SIST EN 14511-3:2012
(Main)Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling - Part 3: Test methods
Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling - Part 3: Test methods
1.1 The scope of prEN 14511-2:2009 is applicable.
1.2 This part of prEN 14511 specifies the test methods for the rating and performance of air and watercooled
air conditioners, liquid chilling packages, air-to-air, water-to-air, air-to-water and water-to-water heat
pumps with electrically driven compressors when used for space heating and cooling.
It also specifies the method of testing and reporting for heat recovery capacities, system reduced capacities and
the capacity of individual indoor units of multisplit systems, where applicable.
Luftkonditionerer, Flüssigkeitskühlsätze und Wärmepumpen mit elektrisch angetriebenen Verdichtern für die Raumbehezung und Kühlung - Teil 3: Prüfverfahren
1.1 Es gilt der Anwendungsbereich von EN 14511-1:2011.
1.2 Diese Europäische Norm legt die Prüfverfahren für die Bemessung und Leistung von Luftkonditionierern,
Flüssigkeitskühlsätzen und Wärmepumpen, die Luft, Wasser oder Sole als Wärmeübertrager nutzen, mit
elektrisch angetriebenen Verdichtern für die Raumbeheizung und/oder Kühlung fest.
Sie legt ferner ein Verfahren fest zur Prüfung und Angabe von Wärmerückgewinnungsleistungen, systemreduzierten
Leistungen sowie der Leistung von Einzelgeräten von Multi-Split-Systemen für die Aufstellung im
Innenraum, soweit zutreffend.
Climatiseurs, groupes refroidisseurs de liquide et pompes à chaleur avec compresseur entraîné par moteur électrique pour le chauffage et la réfrigération des locaux - Partie 3: Méthodes d'essai
1.1 Le domaine d'application du prEN 14511-2:2009 est applicable.
1.2 La présente partie du prEN 14511 spécifie les méthodes d'essai pour la détermination des caractéristiques de performance des climatiseurs à condensation par air et à condensation par eau, des groupes refroidisseurs de liquide et des pompes à chaleur air/air, eau/air, air/eau et eau/eau, avec compresseur entraîné par moteur électrique, lorsqu'ils sont utilisés pour le chauffage et la réfrigération des locaux.
Elle spécifie aussi la méthode d'essai et de rapport pour les puissances calorifiques de récupération, les puissances réduites de système et la puissance individuelle des unités intérieures des systèmes multi-split, le cas échéant.
Klimatske naprave, enote za tekočinsko hlajenje in toplotne črpalke z električnimi kompresorji za segrevanje in hlajenje prostora - 3. del: Preskusne metode
1.1 Velja Obseg prEN 14511-2:2009 velja.
1.2 Ta del prEN 14511 določa preskusne metode za ocenjevanje in delovanje zračno in vodno hlajenih klimatskih naprav, enot za tekočinsko hlajenje, zrak-zrak, voda-zrak, zrak-voda in voda-voda toplotnih črpalk z električnimi kompresorji, kadar se uporabljajo za segrevanje in hlajenje prostora. Prav tako, kjer je primerno, določa metodo preskušanja in poročanja zmogljivosti vračanja toplote, zmanjšanje zmogljivosti sistema in zmogljivost posameznih notranjih enot ali sistemov z več razcepi.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Luftkonditionerer, Flüssigkeitskühlsätze und Wärmepumpen mit elektrisch angetriebenen Verdichtern für die Raumbehezung und Kühlung - Teil 3: PrüfverfahrenClimatiseurs, groupes refroidisseurs de liquide et pompes à chaleur avec compresseur entraîné par moteur électrique pour le chauffage et la réfrigération des locaux - Partie 3: Méthodes d'essaiAir conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling - Part 3: Test methods91.140.30VLVWHPLVentilation and air-conditioning27.080Heat pumps23.120QDSUDYHVentilators. Fans. Air-conditionersICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14511-3:2011SIST EN 14511-3:2012en,fr01-januar-2012SIST EN 14511-3:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 14511-3:2008/AC:2008SIST EN 14511-3:20081DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14511-3
October 2011 ICS 91.140.30 Supersedes EN 14511-3:2007English Version
Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling - Part 3: Test methods
Climatiseurs, groupes refroidisseurs de liquide et pompes à chaleur avec compresseur entraîné par moteur électrique pour le chauffage et la réfrigération des locaux - Partie 3: Méthodes d'essai
Luftkonditionierer, Flüssigkeitskühlsätze und Wärmepumpen mit elektrisch angetriebenen Verdichtern für die Raumbeheizung und Kühlung - Teil 3: PrüfverfahrenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 August 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14511-3:2011: ESIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .31Scope .42Normative references .43Terms and definitions .44Rating capacity test .44.1Basic principles Method of calculation for the determination of capacities .44.2Test apparatus .84.3Uncertainties of measurement . 104.4Test procedure . 114.5Test results . 185Heat recovery test for air-cooled multisplit systems . 215.1Test installation . 215.2Test procedure . 225.3Test results . 226Test report . 226.1General information . 226.2Additional information . 226.3Rating test results. 23Annex A (informative)
Calorimeter test method . 24Annex B (informative)
Indoor air enthalpy test method . 32Annex C (informative)
Heating capacity tests - Flow chart and examples of different test sequences . 34Annex D (informative)
Conformance criteria . 39Annex E (informative)
Symbols used in annexes . 40Annex F (informative)
Test at system reduced capacity . 42Annex G (informative)
Individual unit tests . 43Annex H (normative)
Determination of the liquid pump efficiency . 45Bibliography . 48 SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 14511-3:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 113 “Heat pumps and air conditioning units”, the secretariat of which is held by AENOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 14511-3:2007. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. EN 14511 comprises the following parts under the general title Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling: Part 1: Terms and definitions, Part 2: Test conditions, Part 3: Test methods, Part 4: Requirements. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 4 1 Scope 1.1 The scope of EN 14511-1:2011 is applicable. 1.2 This European Standard specifies the test methods for the rating and performance of air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps using either air, water or brine as heat transfer media, with electrically driven compressors when used for space heating and cooling. It also specifies the method of testing and reporting for heat recovery capacities, system reduced capacities and the capacity of individual indoor units of multisplit systems, where applicable. