A01.28 - Bearing and Power Transmission Steels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings. The grades of steels covered here are: Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade B2, Grade B3, Grade B4, Grade B5, Grade B6, Grade B7, and Grade B8. Heat and product analyses shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required chemical composition of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, titanium, copper, molybdenum, oxygen, and aluminum. The steels shall undergo normalizing followed by spheroidize annealing before heating for end quenching. Test for hardenability shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required Brinell and Rockwell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. Chemical requirements shall conform to the required compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, copper, and molybdenum. Heat analysis and product analysis shall made. Decarburization and surface imperfection limits are specified. When annealing will be made, the steel should have a completely spheroidized microstructure and the hardness is specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary Requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for carburizing steels to be used in anti-friction bearings. Materials shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, oxygen, and aluminum contents. Materials shall adhere to inclusion ratings set for thin and heavy series. Grain size and hardenability requirements shall be followed. Decarburization and surface imperfections of hot-rolled, cold-finished, or annealed bars and tubes shall not exceed specified limits as measured through microscopical methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carburizing bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Comparison with Other Inclusion Rating Methods—Because the test is performed on a volumetric rather than a surface-examination basis, the ultrasonic method is inherently better able to detect infrequently occurring large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions than eddy current, magnetic particle, microscopical, or macroscopic examination procedures.  
6.2 Limitation of Inclusion Size and Type—A limitation of the method is that it will not detect all inclusions. Inclusion chemistry, size, shape, location, and distribution may limit the ability of the method to provide indications distinct from those generated by the surrounding metallurgical structure. The recommended practice is only meaningfully applicable to examination of steel wherein the inclusion size and type are within the detection capabilities of the method. For steel wherein inclusion size, dispersion, and chemistry prevent optimum inclusion detection by ultrasonics, microscopical methods detailed in Test Methods E45 may be applied.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the rating of rectangular steel sections by immersion ultrasonic techniques. Its purpose is to provide information on the content of large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions for determining the suitability of a steel lot for bearing applications. This practice in no manner defines or establishes limits of acceptability.  
1.2 For this document, large inclusions are defined in ultrasonic terms as those having a reflecting area equivalent to or larger than a 1/64 in. diameter flat-bottom hole in a steel reference block of similar properties and thickness. In metallographic terms, large inclusions, defined in this way, are of approximately the same size as the smallest detectable sizes revealed by the macroscopic methods of Test Methods E45. In some cases, inclusions smaller than those described previously can be detected either individually or in clusters, depending on their type, chemical composition, orientation to the ultrasonic beam and distance from the sound entry surface of the specimen.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers high-carbon bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. Materials shall conform to chemical compositions as specified herein, and to physical size and shape as agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. Steels shall exhibit fine fracture grain size when quenched from normal austenitizing temperatures. Decarburization and surface imperfections shall not exceed the limits also specified herein. When annealing is specified in the order, the steel shall adhere to hardness requirements and have a completely spheroidized microstructure, which shall accordingly be rated and reported as carbide size, carbide network, and lamellar content.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high-carbon bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers bars, billets, and blooms of bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of highly loaded anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers the definition and rating of the microstructure of carbide structures in annealed high carbon bearing steels. Requirements for the optical metallograph apparatus and specimen preparation including polishing and etching are detailed. The description of the reference photomicrographs (graded illustrations of annealed carbides categorized by size, network, and lamellar content (shape)) that shall be used in the evaluation and the equation that shall define the rating are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the description of carbide structures in annealed high carbon bearing steels.  
1.2 Included is a guide for rating steel specimens by a graded series of photomicrographs showing the incidence of certain conditions.  
1.3 The reference photomicrographs are graded illustrations of annealed carbides categorized by size, network, and lamellar content (shape).  
