SIST-TP CEN/TR 13768:2005
(Main)Characterisation of sludges - Good practice for combined incineration of sludges and household wastes
Characterisation of sludges - Good practice for combined incineration of sludges and household wastes
This document gives indication for dealing of the combined incineration treatment of sludge and household waste.
This document is applicable to sludges described in the scope of CEN/TC 308 i.e. specifically derived from :
- storm water handling ;
- night soil ;
- urban wastewater collecting systems ;
- urban wastewater treatment plants ;
- treating industrial wastewater similar to urban wastewater (as defined in Directive 91/271/EEC ) ;
but excluding hazardous sludges from industry.
Annex A gives information on various systems to input sludge into a household waste incineration plant.
Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Anleitung für die gute fachliche Praxis bei der gemeinsamen Verbrennung von Schlämmen und Haushaltsabfällen
Caractérisation des boues - Bonne pratique d'incinération combinée des boues et des déchets ménagers
Le présent document donne des indications pour le traitement par incinération combinée de boues et de déchets ménagers.
Le présent document s'applique aux boues décrites dans le domaine d'application du CEN/TC 308, provenant spécifiquement :
- de la collecte des eaux pluviales ;
- des matieres de vidange ;
- des systemes de collecte des eaux usées urbaines ;
- des stations d'épuration des eaux usées urbaines ;
- des stations d'épuration des eaux industrielles assimilées (telles que définies par la Directive 91/271/CEE) ;
a l'exclusion des boues industrielles dangereuses.
L'Annexe A donne des informations concernant différents systemes d'introduction de boues dans une installation d'incinération de déchets ménagers.
Karakterizacija blata - Dobra praksa za skupni sežig blat in komunalnih odpadkov
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 13768:2005
01-februar-2005
1DGRPHãþD
SIST CR 13768:2001
SIST CR 13768:2001
Karakterizacija blata - Dobra praksa za skupni sežig blat in komunalnih odpadkov
Characterisation of sludges - Good practice for combined incineration of sludges and
household wastes
Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Anleitung für die gute fachliche Praxis bei der
gemeinsamen Verbrennung von Schlämmen und Haushaltsabfällen
Caractérisation des boues - Bonne pratique d'incinération combinée des boues et des
déchets ménagers
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 13768:2004
ICS:
13.030.20 7HNRþLRGSDGNL%ODWR Liquid wastes. Sludge
13.030.40 Naprave in oprema za Installations and equipment
odstranjevanje in obdelavo for waste disposal and
odpadkov treatment
SIST-TP CEN/TR 13768:2005 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 13768:2005
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 13768
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
August 2004
ICS 13.030.20; 13.030.40 Supersedes CR 13768:2001
English version
Characterisation of sludges - Good practice for combined
incineration of sludges and household wastes
Caractérisation des boues - Bonne pratique pour Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Anleitung für die gute
incinération combinée des boues et des déchets ménagers fachliche Praxis bei der gemeinsamen Verbrennung von
Schlämmen und Haushaltsabfällen
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 26 February 2004. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 308.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 13768:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Requirements.7
4.1 General.7
4.2 Origin and knowledge of the materials intended for combined incineration.7
4.2.1 General aspects .7
4.2.2 Parameters relating to transport. storage and transfer.8
4.2.3 Parameters relating to combustion conditions and to gaseous and solid discharges .8
4.2.4 Case of sludge with additives .9
4.3 Requirements concerning transport, storage and transfer .9
4.3.1 General provisions concerning transport.9
4.3.2 Recommendations specific to transport.10
4.3.3 General provisions concerning storage.10
4.3.4 General provisions concerning transfer .11
4.4 Suitability of the incineration equipment .12
4.4.1 Incineration equipment .12
4.4.2 General considerations relating to the incineration .12
4.4.3 Particular recommendations for combined incineration.14
Annex A Various systems to input sludge into a household waste incineration plant .16
A.1 General.16
A.2 Sludge whose dry matter content < 35 %.16
A.3 Sludge whose dryness is > 65 % .16
A.4 Sludge whose dry matter content between 35 % to 65 % .17
A.5 Drying the sludge in the household waste incineration plant .17
Annex B Different furnace types .18
Bibliography .22
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Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 13768:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN /TC 308, "Characterization
of sludges", the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This document supersedes CR 13768:2001.