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14511-1:2011, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling Part 1: Terms and definitions EN 14511-2:2011, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling Part 2: Test conditions 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 14511-1:2011 apply. 4 Rating capacity test 4.1 Basic principles Method of calculation for the determination of capacities 4.1.1 Heating capacity The heating capacity of air conditioners and of air-to-air or water-to-air heat pumps shall be determined by measurements in a calorimeter room (see Annex A) or by the air enthalpy method (see Annex B). The heating capacity of air-to-water, water-to-water heat pumps and liquid chilling packages shall be determined in accordance with the direct method at the water or brine heat exchanger, by determination of the volume flow of the heat transfer medium, and the inlet and outlet temperatures, taking into consideration the specific heat capacity and density of the heat transfer medium. For steady state operation, the heating capacity shall be determined using the following formula: tcqPpH∆ρ×××= (1)
where PH is the heat capacity, expressed in Watts; q is the volume flow rate, expressed in cubic metres per second; ρ is the density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre; SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 5 cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, expressed in joules per kilogram and kelvin; ∆t is the difference between inlet and outlet temperatures, expressed in kelvin. NOTE 1 The mass flow rate can be determined directly instead of the term (q x ρ).
NOTE 2
The enthalpy change ∆H can be directly measured instead of the term (cp x ∆t). For the heating capacity calculation in transient operation, refer to 4.5.3.2. The heating capacity shall be corrected for the heat from the fan or pump: a) If the fan or pump at the indoor heat exchanger is an integral part of the unit, the same power (calculated in 4.1.5.2 or 4.1.6.3) which is excluded from the total power input shall be also subtracted from the heating capacity; b) If the fan or pump at the indoor heat exchanger is not an integral part of the unit, the same power (calculated in 4.1.5.3 or 4.1.6.4) which is included in the effective power input shall be also added to the heating capacity. 4.1.2 Cooling capacity The cooling capacity of air conditioners and of air-to-air or water-to-air heat pumps shall be determined by measurements in a calorimeter room (see Annex A) or by the air enthalpy method (see Annex B). The cooling capacity of air-to-water, water-to-water heat pumps and liquid chilling packages shall be determined in accordance with the direct method at the water or brine heat exchanger, by determination of the volume flow of the heat transfer medium, and the inlet and outlet temperatures, taking into consideration the specific heat capacity and density of the heat transfer medium. The cooling capacity shall be determined using the following formula: tcqPpC∆ρ×××= (2) where PC is the cooling capacity, expressed in watts; q is the volume flow rate, expressed in cubic metres per second; ρ is the density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre; cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, expressed in joules per kilogram and kelvin; ∆t is the difference between inlet and outlet temperatures, expressed in kelvin. NOTE
1 The mass flow rate can be determined directly instead of the term (q x ρ). NOTE
2 The enthalpy change ∆H can be directly measured instead of the term (cp x ∆t)” The cooling capacity shall be corrected for the heat from the fan or pump: a) If the fan or pump at the evaporator is an integral part of the unit, the same power (calculated in 4.1.5.2 or 4.1.6.3) which is excluded from the total power input is also added to the cooling capacity. b) If the fan or pump at the evaporator is not an integral part of the unit, the same power (calculated in 4.1.5.3 or 4.1.6.4) which is included in the effective power input is also subtracted from the cooling capacity. SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 6 4.1.3 Heat recovery capacity The heat recovery capacity of air-to-water and water-to-water heat pumps and liquid chilling packages shall be determined in accordance with the direct method at the water or brine heat exchanger, by determination of the volume flow of the heat transfer medium, and the inlet and outlet temperatures, taking into consideration the specific heat capacity and density of the heat transfer medium. The heat recovery capacity shall be determined using the following formula: tcqPpHR∆ρ×××= (3) where PHR is the heat recovery capacity, expressed in Watts; q is the volume flow rate, expressed in cubic metres per second; ρ is the density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre; cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, expressed in joules per kilogram and kelvin; ∆t is the difference between inlet and outlet temperatures expressed in kelvin. NOTE The mass flow rate can be determined directly instead of the term (q x ρ). The enthalpy change ∆H can be directly measured instead of the term (cp x ∆t). 4.1.4 Power input of fans for units without duct connection In the case of units which are not designed for duct connection, i.e. which do not permit any external pressure differences, and which are equipped with an integral fan, the power absorbed by the fan shall be included in the effective power absorbed by the unit. 4.1.5 Power input of fans for units with duct connection 4.1.5.1 The following corrections of the power input of fans shall be made to both indoor and outdoor fans, where applicable. 4.1.5.2 If a fan is an integral part of the unit, only a fraction of the input of the fan motor shall be included in the effective power absorbed by the unit. The fraction that is to be excluded from the total power absorbed by the unit shall be calculated using the following formula: η∆epq× (4) where η is 0,3 by convention; ∆pe is the measured available external static pressure difference, expressed in pascal, as defined in 2.52 of EN 14511-1:2011; q is the nominal air flow rate, expressed in cubic meters per second. 4.1.5.3 If no fan is provided with the unit, the proportional power input which is to be included in the effective power absorbed by the unit, shall be calculated using the following formula: SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 7 ()η∆ipq−× (5) where η is 0,3 by convention; ∆pi is the measured internal static pressure difference, expressed in pascal, as defined in 2.53 of EN 14511-1:2011; q is the nominal air flow rate, expressed in cubic meters per second. 