SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
(Main)Additive manufacturing - General principles - Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO/ASTM 52900:2021)
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO/ASTM 52900:2021)
This document establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which
applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical three-dimensional (3D) geometries
by successive addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2021)
Dieses Dokument etabliert und definiert Begriffe, die bei den Technologien der additiven Fertigung (AM, en: additive manufacturing) verwendet werden, welche das additive Formgebungsprinzip anwenden und dadurch mittels sukzessiver Materialzugabe physische dreidimensionale (3-D-)Geometrien aufbauen.
Die Begriffe wurden in spezifische Anwendungsbereiche klassifiziert.
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Fondamentaux et vocabulaire (ISO/ASTM 52900:2021)
Le présent document établit et définit les termes utilisés dans la technologie de la fabrication additive (FA), qui applique le principe de mise en forme additive et construit ainsi des géométries physiques en trois dimensions (3D) par ajout successif de matériau.
Les termes ont été classés par champs d’application spécifiques.
Aditivna proizvodnja - Splošna načela - Osnove in terminologija (ISO/ASTM 52900:2021)
Ta dokument določa in opredeljuje izraze v zvezi s tehnologijo aditivne proizvodnje (AM), ki uporablja načelo aditivnega oblikovanja in tako oblikuje fizične tridimenzionalne (3D) geometrije z uspešnim dodajanjem materiala.
Izrazi so razvrščeni glede na področja uporabe.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
01-marec-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
Aditivna proizvodnja - Splošna načela - Osnove in terminologija (ISO/ASTM
52900:2021)
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO/ASTM
52900:2021)
Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2021)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Fondamentaux et vocabulaire (ISO/ASTM
52900:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2021
ICS:
01.040.25 Izdelavna tehnika (Slovarji) Manufacturing engineering
(Vocabularies)
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
EN ISO/ASTM 52900
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.25; 25.030 Supersedes EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
English Version
Additive manufacturing - General principles -
Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO/ASTM 52900:2021)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie
Fondamentaux et vocabulaire (ISO/ASTM 52900:2021) (ISO/ASTM 52900:2021)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 November 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261
"Additive manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive
Manufacturing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2022, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 without
any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 52900
Second edition
2021-11
Additive manufacturing — General
principles — Fundamentals and
vocabulary
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux — Fondamentaux et
vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
© ISO/ASTM International 2021
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 Phone: +610 832 9634
Fax: +610 832 9635
Email: copyright@iso.org Email: khooper@astm.org
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms . 1
3.2 Process categories . 2
3.3 Processing: general . 4
3.4 Processing: data . 5
3.5 Processing: positioning, coordinates and orientation . 7
3.6 Processing: material . 10
3.7 Processing: material extrusion. 11
3.8 Processing: powder bed fusion . 12
3.9 Parts: general . 14
3.10 Parts: applications . 14
3.11 Parts: properties . 14
3.12 Parts: evaluation . 16
Annex A (normative) Identification of AM processes based on process categories and
determining characteristics .17
Annex B (informative) Basic principles .20
Bibliography .25
Alphabetical index .26
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with ASTM
Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement between
ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on additive
manufacturing, and in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical
cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition of ISO/ASTM 52900 replaces the first edition (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015), which has
been technically revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— new and modified terms and definitions;
— abbreviations added for seven process categories;
— new annex for the specification of AM processes based on process categories and determining
characteristics (Annex A).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the general term for those technologies that successively join material
to create physical objects as specified by 3D model data. These technologies are presently used for
various applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as medicine,
education, architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.
During the development of additive manufacturing technology, there have been numerous different
terms and definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks. This
is often ambiguous and confusing, which hampers communication and wider application of this
technology.
It is the intention of this document to provide a basic understanding of the fundamental principles
for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear definitions for terms and
nomenclature associated with additive manufacturing technology. The objective of this standardization
of terminology for additive manufacturing is to facilitate communication between people involved in
this field of technology on a worldwide basis.
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SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2022
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Fundamentals and vocabulary
1 Scope
This document establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which
applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical three-dimensional (3D) geometries
by successive addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
3D printer, noun
machine used for 3D printing (3.3.1)
3.1.2
additive manufacturing, noun
AM
process of joining materials to make parts (3.9.1) from 3D model data, usually layer (3.3.7) upon layer,
as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: Historical terms include: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive
layer manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.
Note 2 to entry: The meaning of “additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies is
further discussed in Annex B.
