SIST EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012
(Main)Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques -- Harmonized vocabulary - Part 1: General terms relating to AIDC (ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008)
Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques -- Harmonized vocabulary - Part 1: General terms relating to AIDC (ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008)
ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008 provides general terms and definitions in the area of automatic identification and data capture techniques on which are based further specialized sections in various technical fields, as well as the essential terms to be used by non-specialist users in communication with specialists in automatic identification and data capture techniques.
Informationstechnik - Automatische Identifikation und Datenerfassungsverfahren (AIDC) - Harmonisiertes Vokabular - Teil 1: Allgemeine Termini mit Bezug zu AIDC (ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008)
Der vorliegende Teil von ISO/IEC 19762 stellt allgemeine Begriffe und deren Definitionen aus dem Gebiet der Verfahren zur automatischen Identifikation und Datenerfassung bereit, auf denen weiter spezialisierte Teilgebiete verschiedener technischer Fachrichtungen aufbauen, sowie die grundlegenden Begriffe, die von (nicht speziell ausgebildeten) Anwendern für die Kommunikation mit Fachexperten im Bereich der auto-matischen Identifikation und Datenerfassungsverfahren verwendet werden können.
Technologies de l'information - Techniques automatiques d'identification et de saisie de données (AIDC) - Vocabulaire harmonisé - Partie 1: Termes généraux relatifs à l'AIDC (ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008)
L'ISO/CEI 19762-1:2008 fournit les termes généraux et définitions dans le domaine des techniques automatiques d'identification et de saisie de données sur lesquels se basent d'autres sections spécialisées dans divers domaines techniques, de même que les termes essentiels qui doivent être employés par des utilisateurs non-spécialistes pour communiquer avec des spécialistes dans les techniques automatiques d'identification et de saisie de données.
Informacijska tehnologija - Tehnike za samodejno razpoznavanje in zajem podatkov (AIDC) - Harmoniziran slovar - 1. del: Splošni izrazi za AIDC (ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008)
Ta del standarda ISO/IEC 19762 določa splošne izraze in definicije na področju tehnik za samodejno razpoznavanje in zajem podatkov, na katerih temeljijo nadaljnji specializirani razdelki iz različnih tehničnih področij, ter tudi osnovne izraze, ki jih uporabljajo nestrokovni uporabniki v komunikaciji s strokovnjaki na področju tehnik za samodejno razpoznavanje in zajem podatkov.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012
01-junij-2012
Informacijska tehnologija - Tehnike za samodejno razpoznavanje in zajem
podatkov (AIDC) - Harmoniziran slovar - 1. del: Splošni izrazi za AIDC (ISO/IEC
19762-1:2008)
Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques --
Harmonized vocabulary - Part 1: General terms relating to AIDC (ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008)
Informationstechnik - Automatische Identifikation und Datenerfassungsverfahren (AIDC)
- Harmonisiertes Vokabular - Teil 1: Allgemeine Termini mit Bezug zu AIDC (ISO/IEC
19762-1:2008)
Technologies de l'information - Techniques automatiques d'identification et de saisie de
données (AIDC) - Vocabulaire harmonisé - Partie 1: Termes généraux relatifs à l'AIDC
(ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 19762-1:2012
ICS:
