SIST EN 1991-1-3:2004
(Main)Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-3: General actions - Snow loads
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-3: General actions - Snow loads
Assessment of loads imposed by snow to be used in the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works on sites at altitudes below 1500 m.
Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-3: Allgemeine Einwirkungen, Schneelasten
1) EN 1991-1-3 enthält Grundsätze für die Bestimmung der Werte für Schneelasten für die Berechnung und
Bemessung von Hoch- und Ingenieurbauten.
(2) Dieser Teil gilt nicht für Bauten in einer Höhe von mehr als 1 500 m.
ANMERKUNG 1 Ratschläge für die Behandlung von Schneelasten für Höhen über 1500 m können im nationalen Anhang angegeben werden.
(3) Anhang A enthält Informationen über die Bemessungssituationen und Lastanordnungen für unterschiedliche
örtliche Gegebenheiten, die im nationalen Anhang angegeben sind.
ANMERKUNG 2 örtlichen Gegebenheiten dürfn im nationalen Anhang angegeben werden.
(4) Anhang B enthält Formbeiwerte für die Behandlung von außergewöhnlichen Schneeverwehungen.
ANMERKUNG Die Verwendung von Anhang B darf durch den nationalen Anhang geregelt werden.
(5) Anhang C enthält charakteristische Werte von Schneelasten auf dem Boden, die auf den Arbeitsergebnissen
des Auftrags der DGIII/D3 der europäischen Kommission für diesen Eurocode beruhen.
Zielsetzung dieses Anhangs ist:
3 die Bereitstellung von Informationen für die nationalen zuständigen Stellen als Hilfe für die Aufstellung und Überarbeitung ihrer nationalen Karten;
3 die Sicherstellung, dass die festgelegten harmonisierten Verfahren zur Erstellung der Karten in diesem Anhang in den Mitgliedsstaaten zur Behandlung der grundlegenden Schneedaten verwendet werden.
(6) Anhang D enthält Hinweise für die Anpassung der Schneelasten auf dem Boden an die Wiederkehrperiode.
(7) Anhang E enthält Informationen über die Wichte von Schnee.
(8) Dieser Anhang macht keine Angaben über die speziellen Aspekte von Schneelasten, z. B.:
3 anprallende Schneelast aufgrund des Abrutschens oder Herunterfallens von Schneemassen von höheren Dächern;
3 zusätzliche Windlasten, die sich aus einer Änderung der Umrissform oder Größe von Bauwerken aufgrund von Schnee oder Eisablagerungen sein könnten;
3 Lasten in Gebieten, in denen das ganze Jahr über Schnee vorhanden ist;
3 Eislasten;
3 seitliche Last
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-3: Actions générales - Charges de neige
1) L'EN 1991-1-3 indique comment déterminer les valeurs des charges dues a la neige a considérer pour le calcul des constructions.
2) Cette norme ne s'applique pas aux sites d'une altitude supérieure a 1 500 m.
NOTE 1 L'Annexe Nationale peut donner des indications sur les charges a considérer pour des altitudes supérieures a 1 500 m.
NOTE 2 L'Annexe Nationale peut définir une limite en altitude différente, en fonction des conditions locales.
3) L'annexe A donne des indications sur les situations de projet et les dispositions de charge a utiliser pour différentes conditions de site.
4) L'annexe B donne des coefficients de forme a utiliser pour le traitement des cas d'accumulation exceptionnelle de neige.
5) L'annexe C donne les valeurs caractéristiques de la charge de neige au sol basées sur les résultats d'une analyse effectuée dans le cadre d'un contrat de la DGIII/D3 de la Commission Européenne. Les objectifs de cette annexe sont les suivants :
3 donner des informations aux autorités nationales compétentes pour les aider a réviser et actualiser leurs cartes nationales ;
3 contribuer a ce que les méthodes harmonisées utilisées pour établir les cartes de cette annexe soient utilisées aussi dans les Etats membres pour traiter leurs données de base sur la neige.
6) L'annexe D donne des indications sur la maniere d'ajuster les valeurs de charge de neige au sol en fonction de la période de retour choisie.
7) L'annexe E donne des informations sur le poids volumique apparent de la neige.