Significant technical differences between this edition and CR 13768:2001 is taking account of the new Directive
2000/76/EC (incineration of waste).
The status of this document as CEN Technical Report has been chosen because the most of its content is not
completely in line with practice and regulation in each member state. This document gives recommendations for a
good practice concerning the combined incineration of sludges and household wastes but existing national
regulations remain in force.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Report: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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Introduction
All of the recommendations of this document constitute a framework within which the combined incineration
process can be proposed in addition to and/or as a substitution for field spreading, waste site disposal (landfilling),
specific incineration (see TR 13767), or any other process.
Combined incineration should abide by the European Directive 2000/76/EC (Incineration of waste) and should
comply with the relevant regulations and recommendations in force within each member state to reduce as far as
possible negative effects on the environment such as pollution of the air, ground, surface and underground water,
and on human and animal health. This concern therefore relates to: the pre-treatment of the sludge in plants, the
transfer of the material to the treatment centre, the actual destruction process, the treatment of gaseous discharge
into the atmosphere, the future of the different by-products stemming from combustion and the treatment of the
liquid effluents possibly resulting from the process.
Anyway, priority should be given to reduction of pollutants at the origin and or to recovery of valuable substances
(phosphorus, potassium…) in sludge and derived products if technically and economically feasible.
As part of a process and company quality approach, the relevant issues are therefore :
exploiting the operating data and the statutory inspections carried out ;
rendering the process reliable, optimising and of perpetuating it, as well as guaranteeing a permanent
development ;
maintaining a climate of confidence between the authorities, the sludge producers, the transporters, the
incineration plant and waste disposal site operators and to allow the services to be provided on a contractual
basis.
When necessary, a distinction can be made between existing facilities and new incineration plants.
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1 Scope
This document gives indication for dealing of the combined incineration treatment of sludge and household waste.
This document is applicable to sludges described in the scope of CEN/TC 308 i.e. specifically derived from :
storm water handling ;
night soil ;
urban wastewater collecting systems ;
urban wastewater treatment plants ;
treating industrial wastewater similar to urban wastewater (as defined in Directive 91/271/EEC ) ;
but excluding hazardous sludges from industry.
Annex A gives information on various systems to input sludge into a household waste incineration plant.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,
only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
EN 1085, Wastewater treatment – Vocabulary.
EN 12832, Characterization of sludges. – Utilization and disposal of sludges – Vocabulary
EN 13965-1, Characterization of waste – Terminology – Part 1 : Materials related terms and definitions.
EN 13965-2:2004, Characterization of waste – Terminology – Part 2 : Management related terms and definitions.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions given in EN 12832 and EN 1085 and the
following in accordance with EN 13965-1 and 2 except for the definition of combined incineration apply :
3.1
household waste
waste arising in households
[see EN 13965-1]
3.2
incineration
treatment by combustion
NOTE In contrast to pyrolysis, incineration is carried out with full supply of oxygen
[see EN 13965-2]
3.3
household waste incineration plant
all of the equipment required for the thermal conversion by incineration of household waste with or without energy
recovery
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3.4
combined incineration of sludge and household waste
incineration of sludge and household waste in a same combustion chamber
3.5
pyrolysis
thermal treatment with limited supply of oxygen
[3.40 of EN 13965-2:2004]
3.6
thermolysis
one of the methods of application of pyrolysis
3.7
charge preparation
the operation of preparing sludge that can be necessary prior to entering the furnace
3.8
incinerator furnace
specific part of the incineration plant where the combustion reactions that destroy the organic matter take place,
generating gaseous effluent and solid residues
3.9
boiler (heat exchanger)
specific part of the incineration plant where heat exchange takes place in view of recovering energy and of cooling
down the fumes
3.10
waste gas treatment
any physical or chemical process aimed at cleaning the flue gas resulting from the thermal treatment with the
regard to their discharge into the atmosphere
3.11
bottom ash
combustion residue arising at the bottom of combustion furnaces
[see EN 13965-1]
3.12
fly ash
solid material that is entrained in a flue gas stream
[see EN 13965-1]
NOTE See waste Directive 91/156/EEC.