01.040.35 Informacijska tehnologija. Information technology.
Pisarniški stroji (Slovarji) Office machines
(Vocabularies)
35.040 Nabori znakov in kodiranje Character sets and
informacij information coding
SIST EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 19762-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2012
ICS 01.040.35; 35.040
English Version
Information technology - Automatic identification and data
capture (AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 1:
General terms relating to AIDC (ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008)
Technologies de l'information - Techniques automatiques Informationstechnik - Automatische Identifikation und
d'identification et de saisie de données (AIDC) - Datenerfassungsverfahren (AIDC) - Harmonisiertes
Vocabulaire harmonisé - Partie 1: Termes généraux relatifs Vokabular - Teil 1: Allgemeine Termini mit Bezug zu AIDC
à l'AIDC (ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008) (ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 September 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 19762-1:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC/TC 1
“Information technology” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and has been taken over as EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012 by Technical
Committee CEN/TC 225 “AIDC technologies” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by October 2012.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 19762-1
Second edition
2008-06-15
Information technology — Automatic
identification and data capture (AIDC)
techniques — Harmonized vocabulary —
Part 1:
General terms relating to AIDC
Technologies de l'information — Techniques automatiques
d'identification et de saisie de données (AIDC) — Vocabulaire
harmonisé —
Partie 1: Termes généraux relatifs à l'AIDC
Reference number
ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2008
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ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008(E)
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ii © ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved
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ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Classification of entries . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Abbreviations . 26
Bibliography . 28
Index. 29
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SIST EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012
ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 19762-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 19762-1:2005), which has been technically
revised.
ISO/IEC 19762 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Automatic
identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques — Harmonized vocabulary:
⎯ Part 1: General terms relating to AIDC
⎯ Part 2: Optically readable media (ORM)
⎯ Part 3: Radio frequency identification (RFID)
⎯ Part 4: General terms relating to radio communications
⎯ Part 5: Locating systems
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ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008(E)
Introduction
ISO/IEC 19762 is intended to facilitate international communication in information technology, specifically in
the area of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques. It provides a listing of terms and
definitions used across multiple AIDC techniques.
Abbreviations used within each part of ISO/IEC 19762 and an index of all definitions used within each part of
ISO/IEC 19762 are found at the end of the relevant part.
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SIST EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008(E)
Information technology — Automatic identification and data
capture (AIDC) techniques — Harmonized vocabulary —
Part 1:
General terms relating to AIDC
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 19762 provides general terms and definitions in the area of automatic identification and
data capture techniques on which are based further specialized sections in various technical fields, as well as
the essential terms to be used by non-specialist users in communication with specialists in automatic
identification and data capture techniques.
2 Classification of entries
The numbering system employed within ISO/IEC 19762 is in the format nn.nn.nnn, in which the first two
numbers (nn.nn.nnn) represent the “Top Level” reflecting whether the term is related to 01 = common to all
AIDC techniques, 02 = common to all optically readable media, 03 = linear bar code symbols,
04 = two-dimensional symbols, 05 = radio frequency identification, 06 = general terms relating to radio,
07 = real time locating systems, and 08 = MIIM. The second two numbers (nn.nn.nnn) represent the
“Mid Level” reflecting whether the term is related to 01 = basic concepts/data, 02 = technical features,
03 = symbology, 04 = hardware, and 05 = applications. The third two or three numbers (nn.nn.nnn) represent
the “Fine” reflecting a sequence of terms.
The numbering in this part of ISO/IEC 19762 employs “Top Level” numbers (nn.nn.nnn) of 01.
3 Terms and definitions
01.01.01
data
reinterpretable representation of information in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation,
or processing
cf. information
[ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, 01.01.02]
NOTE 1 Data can be processed by humans or by automatic means.
NOTE 2 Data can be in the form of numbers and characters for example, to which meaning may be ascribed.
01.01.02
information
〈information processing〉 knowledge concerning objects that within a certain context has a particular meaning
NOTE 1 Facts, events, things, processes, and ideas, including concepts, are examples of objects.
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ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008(E)
NOTE 2 Information is something that is meaningful. Data may be regarded as information once it’s meaning is
revealed.
[ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, 01.01.01]
01.01.03
bit
binary digit
either of the digits 0 or 1 when used in the binary numeration system
01.01.04
information bit
bit used for the representation of user data, rather than for control purposes
01.01.05
least significant bit
LSB
bit with the lowest binary value in a group of matching bits
NOTE A byte is an example of a group of matching bits.
01.01.06
most significant bit
MSB
bit with the highest binary value in a group of matching bits
NOTE A byte is an example of a group of matching bits.