8) La présente norme ne traite pas d'aspects particuliers du chargement de neige, tels que :
3 les chocs dus aux charges de neige glissant ou tombant d'une autre toiture ;
3 l'amplification de l'action du vent qui pourrait résulter de la modification de la forme ou de la dimension du bâtiment due a la présence de neige ou de la formation de glace ;
3 les charges de neige dans les zones ou elle est présente toute l'année ;
Evrokod 1: Vplivi na konstrukcije - 1-3. del: Splošni vplivi – Obtežba snega
1.1 Področje uporabe
(1) EN 1991-1-3 vsebuje navodila za določitev vrednosti obtežbe snega pri projektiranju konstrukcij stavb in gradbenih inženirskih objektov.
(2) Ta standard ne velja za kraje, ki ležijo višje od 1500 m nad morjem, če ni določeno drugače.
OPOMBA 1: Napotki za obravnavo obtežbe snega v krajih, ki ležijo višje od 1500 m nad morjem, so lahko v nacionalnem dodatku.
(3) Dodatek A vsebuje informacije o projektnih stanjih in razporedu obtežbe na različnih krajih.
OPOMBA: Ti posebni kraji so lahko določeni v nacionalnem dodatku.
(4) Dodatek B vsebuje oblikovne koeficiente za upoštevanje izjemnih zametov.
OPOMBA: Uporaba dodatka B je dovoljena v nacionalnem dodatku.
(5) Dodatek C vsebuje karakteristične vrednosti obtežbe snega na tleh, ki so bile določene z raziskavami po posebnih pogodbah v zvezi s tem evrokodom pri DG III/D3 Evropske komisije.
Namen tega dodatka je:
– obvestiti pristojne nacionalne organe in jim pomagati pri dopolnitvi nacionalnih kart,
– pomagati pri zagotavljanju, da bi bili pri obravnavi nacionalnih podatkov v državah članicah uporabljeni uveljavljeni harmonizirani postopki v tem dodatku.
(6) Dodatek D vsebuje navodila za določitev obtežbe snega na tleh v skladu s povratno dobo.
(7) Dodatek E vsebuje podatke o prostorninski teži snega.
(8) Ta del standarda ne vsebuje navodil o posebnih vrstah obtežbe snega, kot so:
– obtežba snega zaradi zdrsa ali padca snega z višje strehe,
– dodatna obtežba z vetrom zaradi spremembe oblike ali velikosti objekta zaradi snega ali ledu,
– obtežba v območjih, kjer sneg leži vse leto,
– obtežba z ledom,
– bočna obtežba snega (npr. zaradi zametov),
– obtežba snega na mostovih.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-3: General actions - Snow loadsEvrokod 1: Vplivi na konstrukcije - 1-3. del: Splošni vplivi – Obtežba snegaEurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-3: Actions générales - Charges de neigeEurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-3: Allgemeine Einwirkungen, SchneelastenTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1991-1-3:2003SIST EN 1991-1-3:2004en91.010.30Technical aspectsICS:SIST ENV 1991-2-3:19981DGRPHãþDSLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1991-1-3:200401-september-2004
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 1991-1-3July 2003ICS 91.010.30Supersedes ENV 1991-2-3:1995English versionEurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-3: General actions -Snow loadsEurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-3: Actionsgénérales - Charges de neigeEurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-3:Allgemeine Einwirkungen-SchneelastenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 October 2002.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UnitedKingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2003 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1991-1-3:2003 E
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)2CONTENTSPageForeword41.Section 1 General81.1.Scope81.2.Normative references91.3.Assumptions91.4.Distinction between Principles and Application Rules91.5.Design assisted by testing91.6.Terms and Definitions101.7.Symbols112.Section 2 Classification of actions133.Section 3 Design situations143.1.General143.2.Normal conditions143.3.Exceptional conditions144.Section 4 Snow load on the ground164.1.Characteristic values164.2.Other representative values164.3.Treatment of exceptional snow loads on the ground175.Section 5 Snow load on roofs175.1.Nature of the load175.2.Load arrangements185.3.Roof shape coefficients205.3.1.General205.3.2.Monopitch roofs215.3.3.Pitched roofs225.3.4.Multi-span roofs235.3.5.Cylindrical roofs245.3.6.Roof abutting and close to taller construction works256.Section 6 Local effects286.1.General286.2.Drifting at projections and obstructions286.3.Snow overhanging the edge of a roof296.4.Snow loads on snowguards and other obstacles30
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)3ANNEX A31Design situations and load arrangements to be used for differentlocations31ANNEX B33Snow load shape coefficients for exceptional snow drifts33ANNEX C38European Ground Snow Load Maps38ANNEX D53Adjustment of the ground snow load according to return period53ANNEX E55Bulk weight density of snow55Bibliography56
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)4ForewordThis document (EN 1991-1-3:2003) has been prepared by TechnicalCommittee CEN/TC250 “Structural Eurocodes”, the Secretariat of which is heldby BSI.This European Standard shall be given the status of a National Standard,either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest byJanuary 2004, and conflicting National Standards shall will be withdrawn atlatest by January 2004.This document supersedes ENV 1991-2-3:1995.CEN/TC250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.Annexes A and B are normative. Annexes C, D and E are informative.According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the National StandardOrganisations of the following countries are bound to implement this EuropeanStandard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta,Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and theUnited Kingdom.Background of the Eurocode programmeIn 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an actionprogramme in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. Theobjective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to tradeand the harmonisation of technical specifications.Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish aset of harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works which, ina first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in theMember States and, ultimately, would replace them.For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee withRepresentatives of Member States, conducted the development of theEurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes inthe 1980’s.In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided,on the basis of an agreement1 between the Commission and CEN, to transferthe preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to the CEN through aseries of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of EuropeanStandard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all theCouncil’s Directives and/or Commission’s Decisions dealing with European