1.4 This guide is to facilitate communication and description of microstructure. It does not establish limits of acceptability. Such limits are a matter of agreement between user and producer.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard specification for medium carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. The bearings shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, phosphorus, manganese, sulfur, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, oxygen and aluminum. Requirement for dimensional tolerances of hot-rolled or hot-rolled and annealed bars, in straight lengths or coils, and cold-finished bars and larger in diameter furnished shall conform to the specified size, shape and tolerances. The grain size of the material shall conform to the required size, otherwise it shall be normalized and retested. Decarburization and surface imperfection shall not exceed the limit in the specified values. Material may be ordered as hot rolled or thermally treated. No hardness limits shall apply for as-hot-rolled materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers medium carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for carburizing steels to be used in anti-friction bearings. Materials shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, oxygen, and aluminum contents. Materials shall adhere to inclusion ratings set for thin and heavy series. Grain size and hardenability requirements shall be followed. Decarburization and surface imperfections of hot-rolled, cold-finished, or annealed bars and tubes shall not exceed specified limits as measured through microscopical methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carburizing bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. Chemical requirements shall conform to the required compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, copper, and molybdenum. Heat analysis and product analysis shall made. Decarburization and surface imperfection limits are specified. When annealing will be made, the steel should have a completely spheroidized microstructure and the hardness is specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary Requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings. The grades of steels covered here are: Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade B2, Grade B3, Grade B4, Grade B5, Grade B6, Grade B7, and Grade B8. Heat and product analyses shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required chemical composition of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, titanium, copper, molybdenum, oxygen, and aluminum. The steels shall undergo normalizing followed by spheroidize annealing before heating for end quenching. Test for hardenability shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required Brinell and Rockwell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for carburizing steels to be used in anti-friction bearings. Materials shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, oxygen, and aluminum contents. Materials shall adhere to inclusion ratings set for thin and heavy series. Grain size and hardenability requirements shall be followed. Decarburization and surface imperfections of hot-rolled, cold-finished, or annealed bars and tubes shall not exceed specified limits as measured through microscopical methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carburizing bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. Chemical requirements shall conform to the required compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, copper, and molybdenum. Heat analysis and product analysis shall made. Decarburization and surface imperfection limits are specified. When annealing will be made, the steel should have a completely spheroidized microstructure and the hardness is specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary Requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers high-carbon bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. Materials shall conform to chemical compositions as specified herein, and to physical size and shape as agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. Steels shall exhibit fine fracture grain size when quenched from normal austenitizing temperatures. Decarburization and surface imperfections shall not exceed the limits also specified herein. When annealing is specified in the order, the steel shall adhere to hardness requirements and have a completely spheroidized microstructure, which shall accordingly be rated and reported as carbide size, carbide network, and lamellar content.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high-carbon bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Comparison with Other Inclusion Rating Methods—Because the test is performed on a volumetric rather than a surface-examination basis, the ultrasonic method is inherently better able to detect infrequently occurring large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions than eddy current, magnetic particle, microscopical, or macroscopic examination procedures.  
6.2 Limitation of Inclusion Size and Type—A limitation of the method is that it will not detect all inclusions. Inclusion chemistry, size, shape, location, and distribution may limit the ability of the method to provide indications distinct from those generated by the surrounding metallurgical structure. The recommended practice is only meaningfully applicable to examination of steel wherein the inclusion size and type are within the detection capabilities of the method. For steel wherein inclusion size, dispersion, and chemistry prevent optimum inclusion detection by ultrasonics, microscopical methods detailed in Test Methods E45 may be applied.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the rating of rectangular steel sections by immersion ultrasonic techniques. Its purpose is to provide information on the content of large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions for determining the suitability of a steel lot for bearing applications. This practice in no manner defines or establishes limits of acceptability.  
1.2 For this document, large inclusions are defined in ultrasonic terms as those having a reflecting area equivalent to or larger than a 1/64-in. diameter flat-bottom hole in a steel reference block of similar properties and thickness. In metallographic terms, large inclusions, defined in this way, are of approximately the same size as the smallest detectable sizes revealed by the macroscopic methods of Test Methods E45. In some cases, inclusions smaller than those described previously can be detected either individually or in clusters, depending on their type, chemical composition, orientation to the ultrasonic beam and distance from the sound entry surface of the specimen.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard specification for medium carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. The bearings shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, phosphorus, manganese, sulfur, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, oxygen and aluminum. Requirement for dimensional tolerances of hot-rolled or hot-rolled and annealed bars, in straight lengths or coils, and cold-finished bars and larger in diameter furnished shall conform to the specified size, shape and tolerances. The grain size of the material shall conform to the required size, otherwise it shall be normalized and retested. Decarburization and surface imperfection shall not exceed the limit in the specified values. Material may be ordered as hot rolled or thermally treated. No hardness limits shall apply for as-hot-rolled materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers medium carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers the definition and rating of the microstructure of carbide structures in annealed high carbon bearing steels. Requirements for the optical metallograph apparatus and specimen preparation including polishing and etching are detailed. The description of the reference photomicrographs (graded illustrations of annealed carbides categorized by size, network, and lamellar content (shape)) that shall be used in the evaluation and the equation that shall define the rating are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the description of carbide structures in annealed high carbon bearing steels.  