01.01.07
byte(1)
string that consists of a number of bits, treated as a unit, and usually representing a character or a part of a
character
[ISO/IEC 2382-4:1999, 04.05.08]
01.01.08
byte(2)
sequential series of bits comprising one character and handled as one unit
NOTE 1 The number of bits in a byte is fixed for a given data processing system.
NOTE 2 The number of bits in a byte is usually 8.
NOTE 3 A byte is often eight logical data bits, but may include error detection or correction bits.
[ISO/IEC 2382-16, 16.04.13]
NOTE 4 A measure of the transmission capability of a communication channel expressed in bits.s-1 and related to
channel bandwidth and signal to noise ratio by the Shannon equation: Capacity, C = B log2 (1 + S/N), where B is the
bandwidth and S/N the signal to noise ratio.
01.01.09
hexadecimal, noun
Hex
method of representing data to base 16, using the numbers 0 to 9 and the letters A to F
NOTE Used as a convenient short hand notation for representing 16 and 32 bit memory addresses.
EXAMPLE The number 10 is represented in hexadecimal as 'A'.
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01.01.10
hexadecimal, adj.
characterized by a selection choice, or condition that has sixteen possible different values or states, such as
the hexadecimal digits
01.01.11
character
member of a set of elements used by agreement, for the organization, representation or control of information
NOTE Characters may be letters, digits, punctuation marks or other symbols and, by extension, function controls
such as space shift, carriage return or line feed contained in a message.
[IEC 60050-702, 702-05-10]
01.01.12
data character
single numeric digit, alphabetic character or punctuation mark, or control character, which represents
information
01.01.13
character set
finite set of characters that is complete for a given purpose
NOTE ASCII is an example of a character set.
01.01.14
code
collection of rules that maps the elements of a first set onto the elements of a second set
[ISO/IEC 2382-4, 04.02.01]
01.01.15
code element
result of applying a code to an element of a coded set
[ISO/IEC 2382-4, 04.02.04]
01.01.16
coded character set
coded set whose elements are single characters
[ISO/IEC 2382-4, 04.02.03]
01.01.17
coded set
set of elements that is mapped onto another set according to a code
01.01.18
numeric
denoting a character set that includes only numbers
cf. alphanumeric
01.01.19
alphanumeric
pertaining to data that consist of both letters and digits, and may contain other characters such as punctuation
marks
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01.01.20
digital
pertaining to data that consist of digits as well as to processes and functional units that use those data
[ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, 01.02.04]
NOTE 1 Represented in a binary form rather than a continuously varying analogue form.
NOTE 2 In the context of integrated artwork, produced by a number of discrete dots rather than a continuous image.
01.01.21
word(1)
set of characters that usually comprises 8, 16, or 32 bits (as used in computers)
cf. word(2)
01.01.22
word(2)
character string or bit string treated as a unit for a given purpose
NOTE The length of a computer word is defined by the computer architecture, while special characters or control
characters delimit the words in text processing.
[ISO/IEC 2382-4, 04.06.01]
01.01.23
read, verb
obtain data from an input device, from a storage device, or from a data medium
01.01.24
read, noun
process of retrieving data from some machine-readable medium and, as appropriate, the contention and
error control management, and channel and source decoding required to recover and communicate the data
entered at source
01.01.25
write(2)
send data to an output device, to a data storage device, or to a data medium
01.01.26
encode, verb
convert data by the use of a code in such a manner that returning to the original form is possible
01.01.27
decode, verb
restore information from its coded representation to the original form
[IEC 60050-702 702-05-14]
[IEC 60050-702 702-09-44]
01.01.28
decoding
process of restoring information from its coded representation to the original form
01.01.29
incorrect read(1)
failure to read correctly all or part of the data set intended to be retrieved from a transponder during read or
interrogation process
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01.01.30
incorrect read(2)
condition that exists when the data retrieved by the reader/interrogator is different from the corresponding
data within the machine-readable medium
[ISO/IEC 2382-9, 09.06.09]
01.01.31
misread
condition that exists when the data retrieved by the reader/interrogator is different from the corresponding
data within the transponder
cf. incorrect read(2)
01.01.32
data coding
baseband data bit representation, or mapping of logical data bits to physical signals
01.01.33
data compaction
mechanism or algorithm to process the original data so that it is represented efficiently in as few code words
as possible
01.01.34
data field
defined area of memory assigned to a particular item or items of data
01.01.35
message(1)
unit of information transmitted from a source to a destination
01.01.36
message(2)
〈information theory; communication theory〉 ordered sequence of characters intended to convey
information
01.01.37
record
〈organization of data〉 set of data elements treated as a unit
[ISO/IEC 2382-4:1999, 04.07.03]
01.01.38
file
named set of records treated as a unit
[ISO/IEC 2382-4:1999, 04.07.10]
NOTE Files are stored within a computer, portable data terminal or information management system.
