SIST-TS CEN/TS 14632:2012
(Main)Plastics piping systems for drainage, sewerage and water supply, pressure and non-pressure - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated polyester resin (UP) - Guidance for the assessment of conformity
Plastics piping systems for drainage, sewerage and water supply, pressure and non-pressure - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated polyester resin (UP) - Guidance for the assessment of conformity
This Technical Specification gives guidance for the assessment of conformity of GRP-UP (glass-reinforced thermosetting resins based on unsaturated polyesters) piping products and assemblies in accordance with EN 1796 and EN 14364 intended to be included in the manufacturer’s quality plan as part of the quality management system and for the establishment of third-party certification procedures.
This Technical Specification gives also guidance for the assessment of conformity of GRP-UP manholes and inspection chambers in accordance with prEN 15383. Pipes according to EN 14364 are used for manufacturing the shafts and chamber units. Additional statements as needed to assess the conformity of manholes and inspection chambers are given in Annex F.
NOTE 1 It is recommended that the quality management system conforms to or is no less stringent than the relevant requirements to EN ISO 9001 [3].
NOTE 2 If third-party certification is involved, it is recommended that the certification body is accredited to EN 45011 [1], EN 45012 [2] or EN ISO/IEC 17021 [5], as applicable.
Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme für die Entwässerung und Wasserversorgung mit und ohne Druck - Glasfaserverstärkte duroplastische Kunststoffe (GFK) auf der Basis von ungesättigtem Polyesterharz (UP) - Empfehlungen für die Beurteilung der Konformität
Diese Technische Spezifikation enthält Empfehlungen für die Bewertung der Konformität von Rohr¬erzeug-nissen und Bauteilkombinationen aus GFK-UP (glasfaserverstärkte duroplastische Kunststoffe auf der Grundlage von un¬ge¬sättigtem Polyesterharz) entsprechend den zutreffenden Teilen von EN 1796 und EN 14364, die als Teil des Qualitäts¬manage¬ment¬systems und für die Einführung von Verfahren der Drittstellenzertifizierung im Quali¬täts¬managementplan des Herstellers vorgesehen sind.
Diese Technische Spezifikation enthält Empfehlungen für die Konformitätsbewertung von Einsteig- und Kon-troll¬schächten aus GFK-UP, die nach prEN 15383 hergestellt werden. Derartige Einsteig- und Kontroll-schächte werden unter Verwendung von Rohren nach EN 14364 für die Steigrohr- und Schachteinheiten hergestellt. Zusätzliche, für die Konformitätsbewertung von Einsteigschächten erforderliche Betrachtungen sind Anhang F zu entnehmen.
ANMERKUNG 1 Es wird empfohlen, dass das Qualitätsmanagementsystem EN ISO 9001 [3] oder mindestens ebenso strengen Anforderungen entspricht.
ANMERKUNG 2 Im Fall von Drittstellenzertifizierung wird empfohlen, dass die Zertifizierungsstelle in Abhängigkeit von der Anwendung entsprechend EN 45011 [1], EN 45012 [2] oder EN ISO/IEC 17021 [5] akkreditiert ist.
Systèmes de canalisations en plastique pour les branchements, les collecteurs d'assainissement et l'alimentation en eau, avec ou sans pression - Plastiques thermodurcissables renforcés de verre (PRV) à base de résine polyester (UP) - Guide pour l'évaluation de conformité
La présente Spécification technique fournit un guide pour l'évaluation de la conformité des produits et des montages de canalisations en PRV-UP (résines thermodurcissables renforcées de verre à base de polyesters non saturés) conformément à l’EN 1796 et à l’EN 14634, destiné à être inclus dans le plan qualité du fabricant dans le cadre du système de management de qualité et pour l’établissement de procédures de certification par tierce partie.
La présente Spécification technique fournit un guide pour l'évaluation de la conformité des regards et des boîtes de branchement et d’inspection conformément au prEN 15383. Les éléments de rehausse et les éléments droits sont fabriqués à partir de tubes conformes à l’EN 14364. Des compléments d’informations nécessaires pour évaluer la conformité des regards et des boîtes de branchement et d’inspection sont présentés à l’Annexe F.
NOTE 1 Il est recommandé que le système de management de la qualité soit conforme aux exigences pertinentes de l’EN ISO 9001 [3] ou au moins aussi strict que ces exigences.
NOTE 2 Si une certification par tierce partie est engagée, il est recommandé d'avoirs recours à un organisme de certification accrédité conformément à l’EN 45011 [1], à l’EN 45012 [2] ou à l’EN ISO/CEI 17021 [5], suivant le cas.
Cevni sistemi iz polimernih materialov za odvodnjavanje, kanalizacijo in oskrbo z vodo, s tlakom in brez njega - S steklenimi vlakni okrepljeni duromerni materiali (GRP), ki temeljijo na nenasičeni poliestrski smoli (UP) - Navodilo za ugotavljanje skladnosti
Ta tehnična specifikacija vsebuje navodila za ugotavljanje skladnosti cevnih izdelkov in sestavov iz duromernih materialov, okrepljenih s steklenimi vlakni, ki temeljijo na nenasičeni poliestrski smoli (GRP-UP), s standardoma EN 1796 in EN 14364, pri čemer naj bi se ta navodila vključila v poslovnik kakovosti proizvajalca kot del sistema vodenja kakovosti, vsebuje pa tudi navodila za vzpostavitev postopka certificiranja, ki ga izvajajo tretje osebe.