1.2 Included is a guide for rating steel specimens by a graded series of photomicrographs showing the incidence of certain conditions.  
1.3 The reference photomicrographs are graded illustrations of annealed carbides categorized by size, network, and lamellar content (shape).  
1.4 This guide is to facilitate communication and description of microstructure. It does not establish limits of acceptability. Such limits are a matter of agreement between user and producer.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings. The grades of steels covered here are: Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade B2, Grade B3, Grade B4, Grade B5, Grade B6, Grade B7, and Grade B8. Heat and product analyses shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required chemical composition of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, titanium, copper, molybdenum, oxygen, and aluminum. The steels shall undergo normalizing followed by spheroidize annealing before heating for end quenching. Test for hardenability shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required Brinell and Rockwell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. Chemical requirements shall conform to the required compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, copper, and molybdenum. Heat analysis and product analysis shall made. Decarburization and surface imperfection limits are specified. When annealing will be made, the steel should have a completely spheroidized microstructure and the hardness is specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary Requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers bars, billets, and blooms of bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of highly loaded anti-friction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers high-carbon bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. Materials shall conform to chemical compositions as specified herein, and to physical size and shape as agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. Steels shall exhibit fine fracture grain size when quenched from normal austenitizing temperatures. Decarburization and surface imperfections shall not exceed the limits also specified herein. When annealing is specified in the order, the steel shall adhere to hardness requirements and have a completely spheroidized microstructure, which shall accordingly be rated and reported as carbide size, carbide network, and lamellar content.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high-carbon bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings. The grades of steels covered here are: Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade B2, Grade B3, Grade B4, Grade B5, Grade B6, Grade B7, and Grade B8. Heat and product analyses shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required chemical composition of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, titanium, copper, molybdenum, oxygen, and aluminum. The steels shall undergo normalizing followed by spheroidize annealing before heating for end quenching. Test for hardenability shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required Brinell and Rockwell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. Chemical requirements shall conform to the required compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, copper, and molybdenum. Heat analysis and product analysis shall made. Decarburization and surface imperfection limits are specified. When annealing will be made, the steel should have a completely spheroidized microstructure and the hardness is specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary Requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard specification for medium carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. The bearings shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, phosphorus, manganese, sulfur, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, oxygen and aluminum. Requirement for dimensional tolerances of hot-rolled or hot-rolled and annealed bars, in straight lengths or coils, and cold-finished bars and larger in diameter furnished shall conform to the specified size, shape and tolerances. The grain size of the material shall conform to the required size, otherwise it shall be normalized and retested. Decarburization and surface imperfection shall not exceed the limit in the specified values. Material may be ordered as hot rolled or thermally treated. No hardness limits shall apply for as-hot-rolled materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers medium carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for carburizing steels to be used in anti-friction bearings. Materials shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, oxygen, and aluminum contents. Materials shall adhere to inclusion ratings set for thin and heavy series. Grain size and hardenability requirements shall be followed. Decarburization and surface imperfections of hot-rolled, cold-finished, or annealed bars and tubes shall not exceed specified limits as measured through microscopical methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carburizing bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers the definition and rating of the microstructure of carbide structures in annealed high carbon bearing steels. Requirements for the optical metallograph apparatus and specimen preparation including polishing and etching are detailed. The description of the reference photomicrographs (graded illustrations of annealed carbides categorized by size, network, and lamellar content (shape)) that shall be used in the evaluation and the equation that shall define the rating are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the description of carbide structures in annealed high carbon bearing steels.
1.2 Included is a guide for rating steel specimens by a graded series of photomicrographs showing the incidence of certain conditions.  
