify that the part or vessel to be tested is cast according to the specified drawing and any revision
thereof
...
SLOVENSKI SIST EN 13445-
6:2002/oprA2:2005
PREDSTANDARD
marec 2005
Neogrevane tlačne posode - 6. del: Zahteve za konstruiranje in proizvodnjo
tlačnih posod in tlačnih delov posode iz sive litine s kroglastim grafitom
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of
pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
ICS 23.020.30 Referenčna številka
SIST EN 13445-6:2002/oprA2:2005(en)
© Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
EN 13445-6:2002
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
prA2
January 2005
ICS
English version
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design
and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts
constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flame - Partie 6 : Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 6: Anforderungen an die
Exigences pour la conception et la fabrication des Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern und
récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
moulés en fonte à graphite sphéroïdal
This draft amendment is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 54.
This draft amendment A2, if approved, will modify the European Standard EN 13445-6:2002. If this draft becomes an amendment, CEN
members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for inclusion of this amendment
into the relevant national standard without any alteration.
This draft amendment was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made
by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status
as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.3
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Terms, definitions, unit and symbols .4
4 Service conditions.7
5 Requirements.8
6 Material testing.14
7 Testing and final assessment.16
8 Pressure vessels constructed of a combination of parts in different materials.20
9 Marking and documentation.20
Annex A (normative) Technical data for the design calculations.21
Annex B (informative) Ductility .23
Annex C (informative) Determination of the minimum local wall thickness and maximum
allowable working pressure.24
Annex D (normative) Assessment of fatigue life.26
Annex E (normative) Design by analysis for castings.35
Annex F (informative) Recommendations for in-service validation and inspection .37
Annex G (normative) Specific design requirements.39
Annex H (normative) Experimental fatigue testing methodology .41
Annex ZA (informative) Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or
other provisions of EU Directives.45
Bibliography .46
2
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54
“Unfired pressure vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, B, C or D, which is an integral part of this
document.
3
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
1 Scope
Replace the Scope with the following text:
This European Standard specifies requirements for the design, materials, manufacturing and testing of
pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts intended for use with a maximum allowable pressure, PS, equal
or less than 100 bar and shell wall thicknesses not exceeding 60 mm, which are constructed of ferritic or
austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron. The thickness limitation of the shell does not apply to the thickness of
flanges, reinforcements, bosses, etc.
NOTE1 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades are principally used for high and low temperature applications
and their corrosion resistance properties.
NOTE2 The allowable grades of spheroidal graphite cast iron are listed in Tables 3 and 4Service conditions are given
in clause 4.
NOTE3 The allowable grades do not include lamellar graphite cast iron grades, which are explicitly excluded from this
standard because of low elongation and brittle material behaviour, which requires the use of different safety factors and a
different approach.
2 Normative references
Insert the following Normative reference:
EN 13835, Founding-Austenitic cast irons
3 Terms, definitions, unit and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
Replace clause 3.1.1 with the following text:
3.1.1
critical zone
highly stressed area where a fracture is expected to occur in a burst test or where surface fatigue cracks are
expected to initiate due to fluctuating pressure loads.
NOTE 1 Critical zones may occur, for example, by any of the following:
— sudden change in cross section;
— sharp edges;
— sharp radii;
— peak stresses;
— bending stresses;
— stresses due to other than membrane stress;
— changes in curvature.
4
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
NOTE 2 A critical zone is analysed by any appropriate method, e.g. holographic, interferometric, strain gauge methods,
burst test, fatigue testing, FEM analysis, etc.
NOTE 3 Additionally, thermal gradients and thermal stresses due to different operating wall temperatures are to be
considered in defining critical zones.
Add new clauses 3.1.8 and 3.1.9:
3.1.8
ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron
cast material, iron and carbon based (carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal graphite
particles ) with a predominantly ferritic matrix.
3.1.9
austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
cast material, iron and carbon based (carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal graphite
particles ) with an austenitic matrix and alloyed with nickel and where appropriate, manganese, copper and/or
chromium.