Ta tehnična specifikacija vsebuje tudi navodila za ugotavljanje skladnosti vstopnih in revizijskih jaškov iz duromernih materialov, okrepljenih s steklenimi vlakni, ki temeljijo na nenasičeni poliestrski smoli, s standardom prEN 15383. V skladu s standardom EN 14364 se cevi uporabljajo za izdelavo vstopnih in revizijskih jaškov. Dodatne izjave, ki so potrebne za ugotavljanje skladnosti vstopnih in revizijskih jaškov, so navedene v dodatku F.
OPOMBA 1: Priporoča se, da je sistem vodenja kakovosti skladen s standardom EN ISO 9001 [3] oziroma da ni manj strog od ustreznih zahtev iz tega standarda.
OPOMBA 2: Če certificiranje izvajajo tretje osebe, se priporoča, da je certifikacijski organ akreditiran v skladu s standardom EN 45011 [1], EN 45012 [2] ali EN ISO/IEC 17021 [5].
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 14632:2012
01-maj-2012
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SIST-TS CEN/TS 14632:2007
&HYQLVLVWHPLL]SROLPHUQLKPDWHULDORY]DRGYRGQMDYDQMHNDQDOL]DFLMRLQRVNUER]
YRGRVWODNRPLQEUH]QMHJD6VWHNOHQLPLYODNQLRNUHSOMHQLGXURPHUQLPDWHULDOL
*53 NLWHPHOMLMRQDQHQDVLþHQLSROLHVWUVNLVPROL 83 1DYRGLOR]DXJRWDYOMDQMH
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Plastics piping systems for drainage, sewerage and water supply, pressure and non-
pressure - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated
polyester resin (UP) - Guidance for the assessment of conformity
Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme für die Entwässerung und Wasserversorgung mit und
ohne Druck - Glasfaserverstärkte duroplastische Kunststoffe (GFK) auf der Basis von
ungesättigtem Polyesterharz (UP) - Empfehlungen für die Beurteilung der Konformität
Systèmes de canalisations en plastique pour les branchements, les collecteurs
d'assainissement et l'alimentation en eau, avec ou sans pression - Plastiques
thermodurcissables renforcés de verre (PRV) à base de résine polyester (UP) - Guide
pour l'évaluation de conformité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 14632:2012
ICS:
23.040.20 Cevi iz polimernih materialov Plastics pipes
83.120 2MDþDQLSROLPHUL Reinforced plastics
91.140.60 Sistemi za oskrbo z vodo Water supply systems
91.140.80 Drenažni sistemi Drainage systems
SIST-TS CEN/TS 14632:2012 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS CEN/TS 14632:2012
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SIST-TS CEN/TS 14632:2012
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 14632
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
February 2012
ICS 23.040.01; 91.140.60; 91.140.80; 93.030 Supersedes CEN/TS 14632:2006
English Version
Plastics piping systems for drainage, sewerage and water
supply, pressure and non-pressure - Glass-reinforced
thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated polyester
resin (UP) - Guidance for the assessment of conformity
Systèmes de canalisations en plastique pour les Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme für die Entwässerung und
branchements, les collecteurs d'assainissement et Wasserversorgung mit und ohne Druck -
l'alimentation en eau, avec ou sans pression - Plastiques Glasfaserverstärkte duroplastische Kunststoffe (GFK) auf
thermodurcissables renforcés de verre (PRV) à base de der Basis von ungesättigtem Polyesterharz (UP) -
résine polyester (UP) - Guide pour l'évaluation de Empfehlungen für die Beurteilung der Konformität
conformité
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 20 September 2011 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14632:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .6
2 Normative references .6
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 Abbreviated terms .9
5 General .9
6 Testing and inspection . 10
6.1 General . 10
6.2 Type testing . 10
6.3 Audit tests (AT) . 13
6.4 Quality control tests . 15
Annex A (normative) Procedures for dealing with test data provided by the manufacturer and for
witnessed tests in a manufacturer's laboratory . 17
A.1 General . 17
A.2 Test data provided by the manufacturer . 17
A.3 Witnessed tests in a manufacturer's laboratory. 17
Annex B (normative) Definitions of changes in material, design and process . 18
B.1 General . 18
B.2 Change in materials Reinforcements . 18
B.3 Resins . 19
B.4 Change in design . 20
B.5 Change in process . 20
Annex C (normative) Tests to assess the effects of changes . 21
C.1 Tests . 21
C.2 Evaluation of test results . 21
Annex D (normative) Parameters and criteria for reduced long-term tests (RLTT) . 23
D.1 General . 23
D.2 Reduced long-term test parameters . 23
D.3 Evaluation of results of destructive RLTTs (see D.2.1, D.2.2 and D.2.3). 25
Annex E (normative) Parameters and criteria for dry creep and α and β testing . 30
E.1 General . 30
E.2 Test parameters for the creep factor under dry conditions . 30
E.3 Test parameters for the determination of α and ββββ factors . 30
Annex F (normative) Additional statements for manholes and inspection chambers . 32
F.1 General . 32
F.2 Tests specific to manholes and chambers . 32
F.3 Type tests . 32
F.4 Audit tests . 32
F.5 Batch release tests . 32
Bibliography . 33
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Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 14632:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 155 “Plastics
piping systems and ducting systems”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TS 14632:2006.