3.1.3
additive system, noun
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (3.1.2)
3.1.4
AM machine, noun
section of the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) including hardware, machine control software,
required set-up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (3.3.8) for
producing parts (3.9.1)
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ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
3.1.5
AM machine user, noun
operator of or entity using an AM machine (3.1.4)
3.1.6
AM system user, noun
additive system user
operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) or any component of an
additive system (3.1.3)
3.1.7
front, noun
side of the machine that the
operator faces to access the user interface, or primary viewing window, or both
3.1.8
material supplier, noun
provider of material/feedstock (3.6.6) to be processed in an additive manufacturing system (3.1.3)
3.1.9
multi-step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which parts (3.9.1) are fabricated in two or more
operations where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates
the part to the fundamental properties of the intended material
Note 1 to entry: Fundamental properties of the intended product material are typically metallic properties for
intended metallic products, ceramic properties for intended ceramic products, polymer properties for intended
polymer (plastic) products and composite material properties for products intended to be made of a composite
material.
Note 2 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning can many times be necessary; however, in this
context, this operation is not considered as a separate process step.
Note 3 to entry: The principle of single-step (3.1.10) and multi-step processes is further discussed in Annex B.
3.1.10
single-step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which parts (3.9.1) are fabricated in a single operation
where the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved
simultaneously
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning can many times be necessary; however, in this
context, this operation is not considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step and multi-step processes (3.1.9) is further discussed in Annex B.
3.2 Process categories
3.2.1
binder jetting, noun
BJT
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join
powder materials
Note 1 to entry: Identification of different binder jetting processes shall be consistent with the method described
in Annex A.
2
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ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
3.2.2
directed energy deposition, noun
DED
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by
melting as they are being deposited
Note 1 to entry: “Focused thermal energy” means that an energy source (for example laser, electron beam or
plasma arc) is focused to melt the materials being deposited.
Note 2 to entry: Identification of different directed energy deposition processes shall be consistent with the
method described in Annex A.
3.2.3
material extrusion, noun
MEX
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or
orifice
Note 1 to entry: Identification of different material extrusion processes shall be consistent with the method
described in Annex A.
3.2.4
material jetting, noun
MJT
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which droplets of feedstock material are selectively deposited
Note 1 to entry: Example feedstock materials for material jetting include photopolymer resin and wax.
Note 2 to entry: Identification of different material jetting processes shall be consistent with the method
described in Annex A.
3.2.5
powder bed fusion, noun
PBF
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder
bed (3.8.5)
Note 1 to entry: Identification of different powder bed fusion processes shall be consistent with the method
described in Annex A.
3.2.6
sheet lamination, noun
SHL
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form a part (3.9.1)
Note 1 to entry: Identification of different sheet lamination processes shall be consistent with the method
described in Annex A.
3.2.7
vat photopolymerization, noun
VPP
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by
light-activated polymerization
Note 1 to entry: Identification of different vat photopolymerization processes shall be consistent with the method
described in Annex A.
3
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ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
3.3 Processing: general
3.3.1
3D printing, noun
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle or another printer
technology
Note 1 to entry: This term is often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing
(3.1.2) and, in these cases, typically associated with machines used for non-industrial purposes including
personal use.
3.3.2
build chamber, noun
enclosed location within the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) where the parts (3.9.1) are fabricated
3.3.3
build space, noun
location where it is possible for parts (3.9.1) to be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (3.3.2)
or on a build platform (3.3.5)
3.3.4
build volume, noun
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (3.9.1)
3.3.5
build platform, noun
base which provides a surface upon which the building of the parts (3.9.1) is started and
supported throughout the build process
Note 1 to entry: In some systems, the parts (3.9.1) are built attached to the build platform, either directly or
through a support (3.3.9) structure. In other systems, such as certain types of powder bed (3.8.5) systems, a
direct mechanical fixture between the part and the build platform is not necessarily required.
3.3.6
build surface, noun
area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (3.3.7), which becomes the foundation
upon which the next layer is formed
Note 1 to entry: For the first layer, the build surface is often the build platform (3.3.5).
Note 2 to entry: In the case of directed energy deposition (3.2.2) processes, the build surface can be an existing
part onto which material is added.
Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means (or both) is (are) variable, it
may be defined relative to the build surface.
3.3.7
layer, noun
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
3.3.8
build cycle, noun
single process cycle in which one or more components are built by successive joining of material within
the build space (3.3.3) of the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3)
3.3.9
support, noun
structure separate from the part (3.9.1) geometry that is created to provide a base and anchor for the
part during the building process
Note 1 to entry: Supports are typically removed from the part prior to use.