5
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
3.3 Symbols
Insert new Table 3.3-1:
Table 3.3-1 – Symbols
Symbol Quantity Unit
C corrosion allowance Mm
E required thickness Mm
e
a analysis thickness (without corrosion allowance) Mm
e minimum thickness including corrosion allowance as Mm
min
specified on drawing
F nominal design stress Mpa or N/mm²
2
P
d design pressure Mpa, N/mm
2
maximum allowable pressure bar, MPa, N/mm
PS, P
s
RM Material strength parameter N/mm² or MPa
γ Partial safety factor dimensionless
R
E Modulus of elasticity N/mm² or MPa
Poisson’s ratio dimensionless
ν
R minimum 0,2 % - proof strength at room temperature N/mm² or MPa
p0,2
V internal volume L
TS TS Minimum / maximum allowable temperature °C
min , max
t Calculation temperature °C
C wall thickness factor dimensionless
e
C temperature factor dimensionless
t
C testing factor dimensionless
Q
e actual thickness Mm
act
P Actual burst test pressure N/mm² or MPa
b,act
n factor depending on shape of shell dimensionless
P bursting test pressure N/mm² or MPa
b
R average tensile strength of 3 test bars taken from the N/mm² or MPa
m(3)
same lot
ε extra thickness due to casting process Mm
casting tolerance Mm
δ
SF Safety factor dimensionless
f Thickness correction factor dimensionless
e
f Mean stress correction factor dimensionless
m
f Surface finnish correction factor dimensionless
s
F Temperature correction factor dimensionless
t*
6
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
4 Service conditions
Replace the whole of clause 4 with the following text:
4.1 Cyclic loading
Spheroidal graphite cast iron pressure vessels and vessel parts can be used for non-cyclic or cyclic operation
if the stress concentration factor is limited to 3.
NOTE: A stress concentration factor (ratio of peak stress to fatigue stress) greater than 3, determined by any of the design
methods given in clause 5.2 can be the result of inappropriate design. By enlarging radii or other small changes, an
acceptable design may be generated.
If the service conditions require more than the maximum number of full pressure cycles according to Table
4.1-1, or more than an equivalent number of cycles with smaller amplitude, then a fatigue analysis shall be
performed according to Annex D.
Table 4.1-1 — Number of full pressure cycles for cyclic loading consideration
Maximum number of full pressure cycles without
Testing factor
mandatory fatigue analysis according to Annex D
C =0,9 1000
Q
Max. stress
40000
concentration factor 3
C =0,8
Q
Max.stress concentration
200.000
factor 2,5
NOTE 1: A testing factor of 0,9 implies the application of higher nominal design stresses and consequently results in a
lower maximum number of full pressure cycles without mandatory fatigue analysis.
NOTE 2: If the calculated number of cycles is close to an above limit to determine the need for fatigue analysis, a worst-
case model shall be implemented for this determination.
For pressure cycles at a pressure difference ∆P less than the full pressure, the number of equivalent full
i
cycles is given by equation (4.1-1):
8,6
i=N
∆P
i
n = n . for ferritic and austenitic material grades (4.1-1)
∑ i
eq
P
i=1
max
where:
N is the total number of envisaged types of pressure cycles with different amplitude.
n is the number of cycles of amplitude ∆P
i
i
is the pressure cycle amplitude
∆P
i
is the maximum permissible pressure, as defined in paragraph 3.15 of EN 13445-3
P
max
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
4.2 Limitations on temperature and energy content
The minimum and maximum allowable temperature TS shall be in accordance with the limits given in Tables
5.1-1 and 5.1-2.
The product PSxV for a single casting shall not exceed 10. 000 MPa·l (100 000 bar·l).
5 Requirements
5.1 Materials
Replace clause 5.1 with the following text:
All spheroidal graphite cast iron grades subject to internal or external pressure shall comply with EN 1563 for
ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron and EN 13835 for austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron.
For all material grades, mechanical properties shall be guaranteed by the foundry at specified locations on the
castings.
The ferritic material grades are given in Table 5.1-1 and shall be used for applications where the minimum
°
allowable temperature is higher or equal to – 10 C.
The material grades listed in Table 5.1-2 are intended for low temperature or high temperature design
conditions.
Table 5.1-1 — Allowable material grades for usual design temperatures (-10°C up to 300 °C)
Material standard Material designation Design temperature limits
°C
Symbol Number
EN-GJS-350-22 EN-JS1010 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN-GJS-350-22-RT EN-JS1014
-10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-350-22 U EN-JS1032
-10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-350-22U-RT EN-JS1029 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN 1563
EN-GJS-400-18 EN-JS1020 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN-GJS-400-18-RT EN-JS1024
-10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-400-18U EN-JS1062
-10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-400-18U-RT EN-JS1059 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
Mechanical properties verified on test pieces from cast - on samples. These grades should be chosen in preference to the material
grades with the separately cast samples when the unit mass of the casting is equal to or greater than 2 000 kg or when the relevant wall
thickness varies between 30 mm and 200 mm.