This Technical Specification can be used to support elaboration of national third party certification procedures
for GRP products (glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics based on unsaturated polyester resin) to be used in
piping systems for the transport of water, drainage and sewage.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
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Introduction
Figures 1 and 2 are intended to provide general information on the concept of testing and organisation of
those tests used for the purpose of the assessment of conformity. For each type of test (i.e. type testing (TT),
batch release test (BRT), process verification test (PVT) and audit test (AT), this document details the
applicable characteristics to be assessed and the frequency and sampling of testing.
A typical scheme for the assessment of conformity of pipes, fittings and assemblies by manufacturers is given
in Figure 1.
Figure 1 —Typical scheme for the assessment of conformity by a manufacturer
A typical scheme for the assessment of conformity of pipes, fittings and assemblies by manufacturers,
including a third-party certification, is given in Figure 2.
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Figure 2 — Typical scheme for the assessment of conformity by a manufacturer, including a third-
party certification
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CEN/TS 14632:2012 (E)
1 Scope
This Technical Specification gives guidance on the assessment of conformity of GRP-UP (glass-reinforced
thermosetting resins based on unsaturated polyesters) piping products and assemblies in accordance with
EN 1796 and EN 14364 intended to be included in the manufacturer’s quality plan as part of the quality
management system and for the establishment of third-party certification procedures.
This Technical Specification also gives guidance on the assessment of conformity of GRP-UP manholes and
inspection chambers in accordance with prEN 15383. Pipes according to EN 14364 are used for
manufacturing the shafts and chamber units. Additional statements as needed to assess the conformity of
manholes and inspection chambers are given in Annex F.
NOTE 1 It is recommended that the quality management system conforms to or is no less stringent than the relevant
requirements to EN ISO 9001 [3].
NOTE 2 If third-party certification is involved, it is recommended that the certification body is accredited to
EN 45011 [1], EN 45012 [2] or EN ISO/IEC 17021 [5], as applicable.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 681-1, Elastomeric seals — Materials requirements for pipe joint seals used in water and drainage
applications — Part 1: Vulcanized rubber
EN 978:1997, Underground tanks of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) Determination of factor alpha and
factor beta
EN 1119, Plastics piping systems Joints for glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings
Test methods for leaktightness and resistance to damage of non-thrust resistant flexible joints with
elastomeric sealing elements
EN 1447, Plastics piping systems Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes Determination of
long-term resistance to internal pressure
EN 1796:2006+A1:2008, Plastics piping systems for water supply with or without pressure — Glass-reinforced
thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated polyester resin (UP)
EN 14364:2006+A1:2008, Plastics piping systems for drainage and sewerage with or without pressure —
Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated polyester resin (UP) — Specifications for
pipes, fittings and joints
prEN 15383:2010, Plastics piping systems for drainage and sewerage — Glass-reinforced thermosetting
plastics (GRP) based on polyester resin (UP) — Manholes and inspection chambers
EN ISO 3126, Plastics piping systems — Plastics components — Determination of dimensions (ISO 3126)
ISO 7432, Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings — Test methods to prove the
design of locked socket-and-spigot joints, including double-socket joints, with elastomeric seals
ISO 7510, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) components — Determination of the
amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method
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ISO 7684, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Determination of
the creep factor under dry conditions
ISO 7685:1998, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes —
Determination of initial specific ring stiffness
ISO 8483, Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings — Test methods to prove the
design of bolted flange joints
ISO 8513, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Determination of
longitudinal tensile properties
ISO 8521, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Test methods
for the determination of the apparent initial circumferential tensile strength
ISO 8533, Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings — Test methods to prove the
design of cemented or wrapped joints
ISO 10466, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Test method to
prove the resistance to initial ring deflection
ISO 10468, Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Determination of the long-term specific
ring creep stiffness under wet conditions and calculation of the wet creep factor
ISO 10471, Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Determination of the long-term ultimate
bending strain and the long-term ultimate relative ring deflection under wet conditions
ISO 10928, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings —
Methods for regression analysis and their use
ISO 10952, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings —
Determination of the resistance to chemical attack for the inside of a section in a deflected condition
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1796:2006+A1:2008,
EN 14364:2006+A1:2008 and prEN 15383:2010 and the following apply.
3.1
certification body
impartial body, governmental or non-governmental, possessing the necessary competence and responsibility
to carry out certification of conformity according to given rules of procedure and management
Note 1 to entry: A certification body is preferably accredited to EN 45011 [1].
3.2
inspection body
impartial organisation or company, approved by the certification body as possessing the necessary
competence to verify and/or to carry out initial type testing, audit testing and inspection of the manufacturer's
factory production control in accordance with the relevant standard
Note 1 to entry: An inspection body is preferably accredited to EN ISO/IEC 17020 [4].
3.3
testing laboratory
laboratory which measures, tests, calibrates or otherwise determines the characteristics of the performance of
materials and products
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Note 1 to entry: In the context of this document, the materials and products can be subjected to type testing, batch release
testing, process verification testing, audit testing, and witness testing, as applicable.
Note 2 to entry: A testing laboratory is preferably accredited to EN ISO/IEC 17025 [6].