01.01.39
tag
〈hypermedia〉 language element in a mark-up language used for structuring data text, or objects
EXAMPLES start-tags and end-tags
01.01.40
semantics
means by which the purpose of a field of data is identified
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ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008(E)
EXAMPLE The semantic examples used in automatic data capture include ISO/IEC 15418/ANS MH10.8.2 Data
Identifiers, GS1 Application Identifiers, X12/EDIFACT/CII EDI Data Element Qualifiers.
01.01.41
syntax
way in which data is put together to form messages, including rules governing the use of appropriate
identifiers, delimiters, separator character(s), and other non-data characters within the message
NOTE Syntax is the equivalent to grammar in spoken language.
EXAMPLE The syntactic examples used in automatic data capture include ISO/IEC 15434/ANSI MH10.8.3 - Syntax
for High Capacity ADC Media.
01.01.42
binary coded decimal
BCD
binary-coded decimal representation
representation of decimal numbers in binary form using a group of four bits to represent an individual digit
(0-9)
EXAMPLE In the binary-coded decimal notation that uses the weights 8-4-2-1, the decimal numeral 23 is
represented by 0010 0011 as compared to its representation 10111 in the binary system.
[ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993 01.02.08]
01.01.43
extended binary-coded decimal interchange code
EBCDIC
standard code that consists of 8-bit coded characters
NOTE Now largely replaced by ASCII.
01.01.44
automatic identification system
system for achieving accurate and unambiguous identification of a data bearing label, tag, transponder or a
natural/prescribed feature, the data or feature being interrogated by means of a system appropriate source
01.01.45
machine-readable medium
characteristic of automatic data capture media that permits the direct transfer of information from a medium
to a data processing system, without operator intervention
NOTE Linear bar code symbols and two-dimensional symbols, magnetic-stripe smart cards, contact memory buttons,
radio frequency identification biometrics, and optical character recognition are technologies of machine reading. The data
is usually contained in pre-defined locations (fields) within a data stream. This data can be interpreted by a computer
program.
01.01.46
eye-readable character
See human-readable character
[ISO/IEC 2382-9, 09.01.02]
01.01.47
human-readable information
text that appears with and is associated with a machine-readable medium, and is intended to be conveyed
to a person
NOTE 1 Human-readable information appears typically on a label (e.g. bar code, two-dimensional symbol, radio
frequency tag).
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NOTE 2 There are four types of human-readable information:
• human-readable interpretation,
• human translation,
• data area titles,
• free text and data.
01.01.48
human-readable interpretation
linear bar code or two-dimensional symbol information provided adjacent to a linear bar code, representing the
encoded data within a symbol
01.01.49
human translation
human-readable information provided within proximity of the machine-readable medium, representing
portions of the information encoded and data field descriptions not encoded in the symbols
01.01.50
data area titles
data areas comprised of information in machine-readable or human-readable form
NOTE Data areas are identified with the corresponding data area title in human-readable text that may be prefixed, if
relevant, by the appropriate identifier.