The material grades listed in Table 3 and Table 4 may be produced in the as-cast or heat treated condition (See EN 1563 Clause 6 and
EN 13835 Clause 6).
.
8
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
Table 5.1-2 — Allowable material grades for low or high temperature design conditions
Material standard Material designation Design temperature limits
°C
Symbol Number
EN-GJS-350-22-LT EN-JS1015 -40 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-350-22U-LT EN-JS1019
-40 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN 1563
EN-GJS-400-18-LT EN-JS1025
-20 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
EN-GJS-400-18U-LT EN-JS1049 -20 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN-GJSA-XNiMn23-4 EN-JS3021 -196 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN 13835 EN-GJSA-XNi22 EN-JS3041
-40 ≤ TS ≤ 540
EN-GJSA-XNiMn13-7 EN-JS3071
-40 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
Mechanical properties verified on test pieces from cast - on samples. These grades should be chosen in preference to the material
grades with the separately cast samples when the unit mass of the casting is equal to or greater than 2 000 kg or when the relevant wall
thickness varies between 30 mm and 200 mm.
The material grades listed in Table 3 and Table 4 may be produced in the as-cast or heat treated condition (See EN 1563 Clause 6 and
EN 13835 Clause 6).
The material grades EN-GJS-350-22-LT or EN-GJS-350-22U-LT can be used for design temperatures down
°
to – 60 C, provided that impact testing at the minimum allowable temperature is carried out on specimens
representative of the production and the results meet the requirements given in EN 1563 for these grades.
°
The material grade EN-GJSA-XNiMn23-4 can be used for design temperatures down to – 254 C, provided
°
that impact testing at the minimum allowable temperature, but not lower than -196 C, is carried out on
specimens representative of the production and the results meets the requirements given in EN 13835 for this
grade.
The applicable requirements for the delivery conditions are given in EN 1559-1 and EN 1559-3 shall also
apply.
When materials specified in these tables are not available, other suitable materials may be used when the
technical documentation defining the characteristics of the materials has been accepted in accordance with
the requirements for European approval for materials (EAM) or particular material appraisal (PMA).
NOTE The use of materials working in the creep domain is not applicable for this standard since stress domains are
limited to elastic behaviour.
5.2 Design
Replace clause 5.2.1 with the following text:
5.2.1 Technical documentation
The manufacturer shall document those items listed in clause 5 of EN 13445-5 prior to fabrication.
5.2.2 Design methods
Replace clause 5.2.2.1 with the following text:
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
5.2.2.1 General
The loadings to be accounted for shall be in accordance with EN 13445-3, clause 5.
Design methods shall be in accordance with this part of the standard and, when applicable, with the relevant
clauses of EN 13445-3.
If the geometry of all components or the loadings do not allow accurate calculation by the formulas given in
EN 13445-3 and Annex G of this standard, design by analysis (DBA) or design by experiment (DBE) shall be
applied.
The designer has a number of options to choose from; depending on the complexity of the pressure part, the
loading conditions and the level of non destructive testing the designer may choose one of the available
design methods mentioned below. Guidance is given on the correlation between safety factor, testing factor
and the method how to assess for dynamic loading.
5.2.2.1.1 Static loading
In order to design the part for static loading, the following options can be considered by the designer.
5.2.2.1.2 Design by formula (DBF)
Formulas for the calculation of the various components of the pressure part are given in EN 13445-3 and
Annex G of this standard. Annex G gives additional formulas for non-standard shaped parts often used in
casting designs.
5.2.2.1.3 Design by analysis (DBA)
The following applies:
1. Decide whether the direct route (limit load – EN 13445-3, Annex B) or the stress categorisation
method (EN 13445-3, Annex C) will be followed. Decide whether linear of non-linear approach will be
used.
2. Modelling and interpretation of calculation results shall be based on analysis thicknesses (e ) and
a
material characteristics at operation temperature.
3. Interpretation of calculation results following the evaluation procedures and assessment criteria in
order to evaluate the fitness for purpose of the real structure. These design checks and related
procedures are typical for the failure mode to be dealt with. For the different failure modes see
EN13445-3.