1.3 The reference photomicrographs are graded illustrations of annealed carbides categorized by size, network, and lamellar content (shape).  
1.4 This guide is to facilitate communication and description of microstructure. It does not establish limits of acceptability. Such limits are a matter of agreement between user and producer.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Comparison with Other Inclusion Rating Methods—Because the test is performed on a volumetric rather than a surface-examination basis, the ultrasonic method is inherently better able to detect infrequently occurring large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions than eddy current, magnetic particle, microscopical, or macroscopic examination procedures.
Limitation of Inclusion Size and Type—A limitation of the method is that it will not detect all inclusions. Inclusion chemistry, size, shape, location, and distribution may limit the ability of the method to provide indications distinct from those generated by the surrounding metallurgical structure. The recommended practice is only meaningfully applicable to examination of steel wherein the inclusion size and type are within the detection capabilities of the method. For steel wherein inclusion size, dispersion, and chemistry prevent optimum inclusion detection by ultrasonics, microscopical methods detailed in Test Methods E 45 may be applied.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the rating of rectangular steel sections by immersion ultrasonic techniques. Its purpose is to provide information on the content of large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions for determining the suitability of a steel lot for bearing applications. This practice in no manner defines or establishes limits of acceptability.
1.2 For this document, large inclusions are defined in ultrasonic terms as those having a reflecting area equivalent to or larger than a 1/64-in. diameter flat-bottom hole in a steel reference block of similar properties and thickness. In metallographic terms, large inclusions, defined in this way, are of approximately the same size as the smallest detectable sizes revealed by the macroscopic methods of Test Methods E 45. In some cases, inclusions smaller than those described previously can be detected either individually or in clusters, depending on their type, chemical composition, orientation to the ultrasonic beam and distance from the sound entry surface of the specimen.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers the definition and rating of the microstructure of carbide structures in annealed high carbon bearing steels. Requirements for the optical metallograph apparatus and specimen preparation including polishing and etching are detailed. The description of the reference photomicrographs (graded illustrations of annealed carbides categorized by size, network, and lamellar content (shape)) that shall be used in the evaluation and the equation that shall define the rating are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the description of carbide structures in annealed high carbon bearing steels.
1.2 Included is a guide for rating steel specimens by a graded series of photomicrographs showing the incidence of certain conditions.
1.3 The reference photomicrographs are graded illustrations of annealed carbides categorized by size, network, and lamellar content (shape).
1.4 This guide is to facilitate communication and description of microstructure. It does not establish limits of acceptability. Such limits are a matter of agreement between user and producer.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers high-carbon bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. Materials shall conform to chemical compositions as specified herein, and to physical size and shape as agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. Steels shall exhibit fine fracture grain size when quenched from normal austenitizing temperatures. Decarburization and surface imperfections shall not exceed the limits also specified herein. When annealing is specified in the order, the steel shall adhere to hardness requirements and have a completely spheroidized microstructure, which shall accordingly be rated and reported as carbide size, carbide network, and lamellar content.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high-carbon bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for carburizing steels to be used in anti-friction bearings. Materials shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, oxygen, and aluminum contents. Materials shall adhere to inclusion ratings set for thin and heavy series. Grain size and hardenability requirements shall be followed. Decarburization and surface imperfections of hot-rolled, cold-finished, or annealed bars and tubes shall not exceed specified limits as measured through microscopical methods.
SCOPE
DESIG: A534 04 ^TITLE: Standard Specification for Carburizing Steels for Anti-Friction Bearings ^SCOPE:1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carburizing bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings. The grades of steels covered here are: Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade B2, Grade B3, Grade B4, Grade B5, Grade B6, Grade B7, and Grade B8. Heat and product analyses shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required chemical composition of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, titanium, copper, molybdenum, oxygen, and aluminum. The steels shall undergo normalizing followed by spheroidize annealing before heating for end quenching. Test for hardenability shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required Brinell and Rockwell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Comparison with Other Inclusion Rating Methods—Because the test is performed on a volumetric rather than a surface-examination basis, the ultrasonic method is inherently better able to detect infrequently occurring large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions than eddy current, magnetic particle, microscopical, or macroscopic examination procedures.