4.1.6 Power input of liquid pumps 4.1.6.1 The following corrections of the power input of liquid pumps shall be made to both indoor and outdoor liquid pumps, where applicable. 4.1.6.2 When the liquid pump is integrated into the unit, it shall be connected for operation. When the liquid pump is delivered by the manufacturer apart from the unit, it shall be connected for operation according to the manufacturer’s instructions and be then considered as an integral part of the unit. 4.1.6.3 If a liquid pump is an integral part of the unit, only a fraction of the input to the pump motor shall be included in the effective power absorbed by the unit. The fraction which is to be excluded from the total power absorbed by the unit shall be calculated using the following formula: ηepq∆× (6) where η is the efficiency of the pump calculated according to Annex H; ∆pe is the measured available external static pressure difference, expressed in Pascal, as defined in 2.52 of EN 14511-1:2011; q is the nominal liquid flow rate, expressed in cubic meters per second. 4.1.6.4 If no liquid pump is provided with the unit, the proportional power input which is to be included in the effective power absorbed by the unit, shall be calculated using the following formula: η)(ipq∆−× (7) where η is the efficiency of the pump calculated according to Annex H; ∆pi is the measured internal static pressure difference, expressed in pascal, as defined in 2.53 of EN 14511-1:2011; q is the nominal liquid flow rate, expressed in cubic meters per second. 4.1.6.5 In the case of appliances designed especially to operate on a distributing network of pressurised water without water-pump, no correction is to be applied to the power input. SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 8 4.1.7 Units for use with remote condenser The power from the auxiliary liquid pump of the remote condenser shall not be taken into account in the effective power input. 4.2 Test apparatus 4.2.1 Arrangement of the test apparatus 4.2.1.1 General requirements The test apparatus shall be designed in such a way that all requirements on adjustment of set values, stability criteria and uncertainties of measurement according to this European Standard can be fulfilled. 4.2.1.2 Test room for the air side The size of the test room shall be selected such that any resistance to air flow at the air inlet and air outlet orifices of the test object is avoided. The air flow through the room shall not be capable of initiating any short circuit between these two orifices, and therefore the velocity of the air flows through the room at these two locations shall not exceed 1,5 m/s when the test object is switched off. The air velocity in the room shall also not be greater than the mean velocity through the unit inlet. Unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer, the air inlet or air outlet orifices shall be not less than 1 m distant from the surfaces of the test room. Any direct heat radiation by heating units in the test room onto the unit or onto the temperature measuring points shall be avoided. 4.2.1.3 Appliances with duct connection The connections of a ducted air unit to the test facility shall be sufficiently air tight to ensure that the measured results are not significantly influenced by exchange of air with the surroundings. 4.2.1.4 Appliances with integral pumps For appliances with integral and adjustable water or brine pumps, the external static pressure shall be set at the same time as the temperature difference. 4.2.1.5 Liquid chilling package for use with remote condenser Units for use with remote condenser are tested by using a water-cooled condenser, the characteristics of which shall enable the intended operating conditions to be achieved. 4.2.2 Installation and connection of the test object 4.2.2.1 General The test object shall be installed and connected for the test as recommended by the manufacturer in the installation and operation manual. The accessories provided by option are not included in the test. If a back-up heater is provided in option or not, it shall be switched off or disconnected to be excluded from the testing.
For single ducts, regardless of the manufacturer’s instructions, the discharge duct shall be as short and straight as possible compatibly with minimum distance between the unit and the wall for correct air inlet but not less than 50 cm. No accessory shall be connected to the discharge end of the duct.
For double duct units, the same requirements apply to both suction and discharge ducts, unless the appliance is designed to be installed directly on the wall. For multisplit systems, the test shall be performed with the system operating at a capacity ratio of 1, or as close as possible. SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 9 When the liquid pump is an integral part of the unit and the external static pressure setting possible, the setting shall be made in order to reduce this external pressure to approach zero. When performing measures in heating mode, set the highest room temperature on the unit/system control device; when performing measures in cooling mode, set the lowest room temperature on the unit/system control device. If in the instructions, the manufacturer indicates a value for the temperature set on the control device for a given rating condition, then this value shall be used. For unit with open-type compressor the electric motor shall be supplied or specified by the manufacturer. The compressor shall be operated at the rotational speed specified by the manufacturer. For inverter type control units, the setting of the frequency shall be done for each rating condition. The manufacturer shall provide in the documentation information about how to obtain the necessary data to set the required frequencies. NOTE If a skilled personnel with knowledge of control software is required for the start of the system, the manufacturer or the nominated agent should be in attendance when the system is being installed and prepared for tests. 4.2.2.2 Installation of unit consisting of several parts In the case of a unit consisting of several parts, the following installation conditions shall be complied for the test. a) The refrigerant lines shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The length of the lines shall be 5 m except if the constraints of the test installation make 5 m not possible, in which case a greater length may be used, with a maximum of 7,5 m.