3.13
energy recovery
activity to use combustible waste as a means to generate energy through direct incineration with recovery of heat
[see EN 13965-2]
NOTE See packaging Directive (94/62/EEC).
3.14
storage center (landfill)
waste disposal site for the deposit of the waste onto or into land
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3.15
leachate
liquid percolating through the deposited waste and emitted from or contained within a landfill
3.16
recycling
activity in a production process to process waste materials for the original purpose or for other purposes, excluding
energy recovery
NOTE See packaging Directive 94/62/EEC
[see EN 13965-2]
4 Requirements
4.1 General
As a general rule, the criteria, which lead the decision-makers to choose combined incineration, are similar to those
which lead them to construct or to extend incineration plants for household waste only.
The local recommendations take into account :
impossibility to introduce or pursue any other process or to have at one's disposal an alternative to existing
solutions, throughout whole or part of the year, in particular in the case of technical shutdown and particularly if
the incineration plant only has one treatment unit ;
geographical context, the client population and therefore the potential input material (waste + sludge) as well
as the expected developments ;
proximity of the sewage treatment plant/incineration plant and the local road network ;
extent to which the incineration plants are used (dimensioning of furnaces, charge levels, filling) ;
variations due to seasonal activity and production peaks both in sludge and household waste.
4.2 Origin and knowledge of the materials intended for combined incineration
4.2.1 General aspects
Considering, in the spirit of this guide, combined incineration as one of the channels for sludge treatment, two
approaches are possible :
the treatment site accepts over the course of time materials of different origin, type, behaviour and quantity and it
should be readily adaptable in order to always guarantee optimum destruction ;
the treatment site (due to its design, for example) cannot offer any flexibility. Two cases then present themselves :
a quantitative or qualitative limitation will be demanded on the site ;
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a reflection, taking into account the technical and economic constraints, should be conducted in order to
examine the influence of any modification in sludge production, so as to achieve a perfect
material/process match.
There should be the opportunity for process evolution to comply with new constraints, particularly arising from
changes in legislation. Finally, it is worthwhile specifying that incineration plants are installations which, for reasons
of technical availability and maintenance, operate between 7000 h and 8000 h per year. It will therefore be
advisable to provide for a selective and appropriate organisation (alternative elimination or storage channel) with
the water treatment site administrator during the furnace shutdown periods, whether of short duration (minor
maintenance operations, incident) or of long duration (programmed stoppage for major yearly overhauling). This
latter comment is particularly important in the case of a plant equipped with one incineration line only. Under these
conditions, it is then a question of specifying certain physico-chemical properties of the "sludge material" which can
influence the combined incineration process with a view to making provision for the necessary installations, the
behaviour and flexibility of the equipment to be implemented as well as the possible additional maintenance and
wear. The methods for sampling and controlling the follow-ups as well as their validity will conform to the
requirements suggested by all of the players of the process, from the producer up to the final disposer.
Prior knowledge of the parameters given below will greatly help determine what equipment has to be considered
both for adapting the new combined incineration activity at existing plants not planned for this purpose and for
designing new incineration plants.
The operational departments of the incineration plants reserve the right to refuse a sludge, which can present one
or more "abnormal" parameters, e.g. a particularly high content of one or more trace elements and for which the
unit's equipment :
will not allow to respect prescriptions of the directive 2000/76/EC
will not allow to guarantee compliance with current emission thresholds ;
will generate bottom ash and fly ash whose deterioration of the quality will no longer allow a disposal in
conformity to the provisions in force (regulation and/or current technical-economic conditions). We will point out
that too high contents of phosphorous pentoxide (P O ) in the bottom ash and ash cause a drop in their
2 5
melting point.
4.2.2 Parameters relating to transport. storage and transfer
It is a question of :
origin of sludge ;
type of sludge ;
dry substance content ;
viscosity and rheological behaviour on delivery and on recovery ;
stability when piled, heap angle ;
risks of the material and its parameters changing with time, during transport and storage (varying stability,
rheological change, fermentation, smells) ;
pH value.