3.4
quality management system
management system to direct and control an organization with regard to quality
Note 1 to entry: Requirements for quality management systems are given in EN ISO 9001 [3].
3.5
quality plan
document setting out the specific quality practices, resources and sequence of activities relevant to a
particular product or range of products
3.6
type testing
TT
testing performed to prove that the material, product, joint or assembly is capable of conforming to the
requirements given in the relevant standard
Note 1 to entry: The type test results remain valid until there is a change in the material or product or assembly provided
that the process verification tests are done regularly.
3.7
batch release test
BRT
test performed by or on behalf of the manufacturer on a batch of products, which has to be satisfactorily
completed before the batch can be released
3.8
process verification test
PVT
test performed by or on behalf of the manufacturer on products at specific intervals to confirm that the process
continues to be capable of producing products which conform to the requirements given in the relevant
standard
Note 1 to entry: Such tests are not required to release batches of products and are carried out as a measure of process
control.
3.9
audit test
AT
test performed by a test laboratory on behalf of an inspection body or certification body to confirm that the
product continues to conform to the requirements given in the relevant standard and to provide information to
assess the effectiveness of the quality management system
3.10
indirect test
IT
test performed by or on behalf of the manufacturer, different from that specified test for that particular
characteristic, having previously verified its correlation with the specified test
3.11
witness test
WT
test accepted by an inspection or a certification body for type testing and/or audit testing, which is carried out
by or on behalf of the manufacturer and supervised by a representative of the inspection or certification body,
qualified in testing
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3.12
product
pipe, fitting, manhole or inspection chamber of a clearly identified type intended to be a part of a piping system
which the manufacturer puts on the market
3.13
product batch
clearly identified collection of products, manufactured consecutively or continuously under the same
conditions, conforming to the same specification
Note 1 to entry: The production batch is defined and identified by the product manufacturer.
3.14
lot
clearly identifiable sub-division of a batch for inspection purposes
3.15
sample
one or more products drawn from the same production batch or lot, selected at random without regard to their
quality
Note 1 to entry: The number of products in the sample is the sample size.
3.16
group
collection of similar products from which samples are selected for testing purposes
3.17
reduced long-term test
RLTT
test using shorter time periods than those specified for the long-term test
Note 1 to entry: The RLTT results are to be compared to the results from the long-term test to verify that the current
performance of a product conforms to the initially established long-term performance.
4 Abbreviated terms
To avoid misunderstanding, the abbreviations in this Clause are defined as being the same in each language.
For the same reason, the terms are given in the three languages, English, French and German.
EN FR DE
AT audit test essai d’audit Überwachungsprüfung
BRT batch release test essai de libération de campagne de fabrication Freigabeprüfung einer Charge
IT indirect test essai indirect indirekte Prüfung
PVT process verification test essai de vérification du procédé de fabrication Prozessüberprüfung
RLTT reduced long-term test essai à long-terme écourté verkürzte Langzeitprüfung
TT type test essai de type Typprüfung
WT witness testing essai témoin Prüfung unter Aufsicht
5 General
5.1 The materials, pipes, fittings, joints, manholes and inspection chambers shall conform to the
requirements in EN 1796, EN 14364 and prEN 15383, as applicable.
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5.2 Pipes, fittings, joints, manholes and inspection chambers shall be produced by the manufacturer under
a quality management system which includes a quality plan.
It is recommended that the quality management system conforms to or is no less stringent than the relevant
requirements of EN ISO 9001 [3].
5.3 For the effect on water quality, attention is drawn to the requirements of National regulations.
6 Testing and inspection
6.1 General
6.1.1 Records of inspection and test
Unless otherwise specified all records shall be maintained for a minimum of ten years.
6.1.2 Indirect tests
Generally, testing shall be performed according to the test method referred to EN 1796, EN 14364 and
prEN 15383, as applicable.
Indirect testing may be used for BRT and PVT characteristics as given in 6.4.1 and 6.4.2, respectively. Indirect
testing shall not be applied to type testing.
The correlation or safe relationship of the indirect testing to the specified testing shall be documented in the
manufacturer's quality plan. If a third party certification is involved, the IT shall be accepted by the certification
body. The continuing validity of the indirect testing shall be checked at regular intervals. In cases of dispute,
the test methods referred to in EN 1796, EN 14364 and prEN 15383, as applicable, shall be used for BRT or
PVT, using RLTT, where applicable.
6.2 Type testing
6.2.1 General
Type tests shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements and rules given in Annex A and, the
requirements given in 6.2.2 to 6.2.4, as applicable.
6.2.2 Pipe type test group
A pipe type test group consists of a range or family of products made such that the results of the long-term
type tests are applicable to all products in the group. A pipe type test group shall be made of products:
a) manufactured by the same process;
b) with the same material specifications;
c) with the same pipe wall construction (i.e. the sequence of layers, layer compositions, material properties
and design method for using the results of the long-term type tests in determining the pipe wall for all
combinations of DN, PN and SN);
d) tested with the same loading condition (i.e. uniaxial or biaxial load).
The quality management system shall document all process details that could influence type test
performance. The quality management system shall document the complete product design method and
demonstrate how the results of the type tests are used to establish product designs.
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Table 1 lists the constituents which are addressed by a certificate of conformity to the pipe-manufacturer's
specification from the material producer. Table 2 lists the characteristics declared by the manufacturer.