b) The lines shall be installed so that the difference in elevation does not exceed 2,5 m. c) The thermal insulation of the lines shall be applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. d) Unless constrained by the design, at least half of the connecting lines shall be exposed to the outside conditions, with the rest of the lines exposed to the inside conditions. 4.2.2.3 Indoor units of multisplit systems
When testing a multisplit system in a calorimeter room, the air flow rate and the external static pressure shall be adjusted separately for each one of the ducted indoor units. When testing a multisplit system using the air enthalpy method, the air flow rate and the external static pressure shall be adjusted separately for each indoor unit, ducted or not. In case of equipment with non ducted indoor units tested using the air enthalpy method, the above requirement on ducted indoor units shall apply. 4.2.2.4 Measuring points Temperature and pressure measuring points shall be arranged in order to obtain mean significant values. For free air intake temperature measurements, it is required: either to have at least one sensor per square meter, with not less than four measuring points and by restricting to 20 the number of sensors equally distributed on the free air surface; or to use a sampling device. It shall be completed by four sensors for checking uniformity if the surface area is greater than 1 m². Air temperature sensors shall be placed at a maximum distance of 0,25 m from the free air surface. SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 10 For control cabinet air conditioners, the inlet temperature at the evaporator is measured instead of the temperature inside the control cabinet. For units consisting of a heat pump and a storage tank as a factory made unit, water inlet and outlet temperature measurements shall be taken at the inlet and outlet of the tank respectively. For water and brine, the density in formulae (1), (2) and (3) shall be determined in the temperature conditions measured near the volume flow measuring device. 4.3 Uncertainties of measurement The uncertainties of measurement shall not exceed the values specified in Table 1. Table 1 — Uncertainties of measurement for indicated values Measured quantity Unit Uncertainty of measurement Liquid
- temperature difference K ± 0,15 K - temperature inlet/outlet K ± 0,15 K - volume flow m3/s ± 1 % - static pressure difference kPa ± 5 % Air
- dry bulb temperature °C ± 0,2 K - wet bulb temperature °C ± 0,4K - volume flow m3/s ± 5 % - static pressure difference Pa ± 5 Pa (∆p ≤ 100 Pa) or ± 5 %(∆p > 100 Pa) Refrigerant
- pressure at compressor outlet kPa ± 1 % - temperature °C ± 0,5 K Concentration
- Heat transfer medium % ± 2
Electrical quantities
- electric power W ± 1 % - voltage V ± 0,5 % - current A ± 0,5 % - electrical energy kWh ± 1 % Compressor rotational speed
min-1 ± 0,5 %
The heating or cooling capacities measured on the liquid side shall be determined within a maximum uncertainty of 5 % independent of the individual uncertainties of measurement including the uncertainties on the properties of fluids. The steady state heating or cooling capacities determined using the calorimeter method shall be determined with a maximum uncertainty of 5 %, independent of the individual uncertainties of measurement including the uncertainties on the properties of fluids; this maximum uncertainty is extended to 10% for single duct units due to the air exchange between the two compartments of the calorimeter room. SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 11 Heating capacity determined during transient operation (defrost cycles) using the calorimeter method shall be determined with a maximum uncertainty of 10 %, independent of the individual uncertainties of measurement including the uncertainties on the properties of fluids. The heating and cooling capacities measured on the air side using the air enthalpy method shall be determined with a maximum uncertainty of 10 %, independent of the individual uncertainties of measurement including the uncertainties on the properties of fluids. 4.4 Test procedure 4.4.1 General 4.4.1.1 All units The test conditions are given in EN 14511-2:2011. If liquid heat transfer media other than water are used, the specific heat capacity and density of such heat transfer media shall be determined and taken into consideration in the evaluation. Table 4 states permissible deviations of the measured values from the test conditions. 4.4.1.2 Non ducted units For non-ducted units, the adjustable settings such as louvers and fan speed shall be set for maximum steady-state air flow. For inverter type control units, if the manufacturer indicates a speed of the fan different from the maximum one to set on the control device for a given rating condition, then this speed shall be used. 4.4.1.3 Units ducted on the indoor heat exchanger The volume flow and the pressure difference shall be related to standard air and with dry heat exchanger. If the airflow rate is given by the manufacturer with no atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity conditions, it shall be considered as given for standard air conditions. The airflow rate given by the manufacturer shall be converted into standard air conditions. The setting of this airflow rate shall be made when the fan only is operating. The rated air flow rate given by the manufacturer shall be set and the resulting external static pressure (ESP) measured. If the ESP is lower than the minimum value given in Table 2 (or Table 3), the air flow rate is decreased to reach this minimum value. If the ESP is greater than twice the minimum value given in Table 2 (or Table 3), the air low rate is increased to reach twice this minimum value. If the ESP is greater than the minimum value given in Table 2 (or Table 3) but not greater than twice this minimum value, then keep this ESP. The apparatus used for setting the ESP shall be maintained in the same position during all the tests. SIST EN 14511-3:2012
EN 14511-3:2011 (E) 12 Table 2 — Pressure requirement for comfort air conditioners Standard capacity
ratings kW Minimum external static
pressure a b Pa 0 < Q < 8 25 8 ≤ Q < 12 37 12 ≤ Q < 20 50 20 ≤ Q < 30 62 30 ≤ Q < 45 75 45 ≤ Q < 82 100 82 ≤ Q < 117 125 117 ≤ Q < 147 150 Q ≥ 147 175 a For equipment tested without an air filter installed, the minimum external static pressure shall be increased by 10 Pa. b If the manufacturer’s installation instructions state that the maximum allowable discharge duct length is less than 1m, then the unit can be considered as a free delivery unit and be tested as a non ducted indoor unit with an ESP of 0 Pa.