1 Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation(CEN) concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89).
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)5standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products andCouncil Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public worksand services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting upthe internal market).The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standardsgenerally consisting of a number of Parts:EN 1990Eurocode:Basis of Structural DesignEN 1991Eurocode 1:Actions on structuresEN 1992Eurocode 2:Design of concrete structuresEN 1993Eurocode 3:Design of steel structuresEN 1994Eurocode 4:Design of composite steel and concretestructuresEN 1995Eurocode 5:Design of timber structuresEN 1996Eurocode 6:Design of masonry structuresEN 1997Eurocode 7:Geotechnical designEN 1998Eurocode 8:Design of structures for earthquake resistanceEN 1999Eurocode 9:Design of aluminium structuresEurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities ineach Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine valuesrelated to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue tovary from State to State.Status and field of application of EurocodesThe Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that EUROCODES serveas reference documents for the following purposes :– as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works withthe essential requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularlyEssential Requirement N°1 – Mechanical resistance and stability – andEssential Requirement N°2 – Safety in case of fire ;– as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and relatedengineering services ;– as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications forconstruction products (ENs and ETAs)The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves,have a direct relationship with the Interpretative Documents2 referred to inArticle 12 of the CPD, although they are of a different nature from harmonisedproduct standards3. Therefore, technical aspects arising from the Eurocodes
2 According to Art. 3.3 of the CPD, the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete form in interpretative documents forthe creation of the necessary links between the essential requirements and the mandates for hENs and ETAGs/ETAs.3 According to Art. 12 of the CPD the interpretative documents shall :a) give concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the terminology and the technical bases and indicating classes or levelsfor each requirement where necessary ;b) indicate methods of correlating these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications, e.g. methods of calculation and ofproof, technical rules for project design, etc. ;c) serve as a reference for the establishment of harmonised standards and guidelines for European technical approvals.The Eurocodes, de facto, play a similar role in the field of the ER 1 and a part of ER 2.
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)6work need to be adequately considered by CEN Technical Committees and/orEOTA Working Groups working on product standards with a view to achievinga full compatibility of these technical specifications with the Eurocodes.The Eurocode standards provide common structural design rules for everydayuse for the design of whole structures and component products of both atraditional and an innovative nature. Unusual forms of construction or designconditions are not specifically covered and additional expert consideration willbe required by the designer in such cases.National Standards implementing EurocodesThe National Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text ofthe Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may bepreceded by a National title page and National foreword, and may be followedby a National Annex.The National Annex may only contain information on those parameters whichare left open in the Eurocode for national choice, known as NationallyDetermined Parameters, to be used for the design of buildings and civilengineering works to be constructed in the country concerned, i.e. :– values for partial factors and/or classes where alternatives are given in theEurocode,– values to be used where a symbol only is given in the Eurocode,– country specific data (geographical, climatic etc.), e.g. snow map,– the procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in theEurocode.It may also contain– decisions on the application of informative annexes,– references to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the userto apply the Eurocode.Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENsand ETAs) for productsThere is a need for consistency between the harmonised technicalspecifications for construction products and the technical rules for works4.Furthermore, all the information accompanying the CE Marking of theconstruction products which refer to Eurocodes should clearly mention whichNationally Determined Parameters have been taken into account.Introduction - Additional information specific for EN 1991-1-3EN 1991 1-3 gives design guidance and actions from snow for the structuraldesign of buildings and civil engineering works.