Table 3 lists the long-term type tests to be conducted. In addition, all short-term properties listed in Table 6 for
BRT shall be tested and documented for the pipes used for the long-term type tests.
Table 1 — Characteristics for pipe type test (TT) — Constituents covered by a certificate of conformity
Constituents
Glass fibre reinforcements
Thermosetting polyester resins
Fillers
Aggregates
Thermoplastic liners
Elastomers
Metals
Table 2 — Characteristics for pipe type test (TT) — Characteristics declared by the manufacturers
a
Characteristic
Wall construction
Wall thickness
a
The wall construction (the sequence and composition of the individual layers
comprising the pipe wall) shall be documented by the manufacturer. The manufacturer shall
translate the product design into detailed process specifications to control the amount and
placement of material components.
Table 3 — Characteristics for pipe long-term type test (TT) - Characteristics verified by testing
Characteristic Test method Minimum sampling frequency
Pipes
Creep factor under wet conditions ISO 10468 one DN per pipe type test group
Resistance to long-term ultimate ring deflection ISO 10471 one DN per pipe type test group
Long-term failure pressure EN 1447 one DN per pipe type test group
Resistance to strain corrosion for sewer pipe only ISO 10952 one DN per pipe type test group
6.2.3 Joint type test group
6.2.3.1 General
A joint type test group is determined by the configuration of the joint and the loading condition. Joint type test
groups are the following:
a) flanged uniaxial loading;
b) flanged biaxial loading;
c) butt/wrap uniaxial loading;
d) butt/wrap biaxial loading;
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SIST-TS CEN/TS 14632:2012
CEN/TS 14632:2012 (E)
e) cemented uniaxial loading;
f) cemented biaxial loading;
g) gasket sealed uniaxial loading;
h) gasket sealed biaxial loading.
NOTE The term “uniaxial loading” refers to pressurization where there is no pressure end thrust component (the
pressure end thrust is taken by the test fixture and not the pipe) and thus the pipe is loaded only in the circumferential
direction while “biaxial loading” refers to pressurization where the pressure end thrust component is carried by the pipe
and thus the pipe is loaded in both circumferential and longitudinal directions.
The joint testing methods give the performance requirements for the various configurations of joints, but
recognizing the very wide range of diameters and pressures it is clearly impractical to test all combinations of
DN/PN. The quality management system shall document the procedures for designing and manufacturing the
joints and include the results of testing programs to verify performance and establish over what range the test
results are applicable and how the design procedures are established and how they apply across the product
range. It is likely that multiple tests will be required to qualify the full range of PN and DN for any given
combination of joint configuration and loading condition and these results shall be documented as part of the
quality management system.
6.2.3.2 Butt/wrap and cemented joints
For butt/wrap and cemented joints, the methodology for designing joints shall be established by conducting
type tests that can be used to establish the procedures for design of the complete range of joints. Butt/wrap
and cemented joints are evaluated according to
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14632:2011
01-julij-2011
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*53 NLWHPHOMLMRQDQHQDVLþHQLSROLHVWUVNLVPROL 83 1DYRGLOR]DXJRWDYOMDQMH
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Plastics piping systems for drainage, sewerage and water supply, pressure and non-
pressure - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated
polyester resin (UP) - Guidance for the assessment of conformity
Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme für die Entwässerung und Wasserversorgung mit und
ohne Druck - Glasfaserverstärkte duroplastische Kunststoffe (GFK) auf der Basis von
ungesättigtem Polyesterharz (UP) - Empfehlungen für die Beurteilung der Konformität
Systèmes de canalisations en plastique pour les branchements, les collecteurs
d'assainissement et l'alimentation en eau, avec ou sans pression - Plastiques
thermodurcissables renforcés de verre (PRV) à base de résine polyester (UP) - Guide
pour l'évaluation de conformité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TS 14632
ICS:
23.040.20 Cevi iz polimernih materialov Plastics pipes
91.140.60 Sistemi za oskrbo z vodo Water supply systems
91.140.80 Drenažni sistemi Drainage systems
93.030 Zunanji sistemi za odpadno External sewage systems
vodo
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14632:2011
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14632:2011
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
FINAL DRAFT
FprCEN/TS 14632
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
May 2011
ICS 23.040.01; 91.140.60; 91.140.80; 93.030 Will supersede CEN/TS 14632:2006
English Version
Plastics piping systems for drainage, sewerage and water
supply, pressure and non-pressure - Glass-reinforced
thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated polyester
resin (UP) - Guidance for the assessment of conformity
Systèmes de canalisations en plastique pour les Kunststoff-Rohrleitungssysteme für die Entwässerung und
branchements, les collecteurs d'assainissement et Wasserversorgung mit und ohne Druck -
l'alimentation en eau, avec ou sans pression - Plastiques Glasfaserverstärkte duroplastische Kunststoffe (GFK) auf
thermodurcissables renforcés de verre (PRV) à base de der Basis von ungesättigtem Polyesterharz (UP) -
résine polyester (UP) - Guide pour l'évaluation de Empfehlungen für die Beurteilung der Konformität
conformité
This draft Technical Specification is submitted to CEN members for formal vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
155.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Specification. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice
and shall not be referred to as a Technical Specification.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TS 14632:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14632:2011
FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .6
2 Normative references .6
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 Abbreviated terms .9
5 General .9
6 Testing and inspection . 10
6.1 General . 10
6.2 Type testing . 10
6.3 Audit tests (AT) . 13
6.4 Quality control tests . 15
Annex A (normative) Procedures for dealing with test data provided by the manufacturer and for
witnessed tests in a manufacturer's laboratory . 17
A.1 General . 17
A.2 Test data provided by the manufacturer . 17
A.3 Witnessed tests in a manufacturer's laboratory. 17
Annex B (normative) Definitions of changes in material, design and process . 18
B.1 General . 18
B.2 Change in materials Reinforcements . 18
B.3 Resins . 19
B.4 Change in design . 20
B.5 Change in process . 20
Annex C (normative) Tests to assess the effects of changes . 21
C.1 Tests . 21
C.2 Evaluation of test results . 21
Annex D (normative) Parameters and criteria for reduced long-term tests (RLTT) . 23
D.1 General . 23