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ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: For certain processes such as material extrusion (3.2.3) and material jetting (3.2.4), the support
material can be different from the part material and deposited from a separate nozzle or print head.
Note 3 to entry: For certain processes such as metal powder bed fusion (3.2.5) processes, auxiliary supports can
be added to serve as an additional heat sink for the part during the building process.
3.3.10
process parameters, noun
operating parameters and system settings used during a build cycle (3.3.8)
3.3.11
system set-up, noun
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) for a build cycle
3.3.12
manufacturing lot, noun
set of manufactured parts (3.9.1) having commonality between feedstock (3.6.6), production run (3.3.14),
additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) and post-processing (3.6.10) steps (if required) as recorded on a
single manufacturing work order
Note 1 to entry: The additive manufacturing system can include one or several AM machines (3.1.4) and/or post-
processing machine units as agreed by AM (3.1.2) provider and customer.
3.3.13
manufacturing plan, noun
document setting out the specific manufacturing practices, technical resources and sequences of
activities relevant to the production of a particular product including any specified acceptance criteria
at each stage
Note 1 to entry: For additive manufacturing (3.1.2), the manufacturing plan typically includes, but is not limited to,
process parameters (3.3.10), preparation and post processing (3.6.10) operations as well as relevant verification
methods.
Note 2 to entry: Manufacturing plans are typically required under a quality management system such as ISO 9001
and ASQ C1.
3.3.14
production run, noun
set of all parts (3.9.1) produced in one build cycle (3.3.8) or sequential series of build cycles using the
same feedstock (3.6.6) batch and process conditions
3.3.15
process chain, noun
sequence of operations necessary for the part (3.9.1) to achieve desired functionality and properties
3.4 Processing: data
3.4.1
Additive Manufacturing File Format, noun
AMF
file format for communicating additive manufacturing (3.1.2) model data including a description of the
3D surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and
metadata
Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a
constellation. Similar to STL (3.4.6), the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the
triangles can also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each
[7]
triangle in the mesh. ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.
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ISO/ASTM 52900:2021(E)
3.4.2
AMF consumer, noun
software reading (parsing) the AMF (3.4.1) file for fabrication, visualization or analysis
Note 1 to entry: AMF files are typically imported by additive manufacturing equipment (3.1.3), as well as viewing,
analysis and verification software.
3.4.3
AMF editor, noun
software reading and rewriting the AMF (3.4.1) file for conversion
Note 1 to entry: AMF editor applications are used to convert an AMF from one form to another, for example
to convert all curved triangles to flat triangles or convert porous material specification into an explicit mesh
surface.
3.4.4
AMF producer, noun
software writing (generating) the AMF (3.4.1) file from original geometric data
Note 1 to entry: AMF files are typically exported by CAD software, scanning software or directly from
computational geometry algorithms.
3.4.5
STEP, noun
standard for the exchange of product model data
Note 1 to entry: This is an International Standard that provides a representation of product information along
[4]
with the necessary mechanisms and definitions to enable product data to be exchanged. ISO 10303 applies to
the representation of product information, including components and assemblies, the exchange of product data,
including storing, transferring, accessing and archiving.
Note 2 to entry: ISO 10303-238, commonly referred to as STEP-NC, specifies the slicing operation and other
mechanical commands in the AM process.
3.4.6
STL, noun
file format for model data describing the surface geometry of an object as a tessellation of triangles
used to communicate 3D geometries to machines in order to build physical parts (3.9.1)
Note 1 to entry: The STL file format was originally developed as part of the CAD package for the early
STereoLithography Apparatus, thus referring to that process. It is sometimes also described as “Standard
Triangulation Language” or “Standard Tessellation Language”, though it has never been recognized as an official
standard by any standards developing organization.
