SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013

Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test (ISO 22476-1:2012)

This part of ISO 22476 deals with equipment requirements, the execution of and reporting on electrical cone and piezocone penetration tests. Within the electrical cone and piezocone penetration test, two subcategories of the cone penetration test are considered: - electrical cone penetration test (CPT), which includes measurement of cone resistance and sleeve friction; - piezocone test (CPTU), which is a cone penetration test with the additional measurement of pore pressure. The CPTU is performed like a CPT with the measurement of the pore pressure at one or several locations on the penetrometer surface. This part of ISO 22476 specifies the following features: a) type of cone penetration test, according to Table 1; b) application class, according to Table 2; c) penetration length or penetration depth; d) elevation of the ground surface or the underwater ground surface at the location of the cone penetration test with reference to a datum; e) location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point; f) pore pressure dissipation tests.

Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Felduntersuchungen - Teil 1: Drucksondierungen mit elektrischen Messwertaufnehmern und Messeinrichtungen für den Porenwasserdruck (ISO 22476-1:2012)

Dieser Teil von ISO 22476 behandelt die Geräteanforderungen, die Durchführung und die Ergebnisdarstellung von elektrischen Drucksondierungen und Drucksondierungen mit der Piezospitze.
ANMERKUNG 1   Dieser Teil von ISO 22476 erfüllt die Anforderungen für elektrische Drucksondierungen und Drucksondierungen mit der Piezospitze als Teil von geotechnischen Untersuchungen und Versuchen nach EN 1997 1 [3] und EN 1997 2 [4].
Es werden zwei Unterkategorien von Drucksondierungen betrachtet:
-   Die elektrische Drucksondierung (CPT), die die Messung des Spitzenwiderstandes und der Mantel¬reibung umfasst;
-   die Drucksondierung mit der Piezospitze (CPTU), die eine Drucksondierung mit zusätzlicher Messung des Porenwasserdruckes ist.
Die CPTU-Sondierung wird wie eine CPT-Sondierung ausgeführt, mit dem Unterschied, dass der Porenwasserdruck an einer oder mehreren Stellen an der Oberfläche der Sondierspitze gemessen wird.
ANMERKUNG 2   Sowohl die CPT-Sondierung als auch die CPTU-Sondierung können ohne Bestimmung der Mantelreibung ausgeführt werden; dies wird jedoch nicht in diesem Teil von ISO 22476 behandelt.
Dieser Teil von ISO 22476 legt die folgenden Aspekte fest:
a)   die Art der Drucksondierung, nach Tabelle 1;
b)   die Anwendungsklasse, nach Tabelle 2;
c)   die erreichbare Sondierlänge oder Sondiertiefe;
d)   die Höhe der Geländeoberfläche oder die Gewässergrundoberfläche am Ort der Drucksondierung mit Verweis auf eine Bezugshöhe;
e)   die Lage der Drucksondierung mit Bezug zu einem reproduzierbaren örtlich festgelegten Lage-bezugspunkt;
f)   Porenwasserdruck-Dissipationsversuche.
ANMERKUNG 3   Dieser Teil von ISO 22476 behandelt CPT-Sondierungen am Land und im Nearshore-Bereich. Für zusätzliche Anforderungen an CPT-Sondierungen in Offshore-Bereichen siehe NORSOK G 001 [8].

Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place - Partie 1: Essai de pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône (ISO 22476-1:2012)

L'ISO 22476-1:2012 traite des exigences relatives à l'appareillage, à l'exécution et au compte rendu des essais de pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône dans le cadre de la reconnaissance, et des essais géotechniques selon l'EN 1997-1 et l'EN 1997-2.
À la dénomination «essai de pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône» correspondent deux essais distincts:
       l'essai de pénétration au cône électrique (CPT), qui comporte à la fois le mesurage de la résistance au cône et celui du frottement latéral sur le manchon;
       l'essai de pénétration au piézocône (CPTU), qui est un essai de pénétration au cône complété par le mesurage de la pression interstitielle.
L'essai CPTU est réalisé comme un essai CPT avec mesurage de la pression interstitielle en un ou plusieurs emplacements à la surface de la pointe pénétrométrique.
L'ISO 22476-1:2012 spécifie les points suivants:
        le type de l'essai de pénétration au cône, conformément au Tableau 1;
       la classe d'application, conformément au Tableau 2;
       la longueur ou la profondeur de pénétration;
       la cote altimétrique de la surface du sol ou la cote de la surface de la nappe à l'emplacement de l'essai de pénétration au cône par rapport à un repère précisé;
       l'emplacement de l'essai de pénétration au cône par rapport à un point de référence fixe toujours accessible;
        les essais de dissipation de la pression interstitielle.