Table 3 — Pressure requirement for close control air conditioners Capacity kW Pressure Pa For down-flow dischargeinto double floor For up-flow discharge into duct all units < 30 50 - ≥ 30 75 - All - 50
4.4.1.4 Units ducted on the outdoor heat exchanger The volume flow and the pressure difference shall be related to standard air and with dry heat exchanger. If the air flow rate is given by the manufacturer with no atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity conditions, it shall be considered as given for standard air conditions. The air flow rate given by the manufactu
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 14511-3:2009
01-november-2009
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Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven
compressors for space heating and cooling - Part 3: Test methods
Luftkonditionerer, Flüssigkeitskühlsätze und Wärmepumpen mit elektrisch angetriebenen
Verdichtern für die Raumbehezung und Kühlung - Teil 3: Prüfverfahren
Climatiseurs, groupes refroidisseurs de liquide et pompes à chaleur avec compresseur
entraîné par moteur électrique pour le chauffage et la réfrigération des locaux - Partie 3:
Méthodes d'essai
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 14511-3
ICS:
23.120 =UDþQLNL9HWUQLNL.OLPDWVNH Ventilators. Fans. Air-
QDSUDYH conditioners
27.080 7RSORWQHþUSDONH Heat pumps
91.140.30 3UH]UDþHYDOQLLQNOLPDWVNL Ventilation and air-
VLVWHPL conditioning
oSIST prEN 14511-3:2009 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 14511-3:2009
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oSIST prEN 14511-3:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 14511-3
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2009
ICS 91.140.30 Will supersede EN 14511-3:2007
English Version
Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with
electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling -
Part 3: Test methods
Climatiseurs, groupes refroidisseurs de liquide et pompes à Luftkonditionerer, Flüssigkeitskühlsätze und
chaleur avec compresseur entraîné par moteur électrique Wärmepumpen mit elektrisch angetriebenen Verdichtern
pour le chauffage et la réfrigération des locaux - Partie 3: für die Raumbehezung und Kühlung - Teil 3: Prüfverfahren
Méthodes d'essai
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 113.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14511-3:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
Foreword .3
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Terms and definitions .4
4 Rating capacity test .4
5 Heat recovery test for air-cooled multisplit systems . 21
6 Test report . 21
Annex A (informative) Calorimeter test method . 23
Annex B (informative) Indoor air enthalpy test method . 31
Annex C (informative) Heating capacity tests - Flow chart and examples of different test
sequences . 33
Annex D (informative) Conformance criteria . 37
Annex E (informative) Symbols used in annexes . 38
Annex F (informative) Test at system reduced capacity . 40
Annex G (informative) Individual unit tests . 41
Annex H (normative) Determination of the liquid pump efficiency . 42
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EC Directive 2002/31/EC . 44
Bibliography . 45
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Foreword
This document (prEN 14511-3:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 113 “Heat pumps
and air conditioning units”, the secretariat of which is held by AENOR.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 14511-3:2007.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2002/31/EC.
For relationship with EU Directive 2002/31/EC, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
prEN 14511 comprises the following parts under the general title "Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and
heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling“:
Part 1: Terms and definitions
Part 2: Test conditions
Part 3: Test methods
Part 4: Requirements
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1 Scope
1.1 The scope of prEN 14511-2:2009 is applicable.
1.2 This part of prEN 14511 specifies the test methods for the rating and performance of air and water-
cooled air conditioners, liquid chilling packages, air-to-air, water-to-air, air-to-water and water-to-water heat
pumps with electrically driven compressors when used for space heating and cooling.
It also specifies the method of testing and reporting for heat recovery capacities, system reduced capacities and
the capacity of individual indoor units of multisplit systems, where applicable.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
prEN 14511-1:2009, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven
compressors for space heating and cooling – Part 1: Terms and definitions
prEN 14511-2:2009, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven
compressors for space heating and cooling – Part 2: Test conditions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN 14511-1:2009 apply.
4 Rating capacity test
4.1 Basic principles
4.1.1 Heating capacity
The heating capacity of air conditioners and of air-to-air or water-to-air heat pumps shall be determined by
measurements in a calorimeter room (see Annex A) or by the air enthalpy method (see Annex B).
The heating capacity of air-to-water, water-to-water heat pumps and liquid chilling packages shall be determined
in accordance with the direct method at the water or brine heat exchanger, by determination of the volume flow of
the heat transfer medium, and the inlet and outlet temperatures, taking into consideration the specific heat
capacity and density of the heat transfer medium.
For steady state operation, the heating capacity shall be determined using the following formula:
P = q × ρ ×c ∆t (1)
H p
where:
P is the heat capacity, expressed in Watts;
H
q is the volume flow rate, expressed in cubic metres per second;
ρ is the density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre;
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c is the specific heat at constant pressure, expressed in joules per kilogram and kelvin;
p
∆t is the difference between inlet and outlet temperatures, expressed in kelvin.