3.4.7
PDES, noun
Product Data Exchange Specification
data exchange specification using STEP (3.4.5)
Note 1 to entry: Originally, a product data exchange specification developed in the 1980s by the IGES/
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018
01-julij-2018
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Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)
Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO/ASTM 52900
ICS:
01.040.25 Izdelavna tehnika (Slovarji) Manufacturing engineering
(Vocabularies)
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52900:2018
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52900
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2018-05-10 2018-08-02
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Terminology
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux — Terminologie
ICS: 01.040.25; 25.030
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
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© ISO/ASTM International 2018
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Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms . 1
3.2 Process categories . 2
3.3 Processing: General . 3
3.4 Processing: Data. 5
3.5 Processing: Positioning, coordinates and orientation . 7
3.6 Processing: Material .10
3.7 Processing: Powder bed fusion .12
3.8 Parts: General .13
3.9 Parts: Applications .14
3.10 Parts: Properties .14
3.11 Parts: Evaluation.16
Annex A (normative) Guideline for specification of AM processes based on process
categories and determining characteristics .17
Annex B (informative) Basic principles .19
Annex C (informative) Alphabetical index .24
Bibliography .27
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with
ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement
between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on
Additive Manufacturing.
This second edition of ISO/ASTM 52900 replaces first edition (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— new and modified terms and definitions
— abbreviations added for seven process categories
— a normative guideline for specification of AM processes based on process categories and determining
characteristics (Annex A)
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Introduction
Additive manufacturing is the general term for those technologies that, based on a geometrical
representation, create physical objects by successive addition of material. These technologies are
presently used for various applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as
medicine, education, architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.
During the development of additive manufacturing technology there have been numerous different
terms and definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks.
This is often ambiguous and confusing which hampers communication and wider application of this
technology.
It is the intention of this International Standard to provide a basic understanding of the fundamental
principles for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear definitions for
terms and nomenclature associated with additive manufacturing technology. The objective of this
standardization of terminology for additive manufacturing is to facilitate communication between
people involved in this field of technology on a world-wide basis.
This International Standard has been developed by ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 in close cooperation on
the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a
common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM DIS 52900:2018(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Terminology
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM)
technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical three-dimensional
(3D) geometries by successive addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 will be included in
upcoming amendments and overviews of this International Standard.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
3D printer
machine used for 3D printing (3.3.1).
3.1.2
additive manufacturing
AM
process of joining materials to make parts (3.9.1) from 3D model data, usually layer (3.3.7) upon layer,
as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: Historical terms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer
manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.
Note 2 to entry: The meaning of “additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies are
further discussed in Annex A.
3.1.3
additive system
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (3.1.2)
3.1.4
AM machine
section of the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) including hardware, machine control software,
required set-up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (3.3.8) for
producing parts (3.9.1)
3.1.5
AM machine user
operator of or entity using an AM machine (3.1.4)
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3.1.6
AM system user
additive system user
operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) or any component of an
additive system (3.1.3)
3.1.7
front
side of the machine that the
operator faces to access the user interface, or primary viewing window, or both
3.1.8
material supplier
provider of material/ feedstock (3.6.6) to be processed in additive manufacturing system (3.1.3)
3.1.9
multi-step process
type of additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which parts (3.9.1) are fabricated in two or more
operations where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates
the part to the fundamental properties of the intended material (metallic, ceramic, polymer or
composite)
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step (3.1.10) and multi-step processes are further discussed in Annex A.
3.1.10
single-step process
type of additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which parts (3.9.1) are fabricated in a single operation
where the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved
simultaneously
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step and multi-step processes (3.1.9) are further discussed in Annex A.
3.2 Process categories
3.2.1
binder jetting
BJT
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join
powder materials
3.2.2
directed energy deposition
DED
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by
melting as they are being deposited
Note 1 to entry: “Focused thermal energy” means that an energy source (for example: laser, electron beam, or
plasma arc) is focused to melt the materials being deposited.
3.2.3
material extrusion
MEX
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle
or orifice
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3.2.4
material jetting
MJTadditive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which droplets of feedstock material are selectively
deposited
Note 1 to entry: Example feedstock materials for material jetting include photopolymer resin and wax.
3.2.5
powder bed fusion
PBF
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder
bed (3.8.5)
3.2.6
sheet lamination
SHL
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form a part (3.9.1)
3.2.7
vat photopolymerization
VPP
additive manufacturing (3.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by
light-activated polymerization
3.3 Processing: General
3.3.1
3D printing
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another printer
technology
Note 1 to entry: Term often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (3.1.2);
until present times this term has in particular been associated with machines that are low end in price and/or
overall capability.
3.3.2
build chamber
enclosed location within the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) where the parts (3.9.1) are fabricated
3.3.3
build space
location where it is possible for parts (3.9.1) to be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (3.3.2)
or on a build platform (3.3.5)
3.3.4
build volume
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (3.9.1)
3.3.5
build platform
base which provides a surface upon which the building of the part/s (3.9.1) is started
and supported throughout the build process
Note 1 to entry: In some systems, the parts (3.9.1) are built attached to the build platform, either directly or
through a support (3.3.9) structure. In other systems, such as powder bed (3.8.5) systems, no direct mechanical
fixture between the build and the platform may be required.