D.2 Reduced long-term test parameters . 23
D.3 Evaluation of results of destructive RLTTs (see D.2.1, D.2.2 and D.2.3). 25
Annex E (normative) Parameters and criteria for dry creep and α and β testing . 30
E.1 General . 30
E.2 Test parameters for the creep factor under dry conditions . 30
E.3 Test parameters for the determination of α and ββββ factors . 30
Annex F (normative) Additional statements for manholes and inspection chambers . 32
F.1 General . 32
F.2 Tests specific to manholes and chambers . 32
F.3 Type tests . 32
F.4 Audit tests . 32
F.5 Batch release tests . 32
Bibliography . 33
2
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14632:2011
FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
Foreword
This document (FprCEN/TS 14632:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 155 “Plastics
piping systems and ducting systems”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This document is currently submitted to the Technical Committee Approval.
This document will supersede CEN/TS 14632:2006.
This Technical Specification can be used to support elaboration of national third party certification procedures
for GRP products (glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics based on unsaturated polyester resin) to be used in
piping systems for the transport of water, drainage and sewage.
3
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FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
Introduction
Figures 1 and 2 are intended to provide general information on the concept of testing and organisation of
those tests used for the purpose of the assessment of conformity. For each type of test (i.e. type testing (TT),
batch release test (BRT), process verification test (PVT) and audit test (AT), this document details the
applicable characteristics to be assessed and the frequency and sampling of testing.
A typical scheme for the assessment of conformity of pipes, fittings and assemblies by manufacturers is given
in Figure 1.
Figure 1 —Typical scheme for the assessment of conformity by a manufacturer
A typical scheme for the assessment of conformity of pipes, fittings and assemblies by manufacturers,
including a third-party certification, is given in Figure 2.
4
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14632:2011
FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
Figure 2 — Typical scheme for the assessment of conformity by a manufacturer, including a third-
party certification
5
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14632:2011
FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
1 Scope
This Technical Specification gives guidance for the assessment of conformity of GRP-UP (glass-reinforced
thermosetting resins based on unsaturated polyesters) piping products and assemblies in accordance with
EN 1796 and EN 14364 intended to be included in the manufacturer’s quality plan as part of the quality
management system and for the establishment of third-party certification procedures.
This Technical Specification gives also guidance for the assessment of conformity of GRP-UP manholes and
inspection chambers in accordance with prEN 15383. Pipes according to EN 14364 are used for
manufacturing the shafts and chamber units. Additional statements as needed to assess the conformity of
manholes and inspection chambers are given in Annex F.
NOTE 1 It is recommended that the quality management system conforms to or is no less stringent than the relevant
requirements to EN ISO 9001 [3].
NOTE 2 If third-party certification is involved, it is recommended that the certification body is accredited to
EN 45011 [1], EN 45012 [2] or EN ISO/IEC 17021 [5], as applicable.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 681-1, Elastomeric seals — Materials requirements for pipe joint seals used in water and drainage
applications — Part 1: Vulcanized rubber
EN 978:1997, Underground tanks of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) Determination of factor alpha and
factor beta
EN 1119, Plastics piping systems Joints for glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings
Test methods for leaktightness and resistance to damage of non-thrust resistant flexible joints with
elastomeric sealing elements
EN 1447, Plastics piping systems Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes Determination of
long-term resistance to internal pressure
EN 1796:2006+A1:2008, Plastics piping systems for water supply with or without pressure — Glass-reinforced
thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated polyester resin (UP)
EN 14364:2006+A1:2008, Plastics piping systems for drainage and sewerage with or without pressure —
Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) based on unsaturated polyester resin (UP) — Specifications for
pipes, fittings and joints
prEN 15383:2010, Plastics piping systems for drainage and sewerage — Glass-reinforced thermosetting
plastics (GRP) based on polyester resin (UP) — Manholes and inspection chambers
EN ISO 3126, Plastics piping systems — Plastics components — Determination of dimensions
(ISO 3126:2005)
ISO 7432, Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings — Test methods to prove the
design of locked socket-and-spigot joints, including double-socket joints, with elastomeric seals
ISO 7510, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) components — Determination of the
amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method
6
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14632:2011
FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
ISO 7684, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Determination of
the creep factor under dry conditions
ISO 7685:1998, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes —
Determination of initial specific ring stiffness
ISO 8483, Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings — Test methods to prove the
design of bolted flange joints
ISO 8513, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Determination of
longitudinal tensile properties
ISO 8521, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Test methods
for the determination of the apparent initial circumferential tensile strength
ISO 8533, Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings — Test methods to prove the
design of cemented or wrapped joints
ISO 10466, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Test method to
prove the resistance to initial ring deflection
ISO 10468, Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Determination of the long-term specific
ring creep stiffness under wet conditions and calculation of the wet creep factor
ISO 10471, Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Determination of the long-term ultimate
bending strain and the long-term ultimate relative ring deflection under wet conditions
ISO 10928, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings —
Methods for regression analysis and their use
ISO 10952, Plastics piping systems — Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings —
Determination of the resistance to chemical attack for the inside of a section in a deflected condition
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1796:2006+A1:2008,
EN 14364:2006+A1:2008 and prEN 15383:2010 and the following apply.
