EN 1991-2:2023/prA1

• Abstract:

  (1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.; (2) Imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including piers, abutments, upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls, noise barriers, canopies etc., and their foundations. Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary.; (3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.; (4) This document is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.

• Status: Not Published
• Publication Date: 06-Jan-2028
• ICS: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects
• ICS: 93.040 - Bridge construction
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 250 - Structural Eurocodes
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 250/SC 1/WG 3 - Traffic loads on bridges
• Current Stage: 4060 - Closure of enquiry - Enquiry
• Start Date: 27-Aug-2026
• Due Date: 17-Dec-2026
• Completion Date: 27-Aug-2026
• Ref Project: SIST EN 1991-2:2023/oprA1:2026 - Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works

• Amends: EN 1991-2:2023 - Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works
• Effective Date: 05-Nov-2025

EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 is a CEN draft amendment to Eurocode 1, Part 2 on traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works. It sets out imposed load models and representative values for road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic, including dynamic effects, centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions, and accidental design situations. If approved, this amendment will modify EN 1991-2:2023 and is intended for use with prEN 1990 and the other Eurocode parts named in the standard.

What does EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 specify?

EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 specifies amendments to the traffic-load rules used for bridges and related civil engineering works. The scope covers new bridges, including piers, abutments, walls, noise barriers, canopies and foundations, and it also gives a basis for assessing or modifying existing structures when needed.

The amendment is organized as clause-by-clause changes to the whole document, followed by updates to the introduction, normative references, terms and definitions, action classification, road traffic actions, footways and cycle ways, rail traffic actions, and annexes A, B, C, E and G.

Annex	What it covers
Annex A	Models of special vehicles for road bridges
Annex B	Fatigue life assessment for road bridges based on recorded traffic
Annex C	Dynamic factors 1 + φ for Real Trains
Annex E	Limits of validity of Load Model HSLM
Annex G	Dynamic load models for footbridges

What are the key requirements of EN 1991-2:2023/prA1?

EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 mainly tightens the rules for road, pedestrian and rail traffic actions, and updates how several verification checks are referenced.

Road traffic actions

Clause 6 clarifies that the listed load models are to represent road traffic effects, and it updates the wording around adjustment factors, fatigue models and dynamic amplification near expansion joints. In practice, this affects how designers choose load combinations, when they apply national choices, and how they account for extra local effects and collision actions.

Clause 6 also updates the accidental design provisions for vehicle parapets and road restraint systems. That matters because the supporting structure, edge beams and decks may need a separate accidental check for local impact-related effects.

Footways, cycle ways and footbridges

Clause 7 keeps the uniformly distributed load and concentrated load for footbridges, road-bridge footways and public footways on railway bridges, and it clarifies where those loads act. It also states how a service vehicle is treated when access is not prevented.

For users, this means footway loading is not just a generic pedestrian case - the document tells you when to include service vehicles and how to apply the load to the unfavourable part of the influence surface.

Rail traffic actions

Clause 8 is the largest technical area. EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 keeps the rail load models for standard and wider gauge track, requires them for deformation checks linked to safety and passenger comfort, and updates several rules for Load Model 71, SW/0, SW/2, Real Trains and HSLM.

It also clarifies use of dynamic factors, bridge deck acceleration checks, asymmetric influence lines, centrifugal forces, nosing force, longitudinal displacement on ballasted track and action combinations for accidental situations. In practice, this is the part that drives rail-bridge verification, especially where speed, resonance, comfort or track-bridge interaction matter.

Annex methods

The amendment updates Annex B for fatigue life assessment from recorded traffic, Annex C for dynamic factors for Real Trains, Annex E for the validity limits of HSLM, and Annex G for pedestrian-induced vibration checks on footbridges. These annexes provide the calculation and verification methods that support design and assessment work.

What terms does EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 define?

EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 uses several key terms and abbreviations that matter in design calculations.

• National Annex - the national document that can set permitted choices and values for certain clauses.
• Load Model 71 - the main vertical rail load model used in railway bridge checks.
• SW/0 - a rail load model used with Load Model 71 for continuous structural elements and decks.
• HSLM - High Speed Load Model, used for dynamic checks on railway bridges.
• Real Trains - actual train load cases used in dynamic factor and fatigue-related provisions.
• Dynamic enhancement, φdyn - the factor used to represent dynamic effects.

Who uses EN 1991-2:2023/prA1?

EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 is used by bridge and structural engineers, rail infrastructure engineers, and designers of footbridges, retaining walls and earthworks near roads or railways. It is also used by reviewers, asset managers and authorities who specify traffic actions, check comfort or deformation limits, or assess existing bridges.

What changed in EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 from EN 1991-2:2023?

EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 is a draft amendment to EN 1991-2:2023. The changes update references to EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, add EN 19100 to the introduction, revise the seismic note to point to EN 1998, remove NDP labels from Clause 4, and update many road and rail traffic clauses, figures, tables and annexes.

It also adds or revises guidance on fatigue assessment, dynamic factors, HSLM validity, footbridge vibration checks and the bibliography entry for UIC leaflet 776-1/E/5.

Which standards are used with EN 1991-2:2023/prA1?

EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 is used with prEN 1990 and EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026 for basis, combinations and accidental design situations. It also refers to EN 1990-2, EN 1991-1-7, EN 1998 (all parts), EN 19100, and the material Eurocodes EN 1991-1-1, EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1, EN 1995-1-1 and EN 1996-1-1.

What does the EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 document contain?

EN 1991-2:2023/prA1 contains clause-by-clause amendment text, revised figures, updated tables and modified formulas across the road, rail and footbridge sections. It also contains changes to annex methods for special vehicles, fatigue from recorded traffic, Real Trains, HSLM validity and pedestrian vibration checks.

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2026
Evrokod 1 - Vplivi na konstrukcije - 2. del: Prometna obtežba mostov in drugih
gradbenih inženirskih objektov
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil
engineering works
Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2: Verkehrslasten auf Brücken und
anderen Ingenieurbauwerken
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 2: Actions dues au trafic sur les ponts et
autres ouvrages du génie civil
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1991-2:2023/prA1
ICS:
91.010.30 Tehnični vidiki Technical aspects
93.040 Gradnja mostov Bridge construction
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1991-2:2023
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
prA1
June 2026
ICS 93.040
English Version
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads
on bridges and other civil engineering works
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 2: Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2:
Actions dues au trafic sur les ponts et autres ouvrages Verkehrslasten auf Brücken und anderen
du génie civil Ingenieurbauwerken
This draft amendment is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 250.

This draft amendment A1, if approved, will modify the European Standard EN 1991-2:2023. If this draft becomes an amendment,
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for inclusion of
this amendment into the relevant national standard without any alteration.

This draft amendment was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2026 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1991-2:2023/prA1:2026 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3
1 Modifications throughout the whole document . 4
2 Modifications to the Introduction . 4
3 Modifications to Clause 2, “Normative references” . 4
4 Modifications to Clause 3, "Terms and definitions" . 4
5 Modifications to Clause 4 "Classification of actions" . 5
6 Modifications to Clause 6 “Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for road
bridges” . 5
7 Modifications to Clause 7, “Actions on footways, cycle ways and footbridges” . 7
8 Modifications to Clause 8, “Rail traffic actions and other actions specifically for railway
bridges” . 7
9 Modifications to Annex A, “Models of special vehicles for road bridges” . 14
10 Modifications to Annex B, “Fatigue life assessment for road bridges Assessment method
based on recorded traffic” . 15
11 Modifications to Annex C, “Dynamic factors 1 + φ for Real Trains” . 15
12 Modifications to Annex E, “Limits of validity of Load Model HSLM” . 15
13 Modifications to Annex G, “Dynamic load models for footbridges” . 16
14 Modification to the Bibliography . 17