Geotehnično preiskovanje in preskušanje - Preskušanje na terenu - 1. del: Metoda električnega stožca in piezoconski penetracijski preskus (ISO 22476-1:2012)

Ta del standarda ISO 22476 obravnava zahteve glede opreme, izvajanja metode električnega stožca in piezoconskih penetracijskih preskusov ter poročanja v zvezi z njimi. V okviru metode električnega stožca in piezoconskega penetracijskega preskusa sta obravnavani dve podkategoriji penetracijskih preskusov s stožci: – penetracijski preskus z električnim stožcem (CPT), ki vključuje merjenje odpornosti stožca in trenja obloge; – piezoconski preskus (CPTU), ki je penetracijski preskus s stožcem z dodatnim merjenjem pornega tlaka. CPTU se izvaja kot CPT z merjenjem pornega tlaka na enem ali več mestih na površini penetrometra. Ta del standarda ISO 22476 določa naslednje lastnosti: a) vrsto penetracijskega preskusa s stožcem v skladu s preglednico 1; b) razred uporabe v skladu s preglednico 2; c) dolžino ali globino penetracije; d) nadmorsko višino talne površine ali podvodne talne površine na mestu penetracijskega preskusa s stožcem z referenčno ravnino; e) mesto penetracijskega preskusa s stožcem glede na ponovljivo nepremično referenčno točko mesta; f) preskuse odvajanja pornega tlaka.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Public Enquiry End Date: 31-Aug-2012
• Publication Date: 20-Feb-2013
• Withdrawal Date: 13-Apr-2023
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: KON.007 - Geotechnics
• Current Stage: 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 16-Mar-2023
• Due Date: 08-Apr-2023
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2023
• Ref Project: EN ISO 22476-1:2012 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test (ISO 22476-1:2012)

Relations

• Replaced By: SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2023 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test (ISO 22476-1:2022)
• Effective Date: 01-May-2023
• Corrected By: SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013/AC:2013 - Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test - Technical Corrigendum 1 (ISO 22476-1:2012/Cor 1:2013)
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2013

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
01-marec-2013
*HRWHKQLþQRSUHLVNRYDQMHLQSUHVNXãDQMH3UHVNXãDQMHQDWHUHQXGHO0HWRGD
HOHNWULþQHJDVWRåFDLQSLH]RFRQVNLSHQHWUDFLMVNLSUHVNXV,62
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1: Electrical cone and
piezocone penetration test (ISO 22476-1:2012)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Felduntersuchungen - Teil 1:
Drucksondierungen mit elektrischen Messwertaufnehmern und Messeinrichtungen für
den Porenwasserdruck (ISO 22476-1:2012)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place - Partie 1: Essai de
pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône (ISO 22476-1:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22476-1:2012
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013


EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 22476-1

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2012
ICS 93.020
English Version
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1:
Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test (ISO 22476-
1:2012)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung -
- Partie 1: Essai de pénétration au cône électrique et au Felduntersuchungen - Teil 1: Drucksondierungen mit
piézocône (ISO 22476-1:2012) elektrischen Messwertaufnehmern und Messeinrichtungen
für den Porenwasserdruck (ISO 22476-1:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 September 2012.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22476-1:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
EN ISO 22476-1:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
EN ISO 22476-1:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 22476-1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 341
“Geotechnical Investigation and Testing", the secretariat of which is held by ELOT, in collaboration with
Technical Committee ISO/TC 182 "Geotechnics".
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by March 2013.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

3

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22476-1
First edition
2012-09-15

Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Field testing —
Part 1:
Electrical cone and piezocone
penetration test
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 1: Essais de pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône




