SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026

• Abstract:

  (1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.; (2) Imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including piers, abutments, upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls, noise barriers, canopies etc., and their foundations. Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary.; (3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.; (4) This document is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.

• Status: Not Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 29-Jul-2026
• ICS: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects
• ICS: 93.040 - Bridge construction
• Technical Committee: KON - Structures
• Current Stage: 4020 - Public enquire (PE) (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 10-Jun-2026
• Due Date: 28-Oct-2026
• Ref Project: EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 - Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works

• Amends: kSIST FprEN 1991-2:2023 - Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works
• Effective Date: 05-Nov-2025

SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026 is the Slovenian draft amendment to EN 1991-2:2023, published by SIST for CEN enquiry. It updates Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2, which specifies imposed loads from road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic on bridges and other civil engineering works. Engineers use it for the design of new bridges and related structures, and as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures.

What does SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026 specify?

SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026 is a draft amendment that modifies EN 1991-2:2023. The underlying standard covers representative load models for road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic, including dynamic effects, centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions, and accidental design situations.

It applies to new bridges and their parts such as piers, abutments, wing walls, flank walls, noise barriers, canopies and foundations. It also supports retaining walls beside roads and railways, and earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions, and it can be used for assessment or modification of existing structures where appropriate.

The amendment is organized as a foreword and 14 sections of changes to the whole document, the Introduction, Clauses 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8, Annexes A, B, C, E and G, and the Bibliography.

Annex	What it covers
A	Models of special vehicles for road bridges
B	Fatigue life assessment for road bridges based on recorded traffic
C	Dynamic factors 1 + φ for Real Trains
E	Limits of validity of Load Model HSLM
G	Dynamic load models for footbridges

What are the key requirements of SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026?

SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026 mainly updates how traffic actions are stated, referenced and combined. In practice, this means designers need to follow the revised load-model wording, revised cross-references to EN 1990-1, and several clarified checks for road and rail bridges.

Road traffic and accidental actions

Clause 6 revises the road-traffic load-model wording and the national-choice factors. The adjustment factors αQ1, αqi and αqr are stated as 1 unless the National Annex gives different values, so project teams still need to check national settings.

Clause 6.6 clarifies fatigue checks, including Fatigue Load Model 4 and an additional dynamic amplification factor near expansion joints. That matters where wheel impacts or repeated traffic govern design.

Clause 6.7.3 and 6.8 tighten the wording for vehicle parapets, road restraint systems and accidental collision effects. The practical point is that supporting members, edge beams and bridge decks need enough local resistance and robustness to avoid disproportionate damage.

Footways, cycle ways and footbridges

Clause 7 states that qfk and Qfwk are used for footbridges, footways of road bridges and public footways on railway bridges where relevant. The uniformly distributed load is applied only to the unfavourable parts of the influence surface, so the load position still matters in design.

Clause 7.3.4 adds that one service vehicle Qserv is considered when service vehicles are not prevented from accessing a footbridge or footway. This affects access assumptions and local verification.

Railway bridges

Clause 8 makes the rail-traffic load models mandatory for standard-gauge and wider-gauge rail traffic, and for deformation checks linked to safety and passenger comfort. Load Model SW/0 is used with Load Model 71 on continuous structural elements and decks, while SW/2 applies where heavy rail traffic may operate.

Clause 8 also updates dynamic verification, point-load distribution, centrifugal-force treatment, nosing force direction and longitudinal displacement checks on ballasted track. Annexes C, E and G support the dynamic and vibration-related checks for Real Trains, HSLM and footbridges.

What terms does SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026 define?

• ϕdyn - dynamic enhancement considering dynamic effects.
• φL, φH - length and height factors for noise barriers.
• Load Model 71 (LM71) - the main railway vertical load model for normal traffic.
• Load Model SW/0 - an additional static load model used with LM71 on continuous structural elements and decks.
• Load Model SW/2 - a railway load model for lines where heavy rail traffic may operate.
• High Speed Load Model (HSLM) - a train model used to assess dynamic response and its validity limits.
• Real Trains - actual train loading cases used in dynamic and fatigue verification.

Who uses SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026?

Bridge and structural engineers use this standard to select traffic load models, set load combinations and verify strength, deformation and vibration. Railway infrastructure managers, road authorities and project reviewers use it to set National Annex values and project-specific conditions.

It is also used by assessors of existing bridges, retaining walls and earthworks when traffic actions are the basis for appraisal or strengthening. Teams designing footbridges, noise barriers, parapets, abutments, piers and foundations use it whenever traffic actions govern the design.

What changed in SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026 from the previous edition?

SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026 is a draft amendment to EN 1991-2:2023. The stated changes include:

• replacement of EN 1990 references with EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026 throughout
• addition of EN 19100 in the Introduction and updated seismic wording pointing to EN 1998
• clarifications in Clauses 6, 7 and 8 for road, footway and railway traffic actions
• revisions to Annexes A, B, C, E and G, including dynamic factors, HSLM validity and pedestrian vibration content
• a new bibliography entry for the UIC leaflet on railway bridge loads

Which standards are used with SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026?

• EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026 - basis of structural and geotechnical design, action combinations, accidental situations and deflection criteria.
• EN 1990-2 - additional or amended provisions where needed.
• EN 1991-1-7 - collision forces on structural members and supporting members.
• EN 1998 (all parts) - seismic design and assessment provisions.
• EN 1991-1-1, EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1, EN 1995-1-1, EN 1996-1-1 - material parameters used in the footbridge vibration models.
• EN 1997-1:2025 and EN 1995-1-1 - normative references named in Clause 2.
• EN 19100 - added in the Introduction as Eurocode 10.

What does the SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026 document contain?

The document contains a foreword and clause-by-clause amendments, including revised tables such as Table 4.1, Table 6.9, Table 8.2, Table 8.3, Table 8.14 and Table 8.15. It also replaces figures in the road, rail and footbridge clauses, and updates formulas for dynamic and distribution checks.

It includes the methods used for recorded-traffic fatigue assessment, HSLM validity, asymmetric influence lines, Real Train dynamic factors and pedestrian-induced vibration checks. Practically, these are the parts used for calculation, verification and project documentation in bridge engineering.

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2026
Evrokod 1 - Vplivi na konstrukcije - 2. del: Prometna obtežba mostov in drugih
gradbenih inženirskih objektov
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil
engineering works
Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2: Verkehrslasten auf Brücken und
anderen Ingenieurbauwerken
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 2: Actions dues au trafic sur les ponts et
autres ouvrages du génie civil
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1991-2:2023/prA1
ICS:
91.010.30 Tehnični vidiki Technical aspects
93.040 Gradnja mostov Bridge construction
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1991-2:2023
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
prA1
June 2026
ICS 93.040
English Version
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads
on bridges and other civil engineering works
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 2: Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2:
Actions dues au trafic sur les ponts et autres ouvrages Verkehrslasten auf Brücken und anderen
du génie civil Ingenieurbauwerken
This draft amendment is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 250.

This draft amendment A1, if approved, will modify the European Standard EN 1991-2:2023. If this draft becomes an amendment,
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for inclusion of
this amendment into the relevant national standard without any alteration.

This draft amendment was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2026 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1991-2:2023/prA1:2026 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3
1 Modifications throughout the whole document . 4
2 Modifications to the Introduction . 4
3 Modifications to Clause 2, “Normative references” . 4
4 Modifications to Clause 3, "Terms and definitions" . 4
5 Modifications to Clause 4 "Classification of actions" . 5
6 Modifications to Clause 6 “Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for road
bridges” . 5
7 Modifications to Clause 7, “Actions on footways, cycle ways and footbridges” . 7
8 Modifications to Clause 8, “Rail traffic actions and other actions specifically for railway
bridges” . 7
9 Modifications to Annex A, “Models of special vehicles for road bridges” . 14
10 Modifications to Annex B, “Fatigue life assessment for road bridges Assessment method
based on recorded traffic” . 15
11 Modifications to Annex C, “Dynamic factors 1 + φ for Real Trains” . 15
12 Modifications to Annex E, “Limits of validity of Load Model HSLM” . 15
13 Modifications to Annex G, “Dynamic load models for footbridges” . 16
14 Modification to the Bibliography . 17