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3.3.6
build surface
area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (3.3.7), which becomes the foundation
upon which the next layer is formed
Note 1 to entry: For the first layer, the build surface is often the build platform (3.3.5).
Note 2 to entry: In the case of directed energy deposition (3.2.2) processes, the build surface can be an existing
part onto which material is added.
Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means, or both, is variable, it may be
defined relative to the build surface.
3.3.7
layer
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
3.3.8
build cycle
single process cycle in which one or more components are built by successive joining of material within
the build space (3.3.3) of the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3)
3.3.9
support
structure separate from the part (3.9.1) geometry that is created to provide a base and anchor for the
part during the building process
Note 1 to entry: Supports are typically removed from the part prior to use.
Note 2 to entry: For certain processes such as material extrusion (3.2.3) and material jetting (3.2.4) the support
material can be different from the part material and deposited from a separate nozzle or print head.
Note 3 to entry: For certain processes such as metal powder bed fusion (3.2.5) processes, auxiliary supports can
be added to serve as an additional heat sink for the part during the building process.
3.3.10
process parameters
set of operating parameters and system settings used during a build cycle (3.3.8)
3.3.11
system set-up
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) for a build
3.3.12
manufacturing lot
set of manufactured parts (3.9.1) having commonality between feedstock (3.6.6), production run (3.3.14),
additive manufacturing system (3.1.3) and post-processing (3.6.11) steps (if required) as recorded on a
single manufacturing work order
Note 1 to entry: The additive manufacturing system could include one or several AM machines (3.1.4) and/or
post-processing machine units as agreed by AM (3.1.2) provider and customer.
3.3.13
manufacturing plan
document setting out the specific manufacturing practices, technical resources and sequences of
activities relevant to the production of a particular product including any specified acceptance criteria
at each stage
Note 1 to entry: For additive manufacturing (3.1.2), the manufacturing plan would typically include, but not be
limited to process parameters (3.3.10), pre-, and post processing (3.6.11) operations as well as relevant verification
methods.
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Note 2 to entry: Manufacturing plans are typically required under a quality management system such as ISO 9001
and ASQ C1.
3.3.14
production run
all parts (3.9.1) produced in one build cycle (3.3.8) or sequential series of build cycles using the same
feedstock (3.6.6) batch and process conditions
3.3.15
process chain
sequence of operations necessary for the part (3.9.1) to achieve desired functionality and properties
3.4 Processing: Data
3.4.1
Additive Manufacturing File Format, noun
AMF
file format for communicating additive manufacturing (3.1.2) model data including a description of the
3D surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and
metadata
Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a
constellation. Similar to STL (3.4.6), the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the
triangles may also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each
[5]
triangle in the mesh. ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.
3.4.2
AMF consumer
software reading (parsing) the AMF (3.4.1) file for fabrication, visualization or analysis
Note 1 to entry: AMF files are typically imported by additive manufacturing equipment (3.1.3), as well as viewing,
analysis and verification software
3.4.3
AMF editor
software reading and rewriting the AMF (3.4.1) file for conversion
Note 1 to entry: AMF editor applications are used to convert an AMF from one form to another, for example,
convert all curved triangles to flat triangles or convert porous material specification into an explicit mesh
surface.
3.4.4
AMF producer
software writing (generating) the AMF (3.4.1) file from original geometric data
Note 1 to entry: AMF files are typically exported by CAD software, scanning software, or directly from
computational geometry algorithms.
3.4.5
STEP
standard for the exchange of product model data
Note 1 to entry: ISO standard that provides a representation of product information along with the necessary
[3]
mechanisms and definitions to enable product data to be exchanged. ISO 10303 applies to the representation
of product information, including components and assemblies, the exchange of product data, including storing,
transferring, accessing and archiving.
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3.4.6
STL
file format for model data describing the surface geometry of an object as a tessellation of triangles
used to communicate 3D geometries to machines in order to build physical parts (3.9.1)
Note 1 to entry: The STL file format was originally developed as part of the CAD package for the early
STereoLithography Apparatus, thus referring to that process. It is sometimes also described as “Standard
Triangulation Language” or “Standard Tessellation Language”, though it has never been recognized as an official
standard by any standards developing organization.