Reference number
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT


©  ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56  CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1  Scope . 1
2  Normative references . 2
3  Terms, definitions and symbols . 2
3.1  Terms and definitions . 2
3.2  Symbols . 9
4  Equipment . 10
4.1  Cone penetrometer . 10
4.2  Tolerances . 10
4.3  Surface roughness . 11
4.4  Cone . 11
4.5  Friction sleeve . 12
4.6  Filter element . 13
4.7  Gaps and soil seals . 15
4.8  Push rods . 15
4.9  Measuring system . 15
4.10  Thrust machine . 16
5  Test procedures . 16
5.1  Selection of cone penetrometer . 16
5.2  Selection of equipment and procedures . 17
5.3  Position and level of thrust machine . 19
5.4  Preparation of the test . 19
5.5  Pushing of the cone penetrometer . 19
5.6  Use of friction reducer . 20
5.7  Frequency of logging parameters . 20
5.8  Registration of penetration length . 20
5.9  Dissipation test . 21
5.10  Test completion . 21
5.11  Equipment checks and calibrations . 21
5.12  Safety requirements . 22
6  Test results . 22
6.1  Measured parameters . 22
6.2  Correction of parameters. 22
6.3  Calculated parameters . 24
7  Reporting . 24
7.1  General . 24
7.2  Reporting of test results . 24
7.3  Presentation of test results . 26
7.4  Presentation of test results and calculated parameters . 26
Annex A (normative) Maintenance, checks and calibration . 28
Annex B (normative) Calculation of penetration depth . 32
Annex C (informative) Correction of sleeve friction for water pressure . 33
Annex D (informative) Preparation of the piezocone . 34
Annex E (informative) Uncertainties in cone penetrometer testing. 35
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
Bibliography .36

Figures
Figure 1 — Cross section of an example of a cone penetrometer . 3
Figure 2 — Locations of pore pressure filters . 6
Figure 3 — Penetration length and penetration depth (schematic only) . 8
2
Figure 4 — Tolerance requirements for use of 1000 mm cone penetrometer . 12
Figure 5 — Geometry and tolerances of friction sleeve . 13
Figure 6 — Correction of cone resistance and sleeve friction due to the unequal end area effect . 23
Figure A.1 — Pressure chamber for determination of the net area ratio, a . 30

Tables
Table 1 — Types of cone penetration test . 17
Table 2 — Application classes . 18
Table A.1 — Control scheme for maintenance routines . 29

iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22476-1 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical investigation and testing, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 182,
Geotechnics, Subcommittee SC 1, Geotechnical investigation and testing, in accordance with the Agreement
on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
ISO 22476 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Field testing:
 Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test
 Part 2: Dynamic probing
 Part 3: Standard penetration test
 Part 4: Ménard pressuremeter test
 Part 5: Flexible dilatometer test
 Part 7: Borehole jack test
 Part 9: Field vane test
 Part 10: Weight sounding test [Technical Specification]
 Part 11: Flat dilatometer test [Technical Specification]
 Part 12: Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved v

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
Introduction
The electrical cone penetration test (CPT) consists of pushing a cone penetrometer using a series of push
rods into the soil at a constant rate of penetration. During penetration, measurements of cone resistance and
sleeve friction are recorded. The piezocone penetration test (CPTU) also includes the measurement of pore
pressures around the cone. The test results can be used for interpretation of stratification, classification of soil
type and evaluation of engineering soil parameters. Two International Standards define cone penetration
tests: ISO 22476-1 defines CPT and CPTU practice using electronic transducers; ISO 22476-12 defines CPT
practice using mechanical measuring systems.
“Cone resistance” is the term used in practice and in this part of ISO 22476, although “cone penetration
resistance” is a more correct description of the process.
The test results of this part of ISO 22476 are specially suited for the qualitative and/or quantitative
determination of a soil profile together with direct investigations (e.g. sampling according to ISO 22475-1 [2])
or as a relative comparison of other in situ tests.
The results from a cone penetration test are used to evaluate:
 stratification;
 soil type;
 geotechnical parameters such as
 soil density,
 shear strength parameters, and
 deformation and consolidation characteristics.

vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22476-1:2012(E)

Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 1:
Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test
1 Scope
This part of ISO 22476 deals with equipment requirements, the execution of and reporting on electrical cone
and piezocone penetration tests.
NOTE 1 This part of ISO 22476 fulfills the requirements for electrical cone and piezocone penetration tests as part of
geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-1 [3] and EN 1997-2 [4].
Within the electrical cone and piezocone penetration test, two subcategories of the cone penetration test are
considered:
 electrical cone penetration test (CPT), which includes measurement of cone resistance and sleeve
friction;
 piezocone test (CPTU), which is a cone penetration test with the additional measurement of pore
pressure.
The CPTU is performed like a CPT with the measurement of the pore pressure at one or several locations on
the penetrometer surface.
NOTE 2 CPT or CPTU can also be used without measurement of sleeve friction, but this is not covered in this part of
ISO 22476.
This part of ISO 22476 specifies the following features:
a) type of cone penetration test, according to Table 1;
b) application class, according to Table 2;
c) penetration length or penetration depth;
d) elevation of the ground surface or the underwater ground surface at the location of the cone penetration
test with reference to a datum;
e) location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point;
f) pore pressure dissipation tests.
NOTE 3 This part of ISO 22476 covers onshore and nearshore CPT. For extra requirements for offshore CPT, see
NORSOK G-001 [8].
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 1

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8503, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Surface
roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates
ISO 10012, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and
measuring equipment
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
average surface roughness
Ra
average deviation between the real surface of the cone penetrometer and a medium reference plane placed
along the surface of the cone penetrometer
3.1.2
cone
conical shaped bottom part of the cone penetrometer and the cylindrical extension
NOTE 1 When pushing the penetrometer into the ground, the cone resistance is transferred through the cone to the
load sensor.
NOTE 2 This part of ISO 22476 assumes that the cone is rigid, so when loaded its deformation is very small relative to
the deformation of other parts of the cone penetrometer.
3.1.3
cone penetration test
CPT
pushing of a cone penetrometer at the end of a series of cylindrical push rods into the ground at a constant
rate of penetration
3.1.4
cone penetrometer
assembly containing the cone, friction sleeve, any other sensors and measuring systems as well as the
connection to the push rods
NOTE An example of a cone penetrometer is shown in Figure 1; for other filter locations, see Figure 2.

2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)

a)  Cone resistance and sleeve b)  Cone resistance load cell in c)  Subtraction type cone
friction load cells in compression compression and sleeve friction penetrometer
load cells in tension
Key
1 sleeve load cell
2 point load cell overload protection device
3 cone load cell
4 thread
5 soil seal
Figure 1 — Cross section of an example of a cone penetrometer
3.1.5
cone resistance
cone penetration resistance
3.1.6
corrected cone resistance
q
t
measured cone resistance, q , corrected for pore pressure effects
c
3.1.7
corrected friction ratio
R
ft
ratio of the measured or corrected sleeve friction to the corrected cone resistance measured at the same
depth
NOTE Usually the measured sleeve friction is used; however, if available, the corrected sleeve friction is used.
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 3

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
3.1.8
corrected sleeve friction
f
t
measured sleeve friction, f , corrected for pore pressure effects
s
3.1.9
dissipation test
measurement of the pore pressure change with time during a pause in pushing while holding the cone
penetrometer stationary
3.1.10
electrical cone penetration test
cone penetration test where forces are measured electrically in the cone penetrometer
3.1.11
excess pore pressure
u , u , u
1 2 3
pore pressure in excess of the ambient pore pressure at the level of the filter caused by the penetration of the
cone penetrometer into the ground:
u  u  u (1)
1 1 0
u  u  u (2)
2 2 0
u  u  u (3)
3 3 0
3.1.12
filter element
porous element in the cone penetrometer that transmits the pore pressure to the pore pressure sensor,
maintaining the geometry of the cone penetrometer
3.1.13
friction ratio
R
f
ratio of the measured sleeve friction to the measured cone resistance at the same depth
3.1.14
friction reducer
local and symmetrical enlargement of the diameter of a push rod to obtain a reduction of the friction along the
push rods
3.1.15
friction sleeve
section of the cone penetrometer where friction between the soil and the sleeve is measured
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
3.1.16
in situ equilibrium pore pressure
u
o
original in situ pore pressure at filter depth
3.1.17
inclination
angular deviation of the cone penetrometer from the vertical
3.1.18
initial pore pressure
u
i
measured pore pressure at the start of the dissipation test
3.1.19
measured cone resistance
q
c
division of the measured force on the cone, Q , by the projected area of the cone A :
c c
q  Q / A (4)
c c c
3.1.20
measured pore pressure
u , u , u
1 2 3
pressure measured in filter element during penetration and dissipation testing
NOTE The pore pressure can be measured at several locations as follows (see Figure 2):
u on the face of the cone;
1
u on the cylindrical section of the cone (preferably in the gap between the cone and the sleeve;
2
u just behind the friction sleeve.
3
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)