For the heating capacity calculation in transient operation, refer to 4.5.3.2.
The heating capacity shall be corrected for the heat from the fan or pump:
if the fan or pump at the indoor heat exchanger is an integral part of the unit, the same power (calculated
in 4.1.5.1 or 4.1.6.1) which is excluded from the total power input shall be also subtracted from the
heating capacity;
If the fan or pump at the indoor heat exchanger is not an integral part of the unit, the same power
(calculated in 4.1.5.2 or 4.1.6.2) which is included in the effective power input shall be also added to the
heating capacity.
4.1.2 Cooling capacity
The cooling capacity of air conditioners and of air-to-air or water-to-air heat pumps shall be determined by
measurements in a calorimeter room (see Annex A) or by the air enthalpy method (see Annex B).
The cooling capacity of air-to-water, water-to-water heat pumps and liquid chilling packages shall be determined
in accordance with the direct method at the water or brine heat exchanger, by determination of the volume flow of
the heat transfer medium, and the inlet and outlet temperatures, taking into consideration the specific heat
capacity and density of the heat transfer medium.
The cooling capacity shall be determined using the following formula:
P = q × ρ ×c ∆t (2)
C p
where:
P is the cooling capacity, expressed in watts;
C
q is the volume flow rate, expressed in cubic metres per second;
ρ is the density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre;
c is the specific heat at constant pressure, expressed in joules per kilogram and kelvin;
p
∆t is the difference between inlet and outlet temperatures, expressed in kelvin.
The cooling capacity shall be corrected for the heat from the fan or pump:
a) If the fan or pump at the evaporator is an integral part of the unit, the same power (calculated in 4.1.5.1 or
4.1.6.1) which is excluded from the total power input is also added to the cooling capacity.
b) If the fan or pump at the evaporator is not an integral part of the unit, the same power (calculated in
4.1.5.2 or 4.1.6.2) which is included in the effective power input is also subtracted from the cooling
capacity.
4.1.3 Heat recovery capacity
The heat recovery capacity of air-to-water and water-to-water heat pumps and liquid chilling packages shall be
determined in accordance with the direct method at the water or brine heat exchanger, by determination of the
volume flow of the heat transfer medium, and the inlet and outlet temperatures, taking into consideration the
specific heat capacity and density of the heat transfer medium.
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The heat recovery capacity shall be determined using the following formula:
P = q × ρ ×c × ∆t (3)
HR p
where:
P is the heat recovery capacity, expressed in Watts;
HR
q is the volume flow rate, expressed in cubic metres per second;
ρ is the density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre;
c is the specific heat at constant pressure, expressed in joules per kilogram and kelvin;
p
∆t is the difference between inlet and outlet temperatures expressed in kelvin.
4.1.4 Power input of fans for units without duct connection
In the case of units which are not designed for duct connection, i.e. which do not permit any external pressure
differences, and which are equipped with an integral fan, the power absorbed by the fan shall be included in the
effective power absorbed by the unit.
4.1.5 Power input of fans for units with duct connection
4.1.5.1 The following corrections of the power input of fans shall be made to both indoor and outdoor fans,
where applicable
4.1.5.2 If a fan is an integral part of the unit, only a fraction of the input of the fan motor shall be included
in the effective power absorbed by the unit. The fraction that is to be excluded from the total power absorbed
by the unit shall be calculated using the following formula:
q × ∆p
e
[W] (4)
η
where:
η is 0,3 by convention;
∆p is the measured available external static pressure difference, expressed in pascal, as defined in 2.56
e
of prEN 14511-1:2009;
q is the nominal air flow rate, expressed in cubic meters per second.
4.1.5.3 If no fan is provided with the unit, the proportional power input which is to be included in the
effective power absorbed by the unit, shall be calculated using the following formula:
q × (−∆p )
i
[W] (5)
η
where
η is 0,3 by convention;
∆p is the measured internal static pressure difference, expressed in pascal, as defined in 2.57 of
i
prEN 14511-1:2009;
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q is the nominal air flow rate, expressed in cubic meters per second.
4.1.6 Power input of liquid pumps
4.1.6.1 The following corrections of the power input of liquid pumps shall be made to both indoor and
outdoor liquid pumps, where applicable.
4.1.6.2 If a liquid pump is an integral part of the unit, only a fraction of the input to the pump motor shall
be included in the effective power absorbed by the unit. The fraction which is to be excluded from the total
power absorbed by the unit shall be calculated using the following formula:
q × ∆p
e
[W] (6)
η
where:
η is the efficiency of the pump calculated according to Annex H;
∆p is the measured available external static pressure difference, expressed in pascal, as defined in 2.56
e
of prEN 14511-1:2009;
q is the nominal water flow rate, expressed in cubic meters per second.
4.1.6.3 If no liquid pump is provided with the unit, the proportional power input which is to be included in
the effective power absorbed by the unit, shall be calculated using the following formula:
q × (−∆p )
i
[W] (7)
η
where:
η is the efficiency of the pump calculated according to Annex H;
∆p is the measured internal static pressure difference, expressed in pascal, as defined in 2.57 of
i
prEN 14511-1:2009;
q is the nominal water flow rate, expressed in cubic meters per second.
4.1.6.3 In the case of appliances designed especially to operate on a distributing network of pressurised
water without water-pump, no correction is to be applied to the power input.