3.1
certification body
impartial body, governmental or non-governmental, possessing the necessary competence and responsibility
to carry out certification of conformity according to given rules of procedure and management
NOTE A certification body is preferably accredited to EN 45011 [1].
3.2
inspection body
impartial organisation or company, approved by the certification body as possessing the necessary
competence to verify and/or to carry out initial type testing, audit testing and inspection of the manufacturer's
factory production control in accordance with the relevant standard
NOTE A inspection body is preferably accredited to EN ISO/IEC 17020 [4].
3.3
testing laboratory
laboratory which measures, tests, calibrates or otherwise determines the characteristics of the performance of
materials and products
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FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
NOTE 1 In the context of this document, the materials and products can be subjected to type testing, batch release
testing, process verification testing, audit testing, and witness testing, as applicable.
NOTE 2 A testing laboratory is preferably accredited to EN ISO/IEC 17025 [6].
3.4
quality management system
management system to direct and control an organization with regard to quality
NOTE Requirements for quality management systems are given in EN ISO 9001 [3].
3.5
quality plan
document setting out the specific quality practices, resources and sequence of activities relevant to a
particular product or range of products
3.6
type testing
TT
testing performed to prove that the material, product, joint or assembly is capable of conforming to the
requirements given in the relevant standard
NOTE The type test results remain valid until there is a change in the material or product or assembly provided that
the process verification tests are done regularly.
3.7
batch release test
BRT
test performed by or on behalf of the manufacturer on a batch of products, which has to be satisfactorily
completed before the batch can be released
3.8
process verification test
PVT
test performed by or on behalf of the manufacturer on products at specific intervals to confirm that the process
continues to be capable of producing products which conform to the requirements given in the relevant
standard
NOTE Such tests are not required to release batches of products and are carried out as a measure of process
control.
3.9
audit test
AT
test performed by a test laboratory on behalf of an inspection body or certification body to confirm that the
product, continues to conform to the requirements given in the relevant standard and to provide information to
assess the effectiveness of the quality management system
3.10
indirect test
IT
test performed by or on behalf of the manufacturer, different from that specified test for that particular
characteristic, having previously verified its correlation with the specified test
3.11
witness test
WT
test accepted by an inspection or a certification body for type testing and/or audit testing, which is carried out
by or on behalf of the manufacturer and supervised by a representative of the inspection or certification body,
qualified in testing
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FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
3.12
product
pipe, fitting, manhole or inspection chamber of a clearly identified type intended to be a part of a piping system
which the manufacturer puts on the market
3.13
product batch
clearly identified collection of products, manufactured consecutively or continuously under the same
conditions, conforming to the same specification
NOTE The production batch is defined and identified by the product manufacturer.
3.14
lot
clearly identifiable sub-division of a batch for inspection purposes
3.15
sample
one or more products drawn from the same production batch or lot, selected at random without regard to their
quality
NOTE The number of products in the sample is the sample size.
3.16
group
collection of similar products from which samples are selected for testing purposes
3.17
reduced long-term test
RLTT
test using shorter time periods than those specified for the long-term test
NOTE The RLTT results are to be compared to the results from the long-term test to verify that the current
performance of a product conforms to the initially established long-term performance.
4 Abbreviated terms
To avoid misunderstanding, the abbreviations in this Clause are defined as being the same in each language.
For the same reason, the terms are given in the three languages, English, French and German.
EN FR DE
AT audit test essai d’audit Überwachungsprüfung
BRT batch release test essai de libération de campagne de fabrication Freigabeprüfung einer Charge
IT indirect test essai indirect indirekte Prüfung
PVT process verification test essai de vérification du procédé de fabrication Prozessüberprüfung
RLTT reduced long-term test essai à long terme écourté verkürzte Langzeitprüfung
TT type test essai de type Typprüfung
WT witness testing essai témoin Prüfung unter Aufsicht
5 General
5.1 The materials, pipes, fittings, joints, manholes and inspection chambers shall conform to the
requirements in EN 1796, EN 14364 and prEN 15383, as applicable.
9
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FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
5.2 Pipes, fittings, joints, manholes and inspection chambers shall be produced by the manufacturer under
a quality management system which includes a quality plan.
It is recommended that the quality management system conforms to or is no less stringent than the relevant
requirements to EN ISO 9001 [3].
5.3 For the effect on water quality, attention is drawn to the requirements of National regulations.
6 Testing and inspection
6.1 General
6.1.1 Records of inspection and test
Unless otherwise specified all records shall be maintained for a minimum of ten years.
6.1.2 Indirect tests
Generally, testing shall be performed according to the test method referred to EN 1796, EN 14364 and
prEN 15383, as applicable.