Key
1 friction sleeve
2 cone penetrometer
3 cone
Figure 2 — Locations of pore pressure filters
3.1.21
measured sleeve friction
f
s
division of the measured force acting on the friction sleeve, F , by the area of the sleeve, A :
s s
f FA/ (5)
ss s
3.1.22
measuring system
all sensors and auxiliary parts used to transfer and/or store the electrical signals generated during the cone
penetration test
NOTE The measuring system normally includes components for measuring force (cone resistance, sleeve friction),
pressure (pore pressure), inclination, clock time and penetration length.
3.1.23
net area ratio
a
ratio of the cross-sectional area of the load cell or shaft, A , of the cone penetrometer above the cone at the
st
location of the gap where fluid pressure can act, to the nominal cross-sectional area of the base of the cone,
A
c
NOTE See Figure 6.
3.1.24
net cone resistance
q
n
measured cone resistance corrected for the total overburden soil pressure
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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
3.1.25
net friction ratio
R
fn
ratio of the sleeve friction to the net cone resistance measured at the same depth
3.1.26
normalized excess pore pressure
U
excess pore pressure during a dissipation test compared to the initial excess pore pressure
NOTE See 7.4.
3.1.27
penetration depth
z
vertical depth of the base of the cone, relative to a fixed point
NOTE See Figure 3.
3.1.28
penetration length
l
sum of the lengths of the push rods and the cone penetrometer, reduced by the height of the conical part,
relative to a fixed horizontal plane
NOTE 1 See Figure 3.
NOTE 2 The fixed horizontal plane usually corresponds to the level of the ground surface (on shore or off shore). This
can be different from the starting point of the test.


© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 7

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
Key
a fixed horizontal plane
b base of conical part of cone
l penetration length
z penetration depth
Figure 3 — Penetration length and penetration depth (schematic only)
3.1.29
piezocone penetration test
CPTU
electrical cone penetration test with measurement of the pore pressures around the cone
3.1.30
pore pressure ratio
B
q
ratio of the excess pore pressure at the u filter position to the net cone resistance
2
3.1.31
push rod
part of a string of rods for the transfer of forces to the cone penetrometer
3.1.32
reference reading
reading of a sensor just before the penetrometer penetrates the ground or just after the penetrometer leaves
the ground
NOTE 1 In offshore situations, it is the reading taken at the sea bed or at the bottom of a bore hole with water pressure
acting.
NOTE 2 With tests starting on shore from the ground surface, the reference reading equals the zero reading.
3.1.33
thrust machine
equipment that pushes the cone penetrometer and rods into the ground at a constant rate of penetration
3.1.34
total overburden stress

vo
stress due to the total weight of the soil layers at the depth of the base of the cone
3.1.35
zero drift
absolute difference between the zero readings (or reference readings) of a measuring system at the start and
after completion of the cone penetration test
8 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 22476-1:2013
ISO 22476-1:2012(E)
3.1.36
zero reading
stable output of a measuring system when there is zero load on the sensors, i.e. the parameter to be
measured has a value of zero, while any auxiliary power supply required to operate the measuring system is
switched on
3.2 Symbols
Symbol Name Unit
A cross-sectional projected area of the cone mm²
c
A cross-sectional area of load cell or shaft mm²
n
A surface area of friction sleeve mm²
s
A cross-sectional area of the bottom of the friction sleeve mm²
sb
A cross-sectional area of the top of the friction sleeve mm²
st
a net area ratio
B pore pressure ratio
q
C correctio
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
01-september-2012
*HRWHKQLþQRSUHLVNRYDQMHLQSUHVNXãDQMH3UHVNXãDQMHQDWHUHQXGHO0HWRGD
HOHNWULþQHJDVWRåFDLQSLH]RFRQVNLSHQHWUDFLMVNLSUHVNXV,62)',6
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1: Electrical cone and
piezocone penetration test (ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Felduntersuchungen - Teil 1:
Drucksondierungen mit elektrischen Messwertaufnehmern und Messeinrichtungen für
den Porenwasserdruck (ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place - Partie 1: Essai de
pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône (ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprEN ISO 22476-1
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012


EUROPEAN STANDARD
FINAL DRAFT
FprEN ISO 22476-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

May 2012
ICS 93.020
English Version
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 1:
Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test (ISO/FDIS
22476-1:2012)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung -
- Partie 1: Essai de pénétration au cône électrique et au
Felduntersuchungen - Teil 1: Drucksondierungen mit
piézocône (ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012) elektrischen Messwertaufnehmern und Messeinrichtungen
für den Porenwasserdruck (ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012)
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for unique acceptance procedure. It has been drawn up by the Technical
Committee CEN/TC 341.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.


EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3

2

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 341
“Geotechnical Investigation and Testing", the secretariat of which is held by ELOT, in collaboration with
Technical Committee ISO/TC 182 "Geotechnics".
This document is currently submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure.

3

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 22476-1
ISO/TC 182/SC 1
Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Secretariat: DIN
Field testing —
Voting begins on:
2012-05-31
Part 1:
Electrical cone and piezocone
Voting terminates on:
2012-07-31
penetration test

Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 1: Essais de pénétration au cône électrique et au piézocône


Please see the administrative notes on page iii


RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORT-
ING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
ISO 2012
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)

Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as permitted
under the applicable laws of the user's country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract from it may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO's
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56  CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.




ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This final draft has been developed within the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), and
processed under the CEN-lead mode of collaboration as defined in the Vienna Agreement. The final draft
was established on the basis of comments received during a parallel enquiry on the draft.
This final draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member bodies for a parallel
two-month approval vote in ISO and two-month formal vote in CEN.
Positive votes shall not be accompanied by comments.
Negative votes shall be accompanied by the relevant technical reasons.


© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)
Contents Page
Forew ord .vi
Introduction .vii
1  Scope .1
2  Normative references .2
3  Terms, definitions and symbols .2
3.1  Terms and definitions .2
3.2  Symbols .8
4  Equipment .9
4.1  Cone penetrometer .9
4.2  Tolerances .10
4.3  Surface roughness .10
4.4  Cone .10
4.5  Friction sleeve .11
4.6  Filter element .12
4.7  Gaps and soil seals .14
4.8  Push rods .14
4.9  Measuring system.14
4.10  Thrust machine .15
5  Test procedures .15
5.1  Selection of cone penetrometer .15
5.2  Selection of equipment and procedures .16
5.3  Position and level of thrust machine .18
5.4  Preparation of the test .18
5.5  Pushing of the cone penetrometer .18
5.6  Use of friction reducer .19
5.7  Frequency of logging parameters .19
5.8  Registration of penetration length .19
5.9  Dissipation test .20
5.10  Test completion .20
5.11  Equipment checks and calibrations .20
5.12  Safety requirements .21
6  Test results .21
6.1  Measured parameters .21
6.2  Correction of parameters .21
6.3  Calculated parameters .22
7  Reporting .23
7.1  General .23
7.2  Reporting of test results .23
7.3  Presentation of test results .25
7.4  Presentation of test results and calculated parameters .25
Annex A (normative) Maintenance, checks and calibration .27
Annex B (normative) Calculation of penetration depth .31
Annex C (informative) Correction of sleeve friction for water pressure .32
Annex D (informative) Preparation of the piezocone .33
Annex E (informative) Uncertainties in cone penetrometer testing .34
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)
Bibliography . 35

Figures
Figure 1 — Cross section of an example of a cone penetrometer . 3
Figure 2 — Locations of pore pressure filters . 5
Figure 3 — Penetration length and penetration depth (schematic only) . 7
2
Figure 4 — Tolerance requirements for use of 1000 mm cone penetrometer . 11
Figure 5 — Geometry and tolerances of friction sleeve . 12
Figure 6 — Correction of cone resistance and sleeve friction due to the unequal end area effect . 22
Figure A.1 — Pressure chamber for determination of the net area ratio, a . 29

Tables
Table 1 — Types of cone penetration test . 16
Table 2 — Application classes . 17
Table A.1 — Control scheme for maintenance routines . 28