European foreword
This document (EN 1991-2:2023/prA1:2026) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250
“Structural Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all
Structural Eurocodes and has been assigned responsibility for structural and geotechnical design matters
by CEN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will amend EN 1991-2:2023.
NOTE Some modifications are purely editorial corrections to improve the quality of the document and these
will not be tagged in the consolidated publication, as noted after the modification.
The first generation of EN Eurocodes was published between 2002 and 2007. This document forms part
of the second generation of the Eurocodes, which have been prepared under Mandate M/515 issued to
CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
The Eurocodes have been drafted to be used in conjunction with relevant execution, material, product
and test standards, and to identify requirements for execution, materials, products and testing that are
relied upon by the Eurocodes.
The Eurocodes recognize the responsibility of each Member State and have safeguarded their right to
determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level through the use of National
Annexes.
1 Modifications throughout the whole document
Replace “EN 1990:2023” with “EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026”.
Replace “EN 1990” with “EN 1990-1” except in 0.1.
Replace “National annex” and “national annex” with “National Annex” throughout the whole document.
(untagged)
2 Modifications to the Introduction
In 0.1, after list item ‘EN 1999, Eurocode 9’, add:
“— EN 19100 Eurocode 10 — Design of glass structures”.
Replace “— New parts are under development, e.g. Eurocode for design of structural glass”
with
“— New parts are under development, e.g. Eurocode for design of fibre-polymer composite structures
and Eurocode for design of tensioned membrane structures.”.
In 0.2, NOTE 1, add “, see EN 1990-2” at the end to read:
“NOTE In these cases, additional or amended provisions can be necessary, see EN 1990-2.”.
In 0.2, delete the second paragraph: “EN 1991 does not cover the specific requirements of actions for
seismic regions. Provisions related to such requirements are given in EN 1998 (all parts), which
complement and are consistent with EN 1991.”
In 0.2, add the following new paragraph after NOTE 2:
“EN 1991 does not cover the specific requirements of actions for seismic design or assessment. Provisions
related to such requirements are given in EN 1998 (all parts), which complement and are consistent with
EN 1991.”.
In 0.6, in the list where national choice is allowed, add “6.9.3(2)” after “6.9.3(1) – 2 choices”, and then
reorder the remaining clauses.
In 0.6, replace “6.5.1 – 2 choices” with: “6.5.1(1) – 2 choices” and “C.3(2) – 2 choices” with: “C.3(6) – 2
choices”.
In 0.6, delete “6.6.8(5)”.
3 Modifications to Clause 2, “Normative references”
Replace “EN 1990:2023, Eurocode — Basis of structural and geotechnical design” with:
“EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, Eurocode — Basis of structural and geotechnical design — Part 1: New
structures”.
Replace “EN 1995-1-1:—” with “EN 1995-1-1”, and delete corresponding footnote .
Replace “EN 1997-1:—” with “EN 1997-1:2025”, and delete corresponding footnote . Update reference
throughout the document, deleting any corresponding cross references to the footnote .
4 Modifications to Clause 3, "Terms and definitions"
In 3.2.3, delete “dynamic” in the definition of ϕ and ϕ , to read as follows:
L H
“φ , φ Length and height factor for noise barriers”.
L H
In 3.2, capitalize all first words in the symbol definitions. (untagged)
In 3.2.3, replace Figure 3.1 with the following new Figure:
“
”.
In 3.2.3, in the list Greek lower case letters, replace “dynamic factor” with “Dynamic enhancement” to read
as follows:
“ϕ Dynamic enhancement — considering dynamic effects”.
dyn
5 Modifications to Clause 4 "Classification of actions"
In 4.2(1), delete “NDP” from Note 2, to read as follows:
“NOTE 2 In Table 4.1, information is given on the basis of calibration of the main Load Models (fatigue excluded)
presented in this document for road bridges, footbridges and railway bridges for characteristic, frequent and quasi-
permanent values. Rail loading and the associated γ and ψ factors have been based on nominal values.”.
In Table 4.1, delete “NDP” from the Table title to read as follows:
“Table 4.1 — Bases for the calibration of the main Load Models (fatigue excluded) presented in
this document”.
6 Modifications to Clause 6 “Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for
road bridges”
In 6.3.1(1), add “following” after “models” and add “be used to” after “should” to read as follows:
“The following load models for vertical loads should be used to represent the following road traffic effects:”.
In 6.3.2(4), Formula 6.4, replace “aq1” with “aqi” to read as follows:
“for: i ≥ 2, α ≥ 1; this restriction being not applicable to α .”.
qi qr
In 6.3.2(4), NOTE, delete “In the absence of specifications,” at the start so it reads as follows:
“NOTE The values of α , α and α factors are equal to 1 unless the National Annex gives different values. Values
Q1 qi qr
of adjustment factors equal to 1 correspond to heavy industrial international traffic, representing a large part of the
total traffic of heavy vehicles.”.