3.4.7
IGES
initial graphics exchange specification
platform neutral CAD data exchange format intended for exchange of product geometry and geometry
annotation information
Note 1 to entry: IGES is the common name for a United States National Bureau of Standards standard NBSIR 80–
1978, Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data, which was approved by ANSI first
[3]
as ANS Y14.26M-1981 and later as ANS USPRO/IPO-100–1996. IGES version 5.3 was superseded by ISO 10303
STEP (3.4.5) in 2006.
3.4.8
PDES
Product Data Exchange Specification or Product Data Exchange using STEP (3.4.5)
Note 1 to entry: Originally, a product data exchange specification developed in the 1980s by the IGES/PDES
Organization, a program of US Product Data Association (USPRO). It was adopted as the basis for and subsequently
[3]
superseded by ISO 10303 STEP.
3.4.9
extensible markup language
XML
standard from the WorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) that provides for tagging of information content
within documents offering means for representation of content in a format that is both human and
machine readable
Note 1 to entry: Through the use of customizable style sheets and schemas, information can be represented in a
uniform way, allowing for interchange of both content (data) and format (metadata).
3.4.10
attribute
characteristic representing one or more aspects, descriptors, or elements of the data
Note 1 to entry: In object-oriented systems, attributes are characteristics of objects. In XML (3.4.9), attributes are
characteristics of elements.
3.4.11
comment
remark in source code which does not affect the behaviour of the program
Note 1 to entry: Comments are used for enhancing human readability of the file and for debugging purposes.
3.4.12
element
information unit within an XML (3.4.9) document consisting of a start tag, an end tag, the content
between the tags, and any attributes (3.4.10).
Note 1 to entry: In the XML framework, an element can contain data, attributes, and other elements.
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3.4.13
facet
typically a three- or four-sided polygon that represents an element of a 3D polygonal mesh surface
or model
Note 1 to entry: Triangular facets are used in the file formats most significant to AM (3.1.2): AMF (3.4.1) and STL
(3.4.6); however, AMF files permits a triangular facet to be curved.
3.4.14
surface model
mathematical or digital representation of an object as a set of planar or curved surfaces, or both, that
can, but does not necessarily have to represent a closed volume
3.4.15
3D scanning
3D digitizing
method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a 3-dimensional representation by recording x,
y, z coordinates on the object’s surface and through software the collection of points is converted into
digital data
Note 1 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor, or
other device.
3.5 Processing: Positioning, coordinates and orientation
3.5.1
bounding box
orthogonally oriented minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of
the points on the surface of a 3D part (3.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: Where the manufactured part includes the test geometry plus additional external features (for
example, labels, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test part geometry
excluding the additional external features if noted. Different varieties of bounding boxes are illustrated in
[6]
ISO/ASTM 52921.
3.5.2
arbitrarily oriented bounding box
bounding box (3.5.1) calculated without any constraints on the resulting orientation of the box
3.5.3
machine bounding box
bounding box (3.5.1) for which the surfaces are parallel to the machine coordinate system
(3.5.11)
3.5.4
master bounding box
bounding box (3.5.1) which encloses all of the parts (3.9.1) in a single build
3.5.5
geometric centre
centroid
, location at the arithmetic middle of the bounding box (3.5.1) of the part (3.9.1)
Note 1 to entry: The geometric centre of the bounding box could lie outside the part.
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3.5.6
orthogonal orientation notation
description of the orientation of the bounding box (3.5.1) according to overall length in decreasing
magnitude, parallel to the axes of the machine coordinate system (3.5.11)
Note 1 to entry: Notation typically consists of a combination of X, Y, and Z –axis as defined by the machine
coordinate system.
Note 2 to entry: Orthogonal orientation notation requires that the bounding box be aligned with the machine
coordinate system. Machine coordinate system and different bounding boxes are illustrated in ISO/ASTM
[6]
52921 .
3.5.7
initial build orientation
orientation of the part as it is first placed in the build volume (3.3.4)
[6]
Note 1 to entry: Initial build orientation is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921 .
3.5.8
part reorientation
rotation around the geometric centre (3.5.5) of the part’s bounding box (3.5.1) from the specified initial
build orientation (3.5.7) of that part (3.9.1)
[6]
Note 1 to entry: Part reorientation is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
3.5.9
build envelope
largest external dimensions of the x-, y-, and z-axes (3.5.16, 3.5.17 and 3.5.18) within the build space
(3.3.3) where parts (3.9.1) can be fabricated
Note 1 t
...
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