4.1.7 Units for use with remote condenser
The power from the auxiliary liquid pump of the remote condenser shall not be taken into account in the
effective power input.
4.2 Test apparatus
4.2.1 Arrangement of the test apparatus
4.2.1.1 General requirements
The test apparatus shall be designed in such a way that all requirements on adjustment of set values, stability
criteria and uncertainties of measurement according to this European Standard can be fulfilled.
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4.2.1.2 Test room for the air side
The size of the test room shall be selected such that any resistance to air flow at the air inlet and air outlet orifices
of the test object is avoided. The air flow through the room shall not be capable of initiating any short circuit
between these two orifices, and therefore the velocity of the air flows through the room at these two locations shall
not exceed 1,5 m/s when the test object is switched off. The air velocity in the room shall also not be greater than
the mean velocity through the unit inlet. Unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer, the air inlet or air outlet
orifices shall be not less than 1 m distant from the surfaces of the test room.
Any direct heat radiation by heating units in the test room onto the unit or onto the temperature measuring points
shall be avoided.
4.2.1.3 Appliances with duct connection
The connections of a ducted air unit to the test facility shall be sufficiently air tight to ensure that the measured
results are not significantly influenced by exchange of air with the surroundings.
4.2.1.4 Appliances with integral pumps
For appliances with integral and adjustable water or brine pumps, the external static pressure shall be set at
the same time as the temperature difference.
4.2.1.5 Liquid chilling package for use with remote condenser
Units for use with remote condenser are tested by using a water-cooled condenser, the characteristics of
which shall enable the intended operating conditions to be achieved.
4.2.2 Installation and connection of the test object
4.2.2.1 General
The test object shall be installed and connected for the test as recommended by the manufacturer in his
installation and operation manual. The accessories provided by option (for example heating element) are not
included in the test.
For single ducts, regardless of the manufacturer’s instructions, the discharge duct shall be as short and
straight as possible compatibly with minimum distance between the unit and the wall for correct air inlet but
not less than 50 cm. No accessory shall be connected to the discharge end of the duct.
For double duct units, the same requirements apply to both suction and discharge ducts, unless the appliance
is designed to be installed directly on the wall.
For multisplit systems, the test shall be performed with the system operating at a capacity ratio of 1, or as close as
possible.
When performing measures in heating mode, set the highest room temperature on the unit/system control
device; when performing measures in cooling mode, set the lowest room temperature on the unit/system
control device. If in his instructions, the manufacturer indicates a value for the temperature set on the control
device for a given rating condition, then this value shall be used.
For unit with open-type compressor the electric motor shall be supplied or specified by the manufacturer. The
compressor shall be operated at the rotational speed specified by the manufacturer.
For inverter type control units, the setting of the frequency shall be done for each rating condition. The
manufacturer shall provide in the documentation information about how to obtain the necessary data to set the
required frequencies.
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NOTE To set up a multisplit system which incorporates an inverter-controlled compressor, skilled personnel with a
knowledge of control software may be required. The manufacturer or his nominated agent should be in attendance when
the system is being installed and prepared for tests.
4.2.2.2 Installation of unit consisting of several parts
In the case of a unit consisting of several parts, the following installation conditions shall be complied with for the
test.
a) The refrigerant lines shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The length of
the lines shall be 5 m except if the constraints of the test installation make 5 m not possible, in which case
a greater length may be used, with a maximum of 7,5 m.
b) The lines shall be installed so that the difference in elevation does not exceed 2,5 m.
c) The thermal insulation of the lines shall be applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
d) Unless constrained by the design, at least half of the connecting lines shall be exposed to the outside
conditions, with the rest of the lines exposed to the inside conditions.
4.2.2.3 Indoor units of multisplit systems
When testing a multisplit system, indoor units shall be either all non ducted or all ducted.
If they are ducted, all indoor units shall be of the same model, i.e. having the same airflow rate and the same
external static pressure.
In case of equipment with non ducted indoor units tested using the air enthalpy method, the above
requirement on ducted indoor units shall apply.
4.2.2.4 Measurements
Temperature and pressure measuring points shall be arranged in order to obtain mean significant values.
For free air intake temperature measurements, it is required:
either to have at least one sensor per square meter and not less than four measuring points equally
distributed on the air surface;
or to use a sampling device. It shall be completed by four sensors for checking uniformity if the surface
area is greater than 1 m².
For control cabinet air conditioners, the inlet temperature at the evaporator is measured instead of the
temperature inside the control cabinet.
For units consisting of a heat pump and a storage tank as a factory made unit, water inlet and outlet temperature
measurements shall be taken at the inlet and outlet of the tank respectively.
4.3 Uncertainties of measurement
The uncertainties of measurement shall not exceed the values specified in Table 1.
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Table 1 — Uncertainties of measurement for indicated values
Measured quantity Unit Uncertainty of measurement
Liquid
- temperature difference K ± 0,15 K
3
- volume flow m /s ± 1 %
- static pressure difference Pa ± 5 %
Air
- dry bulb temperature ± 0,2 K
°C
- wet bulb temperature ± 0,3 K
°C
3
- volume flow m /s ± 5 %
- static pressure difference Pa
± 5 Pa (∆p ≤ 100 Pa)
Refrigerant
- pressure at compressor outlet kPa ± 1 %
- temperature °C ± 0,5 K
Concentration
- Heat transfer medium % ± 2 %
Electrical quantities
- electric power W ± 1 %
- voltage V ± 0,5 %
- current A ± 0,5 %
- electrical energy kWh ± 1 %
-1
Compressor rotational speed min ± 0,5 %
The heating or cooling capacities measured on the liquid side shall be determined within a maximum uncertainty
of 5 % independent of the individual uncertainties of measurement including the uncertainties on the properties of
fluids.