In 6.3.6, replace Figure 6.5 with the following new Figure:
“
”.
In 6.6.1(2) e), replace “the National Annex” with “subclause 6.6.7 (4)“ and “of the“ with “for“, to read as
follows:
“e) Fatigue Load Model 4 is more accurate than Fatigue Load Model 3 for a variety of bridges and for
traffic when the simultaneous presence of several lorries on the bridge can be neglected. If that is
not the case, it should be used only if it is supplemented by additional data, specified or as defined
in subclause 6.6.7 (4).”
In 6.6.2(2), add “dynamic” before “amplification factor”, to read as follows:
“An additional dynamic amplification factor Δφ given by Formula (6.7) should be taken into account
fat
near expansion joints and applied to all loads:”.
In Figure 6.6, add the term “dynamic” in the key and the Figure title, to read as follows:
“Δφfat Additional dynamic amplification factor”.
“Figure 6.6 — Representation of the additional dynamic amplification factor”.
In 6.6.2(2), NOTE, add “dynamic” before “amplification factor”, to read as follows:
“NOTE The additional dynamic amplification factor Δφ can be set in the National Annex.”.
fat
th nd
In 6.6.8, in Table 6.9, 5 row, 2 column, replace “4,5” with “4,50”.
In Table 6.9, last row, in each list item, add “typical journeys of” and in the last list item, delete “distances”
to read as follows:
“— “Long distance” means typical journeys of hundreds of kilometres,
— “Medium distance” means typical journeys of 50 km to 100 km,
— “Local traffic” means typical journeys of less than 50 km.”.
In 6.7.3.3(1), NOTE, replace the text “by collision of road restraint system” with “by a collision with the
road restraint system”, to read as follows:
“NOTE The aim of the clauses in this chapter is to ensure adequate strength and robustness of anchorages, edge
beams and bridge decks (cantilevered slabs) in order to prevent disproportionate damage caused by a collision with
the road restraint systems that could require extensive repair and could cause unacceptable disturbance of the
traffic operations.”
In 6.7.3.3, replace the existing paragraph (2) with:
“(2) For local design, the structure supporting the vehicle parapet should be designed to sustain locally
an accidental load effect arising from horizontal loading related to the characteristic local resistance of
vehicle parapet (e.g. resistance of the connection of the parapet to the structure). This accidental load
should not be combined with any other variable load.”.
In 6.7.3.3(3), delete the reference to the National Annex to read as follows:
“(3) The accidental load effect should be at least 1,25 times the characteristic local resistance of
vehicle parapet both transversely and longitudinally.”.
In 6.7.3.3(3), add the following new NOTE:”
“NOTE A higher value can be defined in the National Annex."
In 6.7.3.4(1), NOTE, replace the word “establish” with “gives”, to read as follows:
“NOTE The vehicle collision forces on structural members are the same as the collision forces on piers and other
supporting members calculated to EN 1991-1-7 (see 6.7.2), unless the National Annex gives different rules for their
calculation.”
In 6.7.3.4(3), replace “A.2.6.8” with “A.2.7.8”, to read as follows:
“(3) Combinations of actions for accidental design situation should be in accordance with EN 1990-
1:2023+A1:2026, A.2.7.8.”.
In 6.8(3), delete the reference to the National Annex in the clause, to read as follows:
“(3) For bridges, the minimum loading class of the parapet should be class C.”.
In 6.8(3), add the following new NOTE:
“NOTE A different minimum loading class can be specified in the National Annex.”.
7 Modifications to Clause 7, “Actions on footways, cycle ways and footbridges”
st
In 7.1(1), 1 bullet point, add the word “bridges” after the word “railway”, to read as follows:
“The uniformly distributed load q (defined in 7.3.2) and the concentrated load Q (defined in 7.3.3)
fk fwk
should be used for footbridges, footways of road bridges and public footways on railway bridges, where
relevant (see 6.5, 6.7.3 and 8.3.7).”.
In 7.3.2(3), replace the word “in” with “to” in subclause to read as follows:
“The uniformly distributed load shall be applied only to the unfavourable parts of the influence surface
of the footbridge, footway or cycle way.”
In 7.3.4(2), replace “are to be carried on” with “are not prevented from accessing”, to read as follows:
“When service vehicles are not prevented from accessing a footbridge or footway, one service vehicle
Qserv shall be taken into account.”.
8 Modifications to Clause 8, “Rail traffic actions and other actions specifically for
railway bridges”
In 8.1(1), replace “should” with “shall” to read as follows:
“(1) The load models defined in Clause 8 shall be used to model rail traffic on the standard track gauge
and wider than the standard track gauge.”.
In 8.1(4), replace “should” with “shall” and “structures” with “bridges” to read as follows:
“(4) The load models defined in Clause 8 shall be used to verify the deformation of bridges carrying
rail traffic to maintain the safety of operations and to ensure the comfort of passengers, etc.”.
In 8.2(1), NOTE 1, last list item, indent second line. (untagged)
In 8.3.3(1), replace “should” with “shall” to read as follows:
“(1) Load Model SW/0 shall be used in addition to Load Model 71 to represent the static effect of
vertical loading due to normal rail traffic on continuous structural elements and decks.”.
...