European foreword
This document (EN 1991-2:2023/prA1:2026) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250
“Structural Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all
Structural Eurocodes and has been assigned responsibility for structural and geotechnical design matters
by CEN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will amend EN 1991-2:2023.
NOTE Some modifications are purely editorial corrections to improve the quality of the document and these
will not be tagged in the consolidated publication, as noted after the modification.
The first generation of EN Eurocodes was published between 2002 and 2007. This document forms part
of the second generation of the Eurocodes, which have been prepared under Mandate M/515 issued to
CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
The Eurocodes have been drafted to be used in conjunction with relevant execution, material, product
and test standards, and to identify requirements for execution, materials, products and testing that are
relied upon by the Eurocodes.
The Eurocodes recognize the responsibility of each Member State and have safeguarded their right to
determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level through the use of National
Annexes.
1 Modifications throughout the whole document
Replace “EN 1990:2023” with “EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026”.
Replace “EN 1990” with “EN 1990-1” except in 0.1.
Replace “National annex” and “national annex” with “National Annex” throughout the whole document.
(untagged)
2 Modifications to the Introduction
In 0.1, after list item ‘EN 1999, Eurocode 9’, add:
“— EN 19100 Eurocode 10 — Design of glass structures”.
Replace “— New parts are under development, e.g. Eurocode for design of structural glass”
with
“— New parts are under development, e.g. Eurocode for design of fibre-polymer composite structures
and Eurocode for design of tensioned membrane structures.”.
In 0.2, NOTE 1, add “, see EN 1990-2” at the end to read:
“NOTE In these cases, additional or amended provisions can be necessary, see EN 1990-2.”.
In 0.2, delete the second paragraph: “EN 1991 does not cover the specific requirements of actions for
seismic regions. Provisions related to such requirements are given in EN 1998 (all parts), which
complement and are consistent with EN 1991.”
In 0.2, add the following new paragraph after NOTE 2:
“EN 1991 does not cover the specific requirements of actions for seismic design or assessment. Provisions
related to such requirements are given in EN 1998 (all parts), which complement and are consistent with
EN 1991.”.
In 0.6, in the list where national choice is allowed, add “6.9.3(2)” after “6.9.3(1) – 2 choices”, and then
reorder the remaining clauses.
In 0.6, replace “6.5.1 – 2 choices” with: “6.5.1(1) – 2 choices” and “C.3(2) – 2 choices” with: “C.3(6) – 2
choices”.
In 0.6, delete “6.6.8(5)”.
3 Modifications to Clause 2, “Normative references”
Replace “EN 1990:2023, Eurocode — Basis of structural and geotechnical design” with:
“EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, Eurocode — Basis of structural and geotechnical design — Part 1: New
structures”.
Replace “EN 1995-1-1:—” with “EN 1995-1-1”, and delete corresponding footnote .
Replace “EN 1997-1:—” with “EN 1997-1:2025”, and delete corresponding footnote . Update reference
throughout the document, deleting any corresponding cross references to the footnote .
4 Modifications to Clause 3, "Terms and definitions"
In 3.2.3, delete “dynamic” in the definition of ϕ and ϕ , to read as follows:
L H
“φ , φ Length and height factor for noise barriers”.
L H
In 3.2, capitalize all first words in the symbol definitions. (untagged)
In 3.2.3, replace Figure 3.1 with the following new Figure:
“
”.
In 3.2.3, in the list Greek lower case letters, replace “dynamic factor” with “Dynamic enhancement” to read
as follows:
“ϕ Dynamic enhancement — considering dynamic effects”.
dyn
5 Modifications to Clause 4 "Classification of actions"
In 4.2(1), delete “NDP” from Note 2, to read as follows:
“NOTE 2 In Table 4.1, information is given on the basis of calibration of the main Load Models (fatigue excluded)
presented in this document for road bridges, footbridges and railway bridges for characteristic, frequent and quasi-
permanent values. Rail loading and the associated γ and ψ factors have been based on nominal values.”.
In Table 4.1, delete “NDP” from the Table title to read as follows:
“Table 4.1 — Bases for the calibration of the main Load Models (fatigue excluded) presented in
this document”.
6 Modifications to Clause 6 “Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for
road bridges”
In 6.3.1(1), add “following” after “models” and add “be used to” after “should” to read as follows:
“The following load models for vertical loads should be used to represent the following road traffic effects:”.
In 6.3.2(4), Formula 6.4, replace “aq1” with “aqi” to read as follows:
“for: i ≥ 2, α ≥ 1; this restriction being not applicable to α .”.
qi qr
In 6.3.2(4), NOTE, delete “In the absence of specifications,” at the start so it reads as follows:
“NOTE The values of α , α and α factors are equal to 1 unless the National Annex gives different values. Values
Q1 qi qr
of adjustment factors equal to 1 correspond to heavy industrial international traffic, representing a large part of the
total traffic of heavy vehicles.”.