The steady state heating or cooling capacities determined using the calorimeter method shall be determined
with a maximum uncertainty of 5 %, independent of the individual uncertainties of measurement including the
uncertainties on the properties of fluids, This maximum uncertainty is extended to 10% for single duct units
due to the air exchange between the two compartments of the calorimeter room.
Heating capacity determined during transient operation (defrost cycles) using the calorimeter method shall be
determined with a maximum uncertainty of 10 %, independent of the individual uncertainties of measurement
including the uncertainties on the properties of fluids.
The heating and cooling capacities measured on the air side using the air enthalpy method shall be
determined with a maximum uncertainty of 10 %, independent of the individual uncertainties of measurement
including the uncertainties on the properties of fluids.
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4.4 Test procedure
4.4.1 General
4.4.1.1 All units
The test conditions are given in prEN 14511-2:2009.
If liquid heat transfer media other than water are used, the specific heat capacity and density of such heat transfer
media shall be determined and taken into consideration in the evaluation.
Table 4 states permissible deviations of the measured values from the test conditions.
4.4.1.2 Non ducted units
For non ducted units, the adjustable settings such as louvers and fan speed shall be set for maximum steady-
state air flow.
For inverter type control units, if the manufacturer indicates a speed of the fan different from the maximum one
to set on the control device for a given rating condition, then this speed shall be used.
4.4.1.3 Ducted indoor units
The volume flow and the pressure difference shall be related to standard air and with dry evaporator.
If the air flow rate is given by the manufacturer with no atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity
conditions, it shall be considered as given for standard air conditions.
The air flow rate given by the manufacturer shall be converted into standard air conditions. The air flow rate
setting shall be made when the fan only is operating, at standard air conditions.
The rated airflow rate given by the manufacturer shall be set and the resulting external static pressure (ESP)
measured.
If the ESP is lower than the minimum value given in Table 2 (or Table 3), the air flow rate is decreased to
reach this minimum value.
If the ESP is greater than twice the minimum value given in Table 2 (or Table 3), the air low rate is increased
to reach twice this minimum value.
If the ESP is greater than the minimum value given in Table 2 (or Table 3) but not greater than twice this
minimum value, then keep this ESP.
The obtained settings of the air flow rate and ESP of the unit shall be maintained during all the tests.
4.4.1.4 Ducted outdoor units
The volume flow and the pressure difference shall be related to standard air and with dry heat exchanger.
If the air flow rate is given by the manufacturer with no atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity
conditions, it shall be considered as given for standard air conditions.
The air flow rate given by the manufacturer shall be converted into standard air conditions. The air flow rate
setting shall be made when the fan only is operating, at standard air conditions.
The rated airflow rate given by the manufacturer shall be set and the resulting external static pressure (ESP)
measured.
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If the ESP is lower than 30 Pa, the air flow rate is decrease to reach this minimum value.
The obtained settings of the air flow rrate and ESP of the unit shall be maintained during all the tests.
If the manufacturer’s installation instructions state that the maximum allowable discharge duct length is less
than 1m, then the unit can be considered as a free delivery unit and be tested as a non ducted outdoor unit
with an ESP of 0 Pa.
Table 2 — Pressure requirement for comfort air conditioners
Standard capacity Minimum external static
a b
ratings pressure
kW Pa
0 < Q < 8 25
37
8 ≤ Q < 12
50
12 ≤ Q < 20
62
20 ≤ Q < 30
75
30 ≤ Q < 45
100
45 ≤ Q < 82
125
82 ≤ Q < 117
150
117 ≤ Q < 147
175
Q ≥ 147
a
For equipment tested without an air filter installed, the minimum
external static pressure shall be increased by 10 Pa.
b
If the manufacturer’s installation instructions state that the maximum
allowable discharge duct length is less than 1m, then the unit can be
considered as a free delivery unit and be tested as a non ducted indoor
unit with an ESP of 0 Pa.
Table 3 — Pressure requirement for close control air conditioners
Pressure
Pa
Capacity
kW
For down-flow discharge For up-flow discharge
into double floor into duct all units
< 30 50 -
≥ 30 75 -
All - 50
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Table 4 — Permissible deviations from set values
Measured quantity Permissible deviation of the Permissible deviations of
arithmetic mean values from individual measured values
set values from set values
Liquid
- inlet temperature ± 0,2 K ± 0,5 K
- outlet temperature ± 0,3 K ± 0,6 K
- volume flow ± 2 % ± 5 %
- static pressure difference -- ± 10 %
Air
- inlet temperature (dry bulb/wet ± 0,3 K ± 1 K
a)
bulb)
- volume flow ± 5 % ± 10 %
- static pressure difference - ± 10 %
Refrigerant
- liquid temperature ± 1 K ± 2 K
- saturated vapour/bubble point ± 0,5 K ± 1 K
temperature
Voltage ± 4 % ± 4 %
a)
For units with outdoor heat exchanger surfaces greater than 5 m², the deviation on the air inlet dry bulb temperature is doubled.
NOTE When testing single duct units the arithmetic mean value of the difference between the dry bulb temperature of the indo
...
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