5.2.2.1.4 Design by experiment (DBE)
Where design by formulae according to EN 13445-3 is not considered reliable due to complex shape of the
component, then a hydraulic burst test to determine the analysis thickness e and the minimum thickness e
a min
shall be performed according to the procedure in clause 5.2.3. This test is also a part of the technical
documentation.
This design method may be used without additional calculations if the Pd.V < 600 MPa.l (6000 bar.liter).
If Pd.V > 600 MPa.l (6000 bar.liter).for the complete vessel, this method can be used in addition to DBA or
DBF.
The minimum required thickness at a specific location is given by :
10
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
1/ n
SF ⋅ PS ⋅ R
m(3)
e = e ⋅ (5.2-14)
a act
P ⋅ R ⋅ C ⋅ C ⋅ C
b,act p0,2 Q t e
e ≥ e + c (5.2-15)
min a
where
e is the minimum measured wall thickness at the specific location;
act.
R is in accordance with Annex A;
p0,2
P is the actual obtained value of burst pressure or the highest pressure during the test;
b,act
n = 1 for curved surfaces (cylinders, spheres) or cones with angles α ≤ 60°, stayed surfaces and
stressed parts if the bending stress is less than 2/3 of the total stress;
n = 2 for all other surfaces except those with bending stress is less than 2/3 of the total stress;
5.2.2.1.5 Experimental determination of the maximum allowable pressure for static loading
A random sample from the production of the vessel or vessel part shall be taken for the burst test or to
determine the maximum allowable working conditions. The procedure shall be as follows.
a) Verify that the part or vessel to be tested is cast according to the specified drawing and any revision
thereof. The material used shall be the same type and grade as for the production part;
b) Verify that the part or vessel is machined to the same dimensions as the production part;
c) Verify that the material properties meet the requirements of 5.1. For each casting used for the burst test,
3 test pieces for tensile testing, and, if applicable, for impact testing, shall be separately cast and tested.
The results and the calculated average tensile strength shall be certified in accordance with EN 10204:,
certificate type 3.1.B;
d) The wall thicknesses of the entire casting shall be measured (at least one measurement per 100mm x
100mm) The results shall be marked on the casting at the location of the measurement or on the drawing;
e) Verify that a calibrated pressure gauge is used; maximum tolerance shall conform to at least class 1 or
better according to EN 837-1 and EN 837-3;The scale of the pressure gauge shall be approximately 4/3
of the anticipated burst pressure;
f) The hydraulic pressure shall be increased in a controlled manner until the minimum required burst
pressure is obtained:
n
R
e
m(3)
act
P ≥ PS ⋅
(5.2-13)
bact
f e − c
min
g) The pressure shall be increased further in a controlled manner until rupture occurs. Record burst
pressure, burst test date, material specification, details of material, part number, and wall thickness e
act
measured at the location of burst.
h) If a part fails to meet any of those requirements, a second identical production part may undergo the
same test procedure. If this second part meets the test requirements, this part may be acceptable after
investigation of the cause of failure of the first part. If the second part does not meet the test
requirements, the design of the part is concluded not to meet the specification;
11
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
i) During the burst test it is acceptable for leaks and lack of tightness to occur between flanged, gasketted
or bolted parts as long as the pressure P can be reached during test. It is acceptable for gasket(s) to
b
break during the burst test; their characteristics may be modified without unduly changing flange load
properties as long as their design meets the design rules of EN 13445-3: for the anticipated maximum
allowable pressure P ;
s
j) Only for the test, bolting of a higher grade than required by the design specification may be used.
k) When flanged connections are designed according to the requirements of EN 13445-3 with respect to
minimum required thickness, minimum required bolt area and shape, it is acceptable, in order to reach
burst test pressure, to install extra bolts in addition to the number specified for production;
l) The burst test or any hydraulic test shall not be performed by means of a clamped construction on a
hydraulic press that can counteract the shell bending stress resulting in no free movement of the wall
under pressure.
5.2.2.1.6 Dynamic loading
If the number of full pressure cycles or equivalent full pressure cycles according to formula 4.1.1 exceeds the
number of full pressure cycles for static loading considered in Table 4.4-1, a fatigue assessment of the
complete design is required. In order to design the part for dynamic loading, the following options can be
considered by the designer.
5.2.2.1.7 Simplified fatigue assessment (SFA)
A simplified fatigue assessment returns a value of maximum allowable number of equivalent pressure
fluctuations in service conditions. The assessment shall be performed according to Annex D.