4 see Art.3.3 and Art.12 of the CPD, as well as clauses 4.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 5.2 of ID 1.
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)7EN 1991 1-3 is intended for clients, designers, contractors and publicauthorities.EN 1991 1-3 is intended to be used with EN 1990:2002, the other Parts of EN1991 and EN 1992- EN 1999 for the design of structures.National Annex for EN1991-1-3This standard gives alternative procedures, values and recommendations forclasses with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made.Therefore the National Standard implementing EN 1991-1-3 should have aNational Annex containing nationally determined parameters to be used for thedesign of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in therelevant country.National choice is allowed in EN 1991-1-3 through clauses:1.1(2), 1.1(4)2(3), 2(4)3.3(1), 3.3(3),4.1(1), 4.2(1), 4.3(1)5.2(1), 5.2(4), 5.2(5), 5.2(6), 5.2(7), 5.3.3(4), 5.3.4(3), 5.3.5(1), 5.3.5(3),5.3.6(1), 5.3.6(3)6.2(2), 6.3(1), 6.3(2)A(1) (through Table A1)
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)81. Section 1 General1.1. Scope(1) EN 1991-1-3 gives guidance to determine the values of loads due to snowto be used for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works.(2) This Part does not apply for sites at altitudes above 1 500 m, unlessotherwise specified.NOTE 1: Advice for the treatment of snow loads for altitudes above 1 500 m may be found inthe National Annex.(3) Annex A gives information on design situations and load arrangements tobe used for different locations.NOTE: These different locations may be identified by the National Annex.(4) Annex B gives shape coefficients to be used for the treatment ofexceptional snow drifts.NOTE: The use of Annex B is allowed through the National Annex.(5) Annex C gives characteristic values of snow load on the ground based onthe results of work carried out under a contract specific to this Eurocode, toDGIII / D3 of the European Commission.The objectives of this Annex are:– to give information to National Competent Authorities to help them to redraftand update their national maps;– to help to ensure that the established harmonised procedures used toproduce the maps in this Annex are used in the member states for treatingtheir basic snow data.(6) Annex D gives guidance for adjusting the ground snow loads according tothe return period.(7) Annex E gives information on the bulk weight density of snow.(8) This Part does not give guidance on specialist aspects of snow loading, forexample:– impact snow loads resulting from snow sliding off or falling from a higherroof;– the additional wind loads which could result from changes in shape or sizeof the construction works due to the presence of snow or the accretion ofice;– loads in areas where snow is present all year round;– ice loading;– lateral loading due to snow (e.g. lateral loads exerted by drifts);– snow loads on bridges.
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)91.2. Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates by dated or undated referencesprovisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at theappropriate place in the text, and publications are listed hereafter.For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of any of thesepublications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it byamendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of thepublication referred to applies (including amendments).EN 1990:2002Eurocode: Basis of structural designEN 1991-1-1:2002Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-1: Generalactions: Densities self weight and imposed loads forbuildingsNOTE: The following European Standards, which are published or in preparation, are cited innormative clausesEN 1991-2Eurocode 1: Actions on structuresPart 2: Traffic loads on bridges1.3. AssumptionsThe statements and assumptions given in EN 1990:2002, 1.3 apply to EN1991-1-3.1.4. Distinction between Principles and Application RulesThe rules given in EN 1990:2002, 1.4 apply to EN 1991-1-3.1.5. Design assisted by testingIn some circumstances tests and proven and/or properly validated numericalmethods may be used to obtain snow loads on the construction works.NOTE: The circumstances are those agreed for an individual project, with the client and therelevant Authority.