Indirect testing may be used for BRT and PVT characteristics as given in 6.4.1 and 6.4.2, respectively. Indirect
testing shall not be applied to type testing.
The correlation or safe relationship of the indirect testing to the specified testing shall be documented in the
manufacturer's quality plan. If a third party certification is involved the IT shall be accepted by the certification
body. The continuing validity of the indirect testing shall be checked at regular intervals. In cases of dispute
the test methods referred to in EN 1796, EN 14364 and prEN 15383, as applicable, shall be used for BRT or
PVT, using RLTT, where applicable.
6.2 Type testing
6.2.1 General
Type tests shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements and rules given in Annex A and, the
requirements given in 6.2.2 to 6.2.4, as applicable.
6.2.2 Pipe type test group
A pipe type test group consists of a range or family of products made such that the results of the long-term
type tests are applicable to all products in the group. A pipe type test group shall be made of products:
a) manufactured by the same process;
b) with the same material specifications;
c) with the same pipe wall construction (i.e. the sequence of layers, layer compositions, material properties
and design method for using the results of the long-term type tests in determining the pipe wall for all
combinations of DN, PN and SN);
d) tested with the same loading condition (i.e. uniaxial or biaxial load).
The quality management system shall document all process details that could influence type test
performance. The quality management system shall document the complete product design method and
demonstrate how the results of the type tests are used to establish product designs.
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 14632:2011
FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
Table 1 lists the constituents which are addressed by a certificate of conformity to the pipe-manufacturer's
specification from the material producer. Table 2 lists the characteristics declared by the manufacturer.
Table 3 lists the long-term type tests to be conducted. In addition, all short term properties listed in Table 6 for
BRT shall be tested and documented for the pipes used for the long-term type tests.
Table 1 — Characteristics for pipe type test (TT) — Constituents covered by a certificate of conformity
Constituents
Glass fibre reinforcements
Thermosetting polyester resins
Fillers
Aggregates
Thermoplastic liners
Elastomers
Metals
Table 2 — Characteristics for pipe type test (TT) — Characteristics declared by the manufacturers
a
Characteristic
Wall construction
Wall thickness
a
The wall construction (the sequence and composition of the individual layers
comprising the pipe wall) shall be documented by the manufacturer. The manufacturer shall
translate the product design into detailed process specifications to control the amount and
placement of material components.
Table 3 — Characteristics for pipe long-term type test (TT) - Characteristics verified by testing
Characteristic Test method Minimum sampling frequency
Pipes
Creep factor under wet conditions ISO 10468 one DN per pipe type test group
Resistance to long-term ultimate ring deflection ISO 10471 one DN per pipe type test group
Long-term failure pressure EN 1447 one DN per pipe type test group
Resistance to strain corrosion for sewer pipe only ISO 10952 one DN per pipe type test group
6.2.3 Joint type test group
6.2.3.1 General
A joint type test group is determined by the configuration of the joint and the loading condition. Joint type test
groups are the following:
a) flanged uniaxial loading;
b) flanged biaxial loading;
c) butt/wrap uniaxial loading;
d) butt/wrap biaxial loading;
11
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FprCEN/TS 14632:2011 (E)
e) cemented uniaxial loading;
f) cemented biaxial loading;
g) gasket sealed uniaxial loading;
h) gasket sealed biaxial loading.
NOTE The term “uniaxial loading” refers to pressurization where there is no pressure end thrust component (the
pressure end thrust is taken by the test fixture and not the pipe) and thus the pipe is loaded only in the circumferential
direction while “biaxial loading” refers to pressurization where the pressure end thrust component is carried by the pipe
and thus the pipe is loaded in both circumferential and longitudinal directions.
The joint testing methods give the performance requirements for the various configurations of joints, but
recognizing the very wide range of diameters and pressures it is clearly impractical to test all combinations of
DN/PN. The quality management system shall document the procedures for designing and manufacturing the
joints and include the results of testing programs to verify performance and establish over what range the test
results are applicable and how the design procedures are established and how they apply across the product
range. It is likely that multiple tests will be required to qualify the full range of PN and DN for any given
combination of joint configuration and loading condition and these results shall be documented as part of the
quality management system.
6.2.3.2 Butt/wrap and cemented joints
For butt/wrap and cemented joints the methodology for designing joints shall be established by conducting
type tests that can be used to establish the procedures for design of the complete range of joints. Butt/wrap
and cemented joints are evaluated according to ISO 8533. When applicable, the bending resistance of end
thrust loaded joints is evaluated according to ISO 8533 or the procedure given in of EN 1796:2006+A1:2008,
Annex A, or EN 14364:2006+A1:2008, Annex A, as applicable, as agreed by manufacturer and purchaser.
6.2.3.3 Bolted flanged joints
For bolted flanged joints the methodology for design shall be established by conducting type tests that can be
used to establish the procedures for the design of the complete range of joints. Testing of flanged joints shall
also consider the type of gasket (flat face or O-ring) sealing systems. Flanged joints are evaluated according
to ISO 8483. When applicable, the bending resistance of end thrust loaded joints is evaluated according to
ISO 8483 or the procedure given in EN 1796:2006+A1:2008, Annex A, or EN 14364:2006+A1:2008, Annex A,
as applicable, as agreed by manufacturer and
...
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