A maximum stress concentration factor of 3 is pre-supposed.
5.2.2.1.8 Detailed fatigue assessment (DFA)
A detailed fatigue assessment returns a value of maximum allowable number of equivalent pressure
fluctuations using detailed stress analysis in service conditions. The assessment shall be performed according
to Annex D.
5.2.2.1.9 Experimental fatigue assessment (EFA)
This method, as described in Annex H shall be used if a theoretical stress analysis is inadequate or for which
the design analysis shows abnormal low fatigue life values indicating a too conservative approach by theory.
An evaluation of a part by experimental fatigue design is not required when a similar part underwent already
such a fatigue assessment and the data are available and transposable into the new design.
Cyclic loading shall be in accordance with EN 13445-3, clause 5.3.
This method does not take into account excessive wall thickness of the material, linings and all material, which
do not contribute to the strength.
NOTE For vessels for which P . V ≥ 600 MPa·L this experimental method may be used in addition to detailed fatigue
d
design.
12
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
Table 5.2.2-1 — Determination of safety factor, testing factor and design method
Non destructive Safety factor SF Testing factor C Design method Design assessment
Q
testing
Static loading dynamic loading
SFA
Not required 3,0 0,8
DFA
DBF
EFA
DBA
a
(SFA)
DBE
Required 2,0 0,9
DFA
EFA
a
not recommended where:
DBF= design by formula
DBA=design by analysis
DBE=design by experiment
SFA=simplified fatigue analysis
DFA=detailed fatigue analysis
EFA=experimental fatigue analysis
5.2.2.2 Design conditions
Add a new first sentence and replace equation 5.2-1 with the following text:
The design stress for ferritic and for austenitic grades shall be calculated as follows:
R ⋅ C .C ⋅ C
p0,2 t Q e
(5.2.1)
f =
SF
Replace equations 5.2-3 to 5.2-7 inclusive with the following text:
The temperature reduction factor C is:
t
for ferritic grades
C = 1 for t ≤ 20 °C (5.2-3)
t
C = 1− 0,001(t − 20) for 20 < t ≤ 200 °C (5.2-4)
t
C = 0,82 for 200 < t ≤ 300 °C (5.2-5)
t
for austenitic grades
C = 1 for t ≤ 20 °C (5.2-6)
t
C = 1− 0,0005(t − 20) for 20 < t ≤ 540 °C (5.2-7)
t
Delete the NOTE at the end of Clause 5.2.2.2:
Delete Clause 5.2.4 and add a new Clause 5.2.2.6 with the following text:
13
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EN 13445-6:2002/prA2:2005 (E)
5.2.2.6 Fillet radius
The largest possible fillet radius shall be used for walls under internal or external pressure in accordance with
good foundry practice (fabrication tolerances are to be taken into account). Good foundry practice makes it
sometimes necessary to increase wall thickness and to choose a corresponding fillet radius. Parts cast
according to this standard have, because of these reasons, enhanced fatigue properties. However it is
important to verify that local stresses never exceed the maximum permissible values, especially at changes in
section thickness or radii.
If it is not possible to avoid sudden changes in cross-section area, and the pressure bearing wall is subject to
cyclic loading, a taper of maximum ratio 1:3 from the thin wall to the thick wall shall be included.
All radii applied to a vessel part, including external cast lugs, support feet, etc. shall be greater than or equal
to 1,5 times the thickness of the thinnest adjacent wall.
If, for any reason, a smaller radius is applied (as cast or after machining), the design verification shall be made
by DBA.
5.3 Founding
Replace clause 5.3.2 with the following text:
5.3.2 Welding
No production or repair welding shall be carried out on spheroidal graphite cast iron parts both in ferritic or
austenitic grades, which are manufactured according to this standard.
Rename clause 6 and replace it with the following text:
6 Material testing
6.1 General
All material tests as required by EN 1563 or EN 13835, shall be performed.
6.2 Frequency and number of tests
For each batch the amount of testing shall be, on each ladle treated for spheroidization or each heat treatment
batch:
— chemical analysis:
— one tensile test;
— one hardness test;
— impact testing, when required by material specification (consisting of 3 test pieces).
If the spheroidizing treatment is carried out in the mould, the same amount of testing for each 2 500 kg cast
weight of identical parts produced during the same day shall be carried out.
The amount of impact testing can be reduced to 1 test on the ladle with the highest silic
...
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