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)101.6. Terms and DefinitionsFor the purposes of this European standard, a basic list of terms definitionsgiven in EN 1990:2002, 1.5 apply together with the following.1.6.1characteristic value of snow load on the groundsnow load on the ground based on an annual probability of exceedence of0,02, excluding exceptional snow loads.1.6.2altitude of the siteheight above mean sea level of the site where the structure is to be located, oris already located for an existing structure.1.6.3exceptional snow load on the groundload of the snow layer on the ground resulting from a snow fall which has anexceptionally infrequent likelihood of occurring.NOTE: See notes to 2(3) and 4.3(1).1.6.4characteristic value of snow load on the roofproduct of the characteristic snow load on the ground and appropriatecoefficients.NOTE: These coefficients are chosen so that the probability of the calculated snow load on theroof does not exceed the probability of the characteristic value of the snow load on the ground.1.6.5undrifted snow load on the roofload arrangement which describes the uniformly distributed snow load on theroof, affected only by the shape of the roof, before any redistribution of snowdue to other climatic actions.1.6.6drifted snow load on the roofload arrangement which describes the snow load distribution resulting fromsnow having been moved from one location to another location on a roof, e.g.by the action of the wind.1.6.7roof snow load shape coefficientratio of the snow load on the roof to the undrifted snow load on the ground,without the influence of exposure and thermal effects.
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)111.6.8thermal coefficientcoefficient defining the reduction of snow load on roofs as a function of theheat flux through the roof, causing snow melting.1.6.9exposure coefficientcoefficient defining the reduction or increase of load on a roof of an unheatedbuilding, as a fraction of the characteristic snow load on the ground.1.6.10load due to exceptional snow driftload arrangement which describes the load of the snow layer on the roofresulting from a snow deposition pattern which has an exceptionally infrequentlikelihood of occurring.1.7. Symbols(1) For the purpose of this European standard, the following symbols apply.NOTE: The notation used is based on ISO 3898(2) A basic list of notations is given in EN 1990:2002 1.6, and the additionalnotations below are specific to this Part.Latin upper case lettersCe
Exposure coefficientCtThermal coefficientCeslCoefficient for exceptional snow loadsA Site altitude above sea level [m]SeSnow load per metre length due to overhang [kN/m]FsForce per metre length exerted by a sliding mass of snow [kN/m]Latin lower case lettersbWidth of construction work [m]dDepth of the snow layer [m]hHeight of construction work [m]kCoefficient to take account of the irregular shape of snow (see also 6.3)lsLength of snow drift or snow loaded area [m]
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)12sSnow load on the roof [kN/m2]skCharacteristic value of snow on the ground at the relevant site [kN/m2]sAd Design value of exceptional snow load on the ground [kN/m2]Greek Lower case lettersPitch of roof, measured from horizontal [o]Angle between the horizontal and the tangent to the curve for acylindrical roof [o]Weight density of snow [kN/m3]snow load shape coefficient0Factor for combination value of a variable action1Factor for frequent value of a variable action2Factor for quasi-permanent value of a variable actionNOTE: For the purpose of this standard the units specified in the above list apply.
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)132. Section 2 Classification of actions(1)P Snow loads shall be classified as variable, fixed actions (see also 5.2),unless otherwise specified in this standard, see EN 1990:2002, 4.1.1 (1)P and4.1.1 (4).(2) Snow loads covered in this standard should be classified as static actions,see EN 1990:2002, 4.1.1 (4).(3) In accordance with EN 1990:2002, 4.1.1 (2), for the particular conditiondefined in 1.6.3, exceptional snow loads may be treated as accidental actionsdepending on geographical locations.NOTE: The National Annex may give the conditions of use (which may include geographicallocations) of this clause.(4) In accordance with EN 1990:2002, 4.1.1 (2), for the particular conditiondefined in 1.6.10, loads due to exceptional snow drifts may be treated asaccidental actions, depending on geographical locations.NOTE: The National Annex may give the conditions of use (which may include geographicallocations) of this clause.