4.2.3 Parameters relating to combustion conditions and to gaseous and solid discharges
These elements permits to anticipate the consequences on the combustion chamber functioning and on
discharges :
dry matter content ;
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organic matter content, organic micropollutants or volatile matter index ;
higher or lower calorific value ;
content of :
carbon ;
hydrogen ;
oxygen ;
nitrogen ;
sulfur ;
chlorine ;
phosphorous :
as far as the nature of the gaseous discharge into the atmosphere is concerned, particular attention will be
paid to compliance with national regulatory provisions and with Directive 2000/76/EC requirements. A
periodic monitoring of toxic metals of sludges should be carried out to ascertain the standards of
incineration plants are respected.
4.2.4 Case of sludge with additives
Lime-treated sludge.
In order to slow down fermentation, lime is frequently added to the sludge. The limed sludge may have a positive
impact on transport and storage, however, on the other hand, combustion can be affected by it: the life cycle of the
refractories can be reduced due to alkaline degradation at these temperature levels, and additional clogging occur
in the furnace's boiler unit. Furthermore, the resulting quantities of bottom ash and ash are increased in the
proportions considered.
Other important types of additives : FeCl , polymers, organic flocculants, phosphate removal products, etc.
3
To date, the impact of these additives has not been sufficiently quantified to enable recommendations to be made.
For all of these three categories of parameters, a distinction will be made between those parameters which are
worthwhile knowing for satisfactory combined incineration on a routine basis and the additional parameters which,
although having little or no influence, can prove useful for optimising the process.
It will be particularly important to determine the ranges within which change is acceptable and/or unacceptable.
Among all of these parameters, a selection of those, which should be regularly monitored and/or inspected, should
be proposed.
4.3 Requirements concerning transport, storage and transfer
4.3.1 General provisions concerning transport
The "transport" system should be designed so as to guarantee maximum containment and limited nuisance due to
smells. The transport vehicle driver should have in his possession the consignment note stating the origin, quality,
quantity and destination of the sludge being transported.
Transport should not give rise to any accidental spillage of sludge onto the roadways and the various manoeuvring
areas. In the event of the travelling distances being long, modification of the sludge should be taken into
consideration.
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The vehicles used should be suited to the different categories of roads. National and/or local regulatory provisions
should be imperatively observed.
4.3.2 Recommendations specific to transport
Transport consists in conveying the sludge from the sewage treatment plant to the incineration plant, if possible in
a single stage. It includes the sludge loading and unloading operations.
In the majority of cases, transport will be carried out using an appropriate vehicle for which loading and unloading
means adapted to the volume and condition of the sludge should exist. Unloading generally takes place by gravity,
occasionally by pumping.
Transport can be carried out via pipeline where the plant and incineration plants are close enough to one another
for this to be technically and economically feasible. The pumping conditions and the outputs to be applied will then
be particularly examined. In particular, the use of polymers can be used for facilitating transport in the case of very
long pipes.
4.3.3 General provisions concerning storage
4.3.3.1 Storage with household waste
Sludge can be stored with household waste either directly by tipping into the pit, or by using spray, or any other
method in order to spread it right through the pit. The operator will have to accept and master the constraints
involved in the choice of storage method.
4.3.3.2 Recommendations
Two elements are essential in the quality of the sludge to be tipped: dryness and consistency. In the case of liquid
or semi-paste-like sludge, there is a risk of the household waste becoming wet and water accumulating by gravity
at the bottom of the pit. An identical gravity phenomenon can occur with solid sludge of low particle size, difficult to
remove with a grapple.
In all cases, tipping sludge into a pit creates an additional work for the crane operator so that the mixture will be as
homogeneous as possible. This work should be carried out in parallel with the management of household waste in
pits and therefore requires a dual function for the crane driver.
In fact, this is a possible solution where sludge quantity is low compared to the household waste and/or on a
selective basis. According to how dry the sludge can be and the proportions anticipated, a study should be
envisaged, even prior tests.
We would draw attention to the risks related to handling dried sludge: (explosive and burning risk depends on solid
state).