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved v

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22476-1 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical investigation and testing, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 182,
Geotechnics, Subcommittee SC 1, Geotechnical investigation and testing, in accordance with the Agreement
on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
ISO 22476 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Field testing:
 Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test
 Part 2: Dynamic probing
 Part 3: Standard penetration test
 Part 4: Ménard pressuremeter test
 Part 5: Flexible dilatometer test
 Part 7: Borehole jack test
 Part 9: Field vane test
 Part 10: Weight sounding test [Technical Specification]
 Part 11: Flat dilatometer test [Technical Specification]
 Part 12: Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)

vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)
Introduction
The electrical cone penetration test (CPT) consists of pushing a cone penetrometer using a series of push
rods into the soil at a constant rate of penetration. During penetration, measurements of cone resistance and
sleeve friction are recorded. The piezocone penetration test (CPTU) also includes the measurement of pore
pressures around the cone. The test results can be used for interpretation of stratification, classification of soil
type and evaluation of engineering soil parameters. Two International Standards define cone penetration
tests: ISO 22476-1 defines CPT and CPTU practice using electronic transducers; ISO 22476-12 defines CPT
practice using mechanical measuring systems.
“Cone resistance” is the term used in practice and in this part of ISO 22476, although “cone penetration
resistance” is a more correct description of the process.
The test results of this part of ISO 22476 are specially suited for the qualitative and/or quantitative
determination of a soil profile together with direct investigations (e.g. sampling according to ISO 22475-1 [2])
or as a relative comparison of other in situ tests.
The results from a cone penetration test are used to evaluate:
 stratification;
 soil type;
 geotechnical parameters such as
 soil density,
 shear strength parameters, and
 deformation and consolidation characteristics.

© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved vii

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)

Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 1:
Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test
1 Scope
This part of ISO 22476 deals with equipment requirements, the execution of and reporting on electrical cone
and piezocone penetration tests as part of geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-1 [3]
and EN 1997-2 [4].
Within the electrical cone and piezocone penetration test, two subcategories of the cone penetration test are
considered:
 electrical cone penetration test (CPT), which includes measurement of cone resistance and sleeve
friction;
 piezocone test (CPTU), which is a cone penetration test with the additional measurement of pore
pressure.
The CPTU is performed like a CPT with the measurement of the pore pressure at one or several locations on
the penetrometer surface.
NOTE 1 CPT or CPTU can also be used without measurement of sleeve friction, but this is not covered in this part of
ISO 22476.
This part of ISO 22476 specifies the following features:
a) type of cone penetration test, according to Table 1;
b) application class, according to Table 2;
c) penetration length or penetration depth;
d) elevation of the ground surface or the underwater ground surface at the location of the cone penetration
test with reference to a datum;
e) location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point;
f) pore pressure dissipation tests.
NOTE 2 This part of ISO 22476 covers onshore and nearshore CPT. For extra requirements for offshore CPT, see
NORSOK G-001 [8].
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 1

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8503, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Surface
roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates
ISO 10012, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and
measuring equipment
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
average surface roughness
Ra
average deviation between the real surface of the cone penetrometer and a medium reference plane placed
along the surface of the cone penetrometer
3.2
cone
conical shaped bottom part of the cone penetrometer and the cylindrical extension
NOTE 1 When pushing the penetrometer into the ground, the cone resistance is transferred through the cone to the
load sensor.
NOTE 2 This part of ISO 22476 assumes that the cone is rigid, so when loaded its deformation is very small relative to
the deformation of other parts of the cone penetrometer.
3.3
cone penetration test
CPT
pushing of a cone penetrometer at the end of a series of cylindrical push rods into the ground at a constant
rate of penetration
3.4
cone penetrometer
assembly containing the cone, friction sleeve, any other sensors and measuring systems as well as the
connection to the push rods
NOTE An example of a cone penetrometer is shown in Figure 1; for other filter locations, see Figure 2.

2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)

a)  Cone resistance and sleeve b)  Cone resistance load cell in c)  Subtraction type cone
friction load cells in compression compression and sleeve friction penetrometer
load cells in tension
Key
1 sleeve load cell
2 point load cell overload protection device
3 cone load cell
4 thread
5 soil seal
Figure 1 — Cross section of an example of a cone penetrometer
3.5
cone resistance
cone penetration resistance
3.6
corrected cone resistance
q
t
measured cone resistance, q , corrected for pore pressure effects
c
3.7
corrected friction ratio
R
ft
ratio of the measured or corrected sleeve friction to the corrected cone resistance measured at the same
depth
NOTE Usually the measured sleeve friction is used; however, if available, the corrected sleeve friction is used.
3.8
corrected sleeve friction
f
t
measured sleeve friction, f , corrected for pore pressure effects
s
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 3