In 6.3.6, replace Figure 6.5 with the following new Figure:
“
”.
In 6.6.1(2) e), replace “the National Annex” with “subclause 6.6.7 (4)“ and “of the“ with “for“, to read as
follows:
“e) Fatigue Load Model 4 is more accurate than Fatigue Load Model 3 for a variety of bridges and for
traffic when the simultaneous presence of several lorries on the bridge can be neglected. If that is
not the case, it should be used only if it is supplemented by additional data, specified or as defined
in subclause 6.6.7 (4).”
In 6.6.2(2), add “dynamic” before “amplification factor”, to read as follows:
“An additional dynamic amplification factor Δφ given by Formula (6.7) should be taken into account
fat
near expansion joints and applied to all loads:”.
In Figure 6.6, add the term “dynamic” in the key and the Figure title, to read as follows:
“Δφfat Additional dynamic amplification factor”.
“Figure 6.6 — Representation of the additional dynamic amplification factor”.
In 6.6.2(2), NOTE, add “dynamic” before “amplification factor”, to read as follows:
“NOTE The additional dynamic amplification factor Δφ can be set in the National Annex.”.
fat
th nd
In 6.6.8, in Table 6.9, 5 row, 2 column, replace “4,5” with “4,50”.
In Table 6.9, last row, in each list item, add “typical journeys of” and in the last list item, delete “distances”
to read as follows:
“— “Long distance” means typical journeys of hundreds of kilometres,
— “Medium distance” means typical journeys of 50 km to 100 km,
— “Local traffic” means typical journeys of less than 50 km.”.
In 6.7.3.3(1), NOTE, replace the text “by collision of road restraint system” with “by a collision with the
road restraint system”, to read as follows:
“NOTE The aim of the clauses in this chapter is to ensure adequate strength and robustness of anchorages, edge
beams and bridge decks (cantilevered slabs) in order to prevent disproportionate damage caused by a collision with
the road restraint systems that could require extensive repair and could cause unacceptable disturbance of the
traffic operations.”
In 6.7.3.3, replace the existing paragraph (2) with:
“(2) For local design, the structure supporting the vehicle parapet should be designed to sustain locally
an accidental load effect arising from horizontal loading related to the characteristic local resistance of
vehicle parapet (e.g. resistance of the connection of the parapet to the structure). This accidental load
should not be combined with any other variable load.”.
In 6.7.3.3(3), delete the reference to the National Annex to read as follows:
“(3) The accidental load effect should be at least 1,25 times the characteristic local resistance of
vehicle parapet both transversely and longitudinally.”.
In 6.7.3.3(3), add the following new NOTE:”
“NOTE A higher value can be defined in the National Annex."
In 6.7.3.4(1), NOTE, replace the word “establish” with “gives”, to read as follows:
“NOTE The vehicle collision forces on structural members are the same as the collision forces on piers and other
supporting members calculated to EN 1991-1-7 (see 6.7.2), unless the National Annex gives different rules for their
calculation.”
In 6.7.3.4(3), replace “A.2.6.8” with “A.2.7.8”, to read as follows:
“(3) Combinations of actions for accidental design situation should be in accordance with EN 1990-
1:2023+A1:2026, A.2.7.8.”.
In 6.8(3), delete the reference to the National Annex in the clause, to read as follows:
“(3) For bridges, the minimum loading class of the parapet should be class C.”.
In 6.8(3), add the following new NOTE:
“NOTE A different minimum loading class can be specified in the National Annex.”.
7 Modifications to Clause 7, “Actions on footways, cycle ways and footbridges”
st
In 7.1(1), 1 bullet point, add the word “bridges” after the word “railway”, to read as follows:
“The uniformly distributed load q (defined in 7.3.2) and the concentrated load Q (defined in 7.3.3)
fk fwk
should be used for footbridges, footways of road bridges and public footways on railway bridges, where
relevant (see 6.5, 6.7.3 and 8.3.7).”.
In 7.3.2(3), replace the word “in” with “to” in subclause to read as follows:
“The uniformly distributed load shall be applied only to the unfavourable parts of the influence surface
of the footbridge, footway or cycle way.”
In 7.3.4(2), replace “are to be carried on” with “are not prevented from accessing”, to read as follows:
“When service vehicles are not prevented from accessing a footbridge or footway, one service vehicle
Qserv shall be taken into account.”.
8 Modifications to Clause 8, “Rail traffic actions and other actions specifically for
railway bridges”
In 8.1(1), replace “should” with “shall” to read as follows:
“(1) The load models defined in Clause 8 shall be used to model rail traffic on the standard track gauge
and wider than the standard track gauge.”.
In 8.1(4), replace “should” with “shall” and “structures” with “bridges” to read as follows:
“(4) The load models defined in Clause 8 shall be used to verify the deformation of bridges carrying
rail traffic to maintain the safety of operations and to ensure the comfort of passengers, etc.”.
In 8.2(1), NOTE 1, last list item, indent second line. (untagged)
In 8.3.3(1), replace “should” with “shall” to read as follows:
“(1) Load Model SW/0 shall be used in addition to Load Model 71 to represent the static effect of
vertical loading due to normal rail traffic on continuous structural elements and decks.”.
...