Limitation of Inclusion Size and Type—A limitation of the method is that it will not detect all inclusions. Inclusion chemistry, size, shape, location, and distribution may limit the ability of the method to provide indications distinct from those generated by the surrounding metallurgical structure. The recommended practice is only meaningfully applicable to examination of steel wherein the inclusion size and type are within the detection capabilities of the method. For steel wherein inclusion size, dispersion, and chemistry prevent optimum inclusion detection by ultrasonics, microscopical methods detailed in Practice E 45 may be applied.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the rating of rectangular steel sections by immersion ultrasonic techniques. Its purpose is to provide information on the content of large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions for determining the suitability of a steel lot for bearing applications. This practice in no manner defines or establishes limits of acceptability.
1.2 For this document, large inclusions are defined in ultrasonic terms as those having a reflecting area equivalent to or larger than a 1/64-in. diameter flat-bottom hole in a steel reference block of similar properties and thickness. In metallographic terms, large inclusions, defined in this way, are of approximately the same size as the smallest detectable sizes revealed by the macroscopic methods of Practice E 45. In some cases, inclusions smaller than those described previously can be detected either individually or in clusters, depending on their type, chemical composition, orientation to the ultrasonic beam and distance from the sound entry surface of the specimen.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard specification for medium carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. The bearings shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, phosphorus, manganese, sulfur, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, oxygen and aluminum. Requirement for dimensional tolerances of hot-rolled or hot-rolled and annealed bars, in straight lengths or coils, and cold-finished bars and larger in diameter furnished shall conform to the specified size, shape and tolerances. The grain size of the material shall conform to the required size, otherwise it shall be normalized and retested. Decarburization and surface imperfection shall not exceed the limit in the specified values. Material may be ordered as hot rolled or thermally treated. No hardness limits shall apply for as-hot-rolled materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers medium carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carburizing bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carburizing bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers medium carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the description of carbide structures in annealed high carbon bearing steels.
1.2 Included is a guide for rating steel specimens by a graded series of photomicrographs showing the incidence of certain conditions.
1.3 The reference photomicrographs are graded illustrations of annealed carbides categorized by size, network and lamellar content (shape).
1.4 This guide is to facilitate communication and description of microstructure. It does not establish limits of acceptability. Such limits are a matter of agreement between user and producer.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary Requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the description of carbide structures in annealed high carbon bearing steels.
1.2 Included is a guide for rating steel specimens by a graded series of photomicrographs showing the incidence of certain conditions.
1.3 The reference photomicrographs are graded illustrations of annealed carbides categorized by size, network and lamellar content (shape).
1.4 This guide is to facilitate communication and description of microstructure. It does not establish limits of acceptability. Such limits are a matter of agreement between user and producer.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings. Chemical requirements shall conform to the required compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, copper, and molybdenum. Heat analysis and product analysis shall made. Decarburization and surface imperfection limits are specified. When annealing will be made, the steel should have a completely spheroidized microstructure and the hardness is specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for chromium-carbon bearing quality stainless steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary Requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high hardenability modifications of high-carbon bearing quality steel to be used in the manufacture of antifriction bearings.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high-carbon bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of anti-friction bearings.
1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the rating of rectangular steel sections by immersion ultrasonic techniques. Its purpose is to provide information on the content of large inclusions or clusters of small inclusions for determining the suitability of a steel lot for bearing applications. It should be recognized that this method was developed after several years of close cooperation between bearing manufacturers and bearing steel producers. References (1-8)  provide background information on developmental work. If its use for specification purposes is contemplated for other steel products, thought should be given to the possibility that a similar cooperative program between users and steel producers might be necessary. This practice in no manner defines or establishes limits of acceptability.
1.2 For this document, large inclusions are defined in ultrasonic terms as those having a reflecting area equivalent to or larger than a 1/64-inch diameter flat-bottom hole in a steel reference block of similar properties and thickness. In metallographic terms, large inclusions, defined in this way, are of approximately the same size as the smallest detectable sizes revealed by the macroscopic methods of Practice E45. In some cases, inclusions smaller than those described previously can be detected either individually or in clusters, depending on their type, chemical composition, orientation to the ultrasonic beam and distance from the sound entry surface of the specimen.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.