01.01.51
free text
human-readable information other than what is encoded in the machine-readable medium
NOTE 1 This information may be needed by one or more users of the label.
NOTE 2 An example of free text is a product description.
01.01.52
human-readable character
representation of a bar code, data character, or data check character in a standard eye-readable alphabet
or numerals, as distinct from its machine-readable representation
01.01.53
electronic data interchange
EDI
exchange of data and documents between computer systems according to standard rules
01.01.54
item(1)
smallest identifiable entity within an application
01.01.55
item(2)
element of a set of data
NOTE Abridged term for data item.
EXAMPLE A file may consist of a number of items such as records, which, in turn, may consist of other items.
01.01.56
item(3)
single physical entity or a defined collection of entities having a distinct existence
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01.01.57
unique item identifier
identification that uniquely identifies a specific entity (e.g. a product, transport unit, returnable asset) during its
life within a particular domain and scope of a code system
NOTE 1 When used with this data protocol, the particular object identifier that defines the unique item identifier relies
on the fact that each instance of its object is unique and unambiguous with all other related objects.
NOTE 2 As the object is unique, its use in the RF tag confers uniqueness to the RF tag itself.
01.01.58
license plate concept
concept where the fixed code contained in a machine-readable medium is used as a pointer into a database
NOTE Similar to the way in which the police can determine your name, address, etc. from your car number plate.
01.01.59
font
set of characters of a specific style and size of graphic type
NOTE 1 In text processing, a set of characters of the same size and style; for example, 9-point Helvetica.
NOTE 2 Also used analogously to refer to the set of bar code symbol characters for a symbology in on-demand printing
equipment.
01.01.60
algorithm
finite ordered set of well-defined rules for the solution of a problem
01.01.61
programmer
person who designs, writes, and tests programs
01.01.62
programming
designing, writing, modifying, and testing of programs
01.01.63
abstract, adj.
independent of something
EXAMPLE 1 An abstract syntax means that the structure of messages is specified independently from their encoding.
EXAMPLE 2 An abstract test suite is specified independently from the test tools on which it is executed.
01.01.64
impact
any influence upon a system, environmental or otherwise, that can influence its operational performance
01.01.65
tolerance
maximum permissible deviation of a system parameter value, caused by any system or environmental
influence or impact
NOTE 1 Tolerance is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm).
NOTE 2 Tolerances are specified for a number of radio frequency parameters, including carrier frequencies, sub-
carriers, bit clocks and symbol clocks.
[ISO 15394, 4.2]
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SIST EN ISO/IEC 19762-1:2012
ISO/IEC 19762-1:2008(E)
01.01.66
nominal
value at which a system is designed to assure optimal operation
01.01.67
data carrier
device or medium used to store data as a relay mechanism in an AIDC system
NOTE Bar code, OCR character string and RF tag are examples of data carriers.
01.01.68
leading zero
zero in a more significant digit place than the digit place of the most significant nonzero digit of a numeral
01.01.69
leading zeros
zeros at the left of a number
01.01.70
distortion(1)
undesired change in the features of an image or waveform
01.01.71
distortion(2)
disturbance that causes an unwarranted change in the form or intelligibility of a signal
NOTE The distortion exhibits a noise-like effect that can be quantified as the ratio of the magnitude of the distortion
component to the magnitude of the undistorted signal, usually expressed as a percentage.
01.01.72
filler character
character inserted to extend an item of data to achieve a desired length
01.01.73
I.D. filter
software facility that compares a newly read identification (ID) with those within a database or set, with a view
to establishing a match
01.01.74
nominal range
range at which a system can assure reliable operation, considering the normal variability of the environment
in which it is used
01.01.75
query(1)
request to extract data directly or to derive them from a database, based on specified conditions
NOTE A request to a reservation system for availability of a seat on a specific flight is an example of a query.
01.01.76
readability
ability to retrieve data under specified conditions
01.01.77
resolution
smallest distance between indications of a measure
...
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