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)143. Section 3 Design situations3.1. General(1)P The relevant snow loads shall be determined for each design situationidentified, in accordance with EN 1990:2002, 3.5.(2) For local effects described in Section 6 the persistent/transient designsituation should be used.3.2. Normal conditions(1) For locations where exceptional snow falls (see 2(3)) and exceptional snowdrifts (see 2(4)) are unlikely to occur, the transient/persistent design situationshould be used for both the undrifted and the drifted snow load arrangementsdetermined using 5.2(3)P a) and 5.3.NOTE: See Annex A case A.3.3. Exceptional conditions(1) For locations where exceptional snow falls (see 2(3)) may occur but notexceptional snow drifts (see 2(4)) the following applies:a) the transient/persistent design situation should be used for both theundrifted and the drifted snow load arrangements determined using5.2(3)P a) and 5.3, andb) the accidental design situation should be used for both the undrifted andthe drifted snow load arrangements determined using 4.3, 5.2(3)P (b) and5.3.NOTE 1: See Annex A case B1.NOTE 2: The National Annex may define which design situation applies for a particular localeffect described in Section 6.(2) For locations where exceptional snow falls (see 2(3)) are unlikely to occurbut exceptional snow drifts (see 2(4)) may occur the following applies:a) the transient/persistent design situation should be used for both theundrifted and the drifted snow load arrangements determined using5.2(3)P a) and 5.3, andb) the accidental design situation should be used for snow load casesdetermined using 5.2(3)P c) and Annex B.NOTE: See Annex A case B2.(3) For locations where both exceptional snow falls (see 2(3)) and exceptionalsnow drifts (see 2(4)) may occur the following applies:
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)15a) the transient/persistent design situation should be used for both theundrifted and the drifted snow load arrangements determined using5.2(3)P a) and 5.3, andb) the accidental design situation should be used for both the undrifted andthe drifted snow load arrangements determined using 4.3, 5.2(3)P(b) and5.3.c) the accidental design situation should be used for the snow load casesdetermined using 5.2(3)P c) and Annex B.NOTE 1: See Annex A case B3.NOTE 2: The National Annex may define which design situation to apply for a particular localeffect described in Section 6.
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)164. Section 4 Snow load on the ground4.1. Characteristic values(1) The characteristic value of snow load on the ground (sk) should bedetermined in accordance with EN 1990:2002, 4.1.2 (7)P and the definition forcharacteristic snow load on the ground given in 1.6.1.NOTE 1: The National Annex specifies the characteristic values to be used. To cover unusuallocal conditions the National Annex may additionally allow the client and the relevant authorityto agree upon a different characteristic value from that specified for an individual project.NOTE 2: Annex C gives the European ground snow load map, resulting from studiescommissioned by DGIII/D-3. The National Annex may make reference to this map in order toeliminate, or to reduce, inconsistencies occurring at borderlines between countries.(2) In special cases where more refined data is needed, the characteristicvalue of snow load on the ground (sk) may be refined using an appropriatestatistical analysis of long records taken in a well sheltered area near the site.NOTE 1: The National Annex may give further complementary guidance.NOTE 2: As there is usually considerable variability in the number of recorded maximum wintervalues, record periods of less than 20 years will not generally be suitable.(3) Where in particular locations, snow load records show individual,exceptional values which cannot be treated by the usual statistical methods,the characteristic values should be determined without taking into accountthese exceptional values. The exceptional values may be considered outsidethe usual statistical methods in accordance with 4.3.4.2. Other representative values(1) According to EN1990:2002, 4.1.3 the other representative values for snowload on the roof are as follows:– Combination value0 s– Frequent value1 s– Quasi-permanent value2 sNOTE: The values of
may be set by the National Annex of EN 1990:2002.The recommendedvalues of the coefficients 0, 1 and 2 for buildings are dependent upon the location of thesite being considered and should be taken from EN 1990:2002, Table A1.1 or Table 4.1 below,in which the information relating to snow loads is identical.