On the other hand, the odour problems are directly linked to the quality of the sludge (e.g. raw sludge) stored in
pits, which will lead to the calculations of the unloading hall system being revised: additional deodorization can
prove necessary.
4.3.3.3 Specific storage
It is advantageous to store sludge on the incineration plant site, because it provides a buffer between the sludge
production and its incineration, which can sometimes be discontinuous.
If the storage facility area is close to the incineration plant, the sludge can possibly be stored directly in this area
and to feed the incineration plant by pipeline.
The storage facility area will regroup sludge of different origins, irrespective of its condition. It can therefore take the
form of a pit, a tank or silo. It is located within the incineration plant site perimeter in a separate properly identified
area, different from the storage area where other wastes treated on the site are stored. Input to the storage facility
should be either by pipeline (for liquid or paste-like sludge) or by skips (for paste-like or solid sludge).
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NOTE Mention should be made of the particular case of solid sludge arriving at the site for incineration, for which a
possibility of direct tipping into the waste pit can be examined.
The storage container should be leak tight with respect to sludge, preferably covered, enclosed and ventilated in
order to limit any nuisance and possibly to collect the odours given off with a view to treatment.
All of the equipment should be accessible to all vehicles and should have adequately dimensioned and easy to
maintain working areas.
The sludge container should be equipped with a level measurement system or (except when it is merely a pit for
which a simple visual inspection by the operators should prove sufficient) a filling system and a draining-off
connection device.
Provision should be made for sludge recovery from the bottom of pits, tanks or silos. Likewise, consideration
should be given to recovering water used for cleaning working areas and the containers themselves.
4.3.3.4 Recommendations
Because a sludge is an "evolutive" substance due to its organic matter and to its water content, fermentation and
transport can influence its physical conditions. Most of the time, it is not economically worthwhile pretreating the
sludge in order to prevent this phenomenon. It is prudent to recommend the shortest possible time interval between
sludge production at the sewage plant and its actual incineration in order to avoid a change in the latter's
mechanical stability.
The storage containers should be adequately dimensioned. It is wise to have at least one storage volume
equivalent to the quantities of sludge, which will be treated by combined incineration over a 72 h period. This
volume should be calculated on the basis of incineration furnace operation at the constructor's rated capacity and
confirmed by the operator, taking into account a nature of waste which is always highly variable and on the basis of
a ratio of incinerated sludge to domestic refuse which is dependent on the size of the furnaces and on the principle
adopted for combined incineration. The hazards relating to the supply of sludge will also be taken into
consideration.
From an environmental standpoint, the working and storage areas should be integrated at best into the landscape
and into the plant, this being generally easier to achieve for a new incineration plant.
Local conditions can influence the transport/storage arrangements, and increasing the size of the latter can result
in reducing sludge delivery frequencies.
NOTE Sludge mixing can also be taken into consideration, as the combined incineration plant should be capable of
treating all the sludge brought to the site, i.e. from different origins and sewage plants.
The relevant national and/or local regulations in force should be observed.
Generally, the sludge handling operations will be limited to the greatest possible extent and will be carried out so as
to ensure the safety of both the equipment and men involved.
The constituent materials of the equipment should be insensitive to the products being stocked in order to avoid
any premature ageing.
Prior to installation, particular attention should be paid to the maintenance of the equipment.
4.3.4 General provisions concerning transfer
It is the operation, which consists in taking the sludge from the storage area and transferring it to the place of
incineration plant.
The stored sludge will be reclaimed by all means appropriate to its condition (either by direct pumping or
mechanically by means of a screw system plus pumping for example or by travelling crane for solid sludges).
All equipment should be accessible in order to permit interventions with the use of vehicles.
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The course followed by the piping up to the point of introduction into the furnace should be designed in order to
minimise pressure drops and to integrate at best into the incineration plant.
The technical means for introduction into the furnace will be designed so as to mix in the most appropriate manner
possible the sludge with the household waste and to avoid all concentration points and all risks of clogging on the
refractoried surfaces of the furnace.
4.4 Suitability of the incineration equipment
4.4.1 Incineration equipment
a) differing exclusively in terms of dryness, three
...
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