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)
3.9
dissipation test
measurement of the pore pressure change with time during a pause in pushing while holding the cone
penetrometer stationary
3.10
electrical cone penetration test
cone penetration test where forces are measured electrically in the cone penetrometer
3.11
excess pore pressure
u , u , u
1 2 3
pore pressure in excess of the ambient pore pressure at the level of the filter caused by the penetration of the
cone penetrometer into the ground:
u  u  u (1)
1 1 0
u  u  u (2)
2 2 0
u  u  u (3)
3 3 0
3.12
filter element
porous element in the cone penetrometer that transmits the pore pressure to the pore pressure sensor,
maintaining the geometry of the cone penetrometer
3.13
friction ratio
R
f
ratio of the measured sleeve friction to the measured cone resistance at the same depth
3.14
friction reducer
local and symmetrical enlargement of the diameter of a push rod to obtain a reduction of the friction along the
push rods
3.15
friction sleeve
section of the cone penetrometer where friction between the soil and the sleeve is measured
3.16
in situ equilibrium pore pressure
u
o
original in situ pore pressure at filter depth
3.17
inclination
angular deviation of the cone penetrometer from the vertical
3.18
initial pore pressure
u
i
measured pore pressure at the start of the dissipation test
4 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)
3.19
measured cone resistance
q
c
division of the measured force on the cone, Q , by the projected area of the cone A :
c c
q  Q / A (4)
c c c
3.20
measured pore pressure
u , u , u
1 2 3
pressure measured in filter element during penetration and dissipation testing
NOTE The pore pressure can be measured at several locations as follows (see Figure 2):
u on the face of the cone;
1
u on the cylindrical section of the cone (preferably in the gap between the cone and the sleeve;
2
u just behind the friction sleeve.
3

Key
1 friction sleeve
2 cone penetrometer
3 cone
Figure 2 — Locations of pore pressure filters
3.21
measured sleeve friction
f
s
division of the measured force acting on the friction sleeve, F , by the area of the sleeve, A :
s s
(5)
f FA/
ss s
3.22
measuring system
all sensors and auxiliary parts used to transfer and/or store the electrical signals generated during the cone
penetration test
NOTE The measuring system normally includes components for measuring force (cone resistance, sleeve friction),
pressure (pore pressure), inclination, clock time and penetration length.
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 5

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)
3.23
net area ratio
a
ratio of the cross-sectional area of the load cell or shaft, A , of the cone penetrometer above the cone at the
st
location of the gap where fluid pressure can act, to the nominal cross-sectional area of the base of the cone,
A
c
NOTE See Figure 6.
3.24
net cone resistance
q
n
measured cone resistance corrected for the total overburden soil pressure
3.25
net friction ratio
R
fn
ratio of the sleeve friction to the net cone resistance measured at the same depth
3.26
normalized excess pore pressure
U
excess pore pressure during a dissipation test compared to the initial excess pore pressure
NOTE See 7.4.
3.27
penetration depth
z
vertical depth of the base of the cone, relative to a fixed point
NOTE See Figure 3.
3.28
penetration length
l
sum of the lengths of the push rods and the cone penetrometer, reduced by the height of the conical part,
relative to a fixed horizontal plane
NOTE 1 See Figure 3.
NOTE 2 The fixed horizontal plane usually corresponds to the level of the ground surface (on shore or off shore). This
can be different from the starting point of the test.

6 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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kSIST FprEN ISO 22476-1:2012
ISO/FDIS 22476-1:2012(E)

Key
1 fixed horizontal plane
2 base of conical part of cone
l penetration length
z penetration depth
Figure 3 — Penetration length and penetration depth (schematic only)
3.29
piezocone penetration test
CPTU
electrical cone penetration test with measurement of the pore pressures around the cone
3.30
pore pressure ratio
B
q
ratio of the excess pore pressure at the u filter position to the net cone resistance
2
3.31
push rod
part of a string of rods for the transfer of forces to the cone penetrometer
3.32
reference reading
reading of a sensor just before the penetrometer penetrates the ground or just after the penetrometer leaves
the ground
NOTE 1 In offshore situations, it is the reading taken at the sea bed or at the bottom of a bore hole with water pressure
acting.
NOTE 2 With tests starting on shore from the ground surface, the reference reading equals the zero reading.
3.33
thrust machine
equipment that pushes the cone penetrometer and rods into the ground at a constant rate of penetration
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 7

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