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)17Table 4.1Recommended values of coefficients 0, 1 and 2 fordifferent locations for buildings.Regions012FinlandIcelandNorwaySweden0,700,500,20Reminder of other CENmember states, for siteslocated at altitudeH > 1000 m above sealevel0,700,500,20Reminder of other CENmember states, for siteslocated at altitudeH
1000 m above sealevel0,500,200,004.3. Treatment of exceptional snow loads on the ground(1) For locations where exceptional snow loads on the ground can occur, theymay be determined by:sAd = Cesl sk(4.1)where:sAd is the design value of exceptional snow load on the ground for thegiven location;Cesl is the coefficient for exceptional snow loads;sk is the characteristic value of snow load on the ground for a givenlocation.NOTE: The coefficient Cesl
may be set by the National Annex. The recommended
value forCesl
is 2,0 (see also 2(3))5. Section 5Snow load on roofs5.1. Nature of the load(1)P The design shall recognise that snow can be deposited on a roof in manydifferent patterns.(2) Properties of a roof or other factors causing different patterns can include:a) the shape of the roof;b) its thermal properties;
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)18c) the roughness of its surface;d) the amount of heat generated under the roof;e) the proximity of nearby buildings;f) the surrounding terrain;g) the local meteorological climate, in particular its windiness, temperaturevariations, and likelihood of precipitation (either as rain or as snow).5.2. Load arrangements(1)P The following two primary load arrangements shall be taken into account:– undrifted snow load on roofs (see 1.6.5);– drifted snow load on roofs (see 1.6.6).(2) The load arrangements should be determined using 5.3; and Annex B,where specified in accordance with 3.3.NOTE: The National Annex may specify the use of Annex B for the roof shapes described in5.3.4, 5.3.6 and 6.2, and will normally apply to specific locations where all the snow usuallymelts and clears between the individual weather systems and where moderate to high windspeeds occur during the individual weather system.(3)P Snow loads on roofs shall be determined as follows:a) for the persistent / transient design situationss = i
Ce
Ct
sk(5.1)b) for the accidental design situations where exceptional snow load is theaccidental action (except for the cases covered in 5.2 (3) P c)s = i
Ce
Ct
sAd(5.2)Note: See 2(3).c) for the accidental design situations where exceptional snow drift is theaccidental action and where Annex B appliess = i sk(5.3)NOTE: See 2(4).where:i is the snow load shape coefficient (see Section 5.3 and Annex B)sk is the characteristic value of snow load on the groundsAd is the design value of exceptional snow load on the ground for agiven location (see 4.3)
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)19Ce is the exposure coefficientCt is the thermal coefficient(4) The load should be assumed to act vertically and refer to a horizontalprojection of the roof area.(5) When artificial removal or redistribution of snow on a roof is anticipated theroof should be designed for suitable load arrangements.NOTE 1: Load arrangements according to this Section have been derived for naturaldeposition patterns only.NOTE 2: Further guidance may be given in the National Annex.(6) In regions with possible rainfalls on the snow and consecutive melting andfreezing, snow loads on roofs should be increased, especially in cases wheresnow and ice can block the drainage system of the roof.NOTE: Further complementary guidance may be given in the National Annex.(7) The exposure coefficient Ce should be used for determining the snow loadon the roof. The choice for Ce should consider the future development aroundthe site. Ce should be taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified for differenttopographies.NOTE: The National Annex may give the values of Ce for different topographies. Therecommended values are given in Table 5.1 below.
EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E)20Table 5.1Recommended values of Ce for different topographiesTopographyCeWindswept a0,8Normal b1,0Sheltered c1,2a
Windswept topography: flat unobstructed areas exposed on all sideswithout, or little shelter afforded by terrain, higher construction works ortrees.b
Normal topography: areas where there is no significant removal of snowby wind on construction work, because of terrain, other construction worksor trees.c Sheltered topography: areas in which the construction work beingconsidered is considerably lower than the surrounding terrain orsurrounded by high trees and/or surrounded by higher construction works.(8) The thermal coefficient Ct should be used to account for the reduction ofsnow loads on roofs with high thermal transmittance (> 1 W/m2K), in particularfor some glass covered roofs, because of melting caused by heat loss.For all other cases:Ct = 1,0NOTE 1: Based on the thermal insulating properties of the material and the shape of theconstruction work, the use of a reduced Ct value may be permitted through the National Annex.NOTE 2: Further guidance may be obtained from ISO 4355.5.3. Roof shape coefficients5.3.1. General(1) 5.3 gives roof shape coefficients for undrifted and drifted snow loadarrangements for all types of roofs identified in this standard, with theexception of the consideration of exceptional snow drifts defined in Annex B,where its use is allowed.(2) Special consideration should be given to the snow load shape coefficients tobe used where
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