D13.54 - Subassemblies

SCOPE
1.1 This standard identifies terminology related to subassemblies which are categorized as any component that is used in the construction or assembly of a textile product. Subassemblies can be in the form of components used as closures (for example, slide fasteners, buttons, snap fasteners, hook and loop (touch) fasteners) or methods used to join textile sections (for example, stitches and seams).  
1.2 Terms relating to Buttons are found in Section 3.  
1.3 Terms relating to Hook and Loop (Touch) fasteners are in Section 4.  
1.4 Terms relating to Snap Fasteners are found in Section 5.  
1.5 Terms relating to Slide Fasteners are found in Section 6.  
1.6 For other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology identifies industrial terms related to stitches and seams that are used for the assembly of textile structures.  
1.2 Section 3, Terminology, is categorized into two subsections, specific to the two areas of specialization under this document.  
1.2.1 Section 3.1 Relating to Seams.  
1.2.2 Section 3.2 Relating to Stitches.  
1.3 For other terms relating to textiles refer to Terminology D123.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The manufacturing of textile products uses seam engineering to determine the best combination of sewing thread, stitch type, seam type, and stitch density to construct the end use structure. These four seam engineering variables contribute to a textile product being able to achieve the maximum sewn seam strength performance and structural integrity when cut pieces of fabric are joined together.  
5.1.1 It is known that for some textile structures the seam engineering variables are selected to meet a “one time performance requirement.” This means that following the “single incident” during which the maximum performance potential or capability of the textile structure has been met, it is expected to be discarded and replaced with another “new” unit. For example: an inflatable restraint in an automobile. Once deployed, it must be replaced; it cannot be re-used. Likewise, there are other textile structures, intended to be used multiple times, while also being subjected to various care and maintenance regimens.  
5.1.2 This test method enables the fabric producer of woven fabrics, the textile producer, and other users of the test method to determine which seam engineering choices can be made relative to: sewing thread tex size; seam type; stitch type; and stitch density to determine the potential outcomes that can occur when a particular woven fabric is used:
(a) What is the maximum force at which sewn seam strength failure will enable products made with this fabric to be repaired?
(b) What is the highest seam efficiency percentage attained?
(c) What is the maximum force at which the sewn seam strength results in seam slippage that can cause yarn slippage, yarn displacement and fabric failure?
5.1.2.1 The maximum force at which sewn seam strength or the highest seam efficiency retained demonstrate failure of the stitching without causing the displacement of one or more fabric yarns from their original position mean that the product can be repaired. When the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the sewn seam strength in woven fabrics by applying a force perpendicular to the sewn seams.  
1.1.1 The axis perpendicular to the sewn seam can represent either the warp yarn axis or filling yarn axis, the same axis tested when using grab Test Method D5034.
1.1.1.1 This test method is applicable to sewn seams obtained from a previously sewn article or seams sewn with fabric samples using one of two specific seam assemblies as shown in Table 1.  
Note 1: When the performance of a woven textile structure requires data to indicate the maximum seam strength that will result in the failure of fabric on either side of seam, the standard seam can be changed to use the Lapped seam type construction with two or more rows of stitching: Lsc-2; Lsc-3; Lsc-4; and the maximum number of stitches per inch that can be used. (See Practice D6193.)  
1.2 This test method is used when the maximum breaking force measurement to rupture of a woven fabric sewn seam is required.  
1.2.1 This test method is used when the seam efficiency measurement of a woven fabric sewn seam is required.  
1.2.2 This test method is used to identify the sewn seam strength threshold at which the failure of the stitching occurs, without damage to the fabric, so that the textile product can be repaired.  
1.2.3 This test method is used to identify the force at which seam strength results in slippage and displacement of warp yarns, filling yarns, or any combination of these yarns.  
1.3 This test method does not predict actual wear performance of a seam.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The resistance of a zipper to a variety of saline and non-saline environments can be estimated from the amount and nature of corrosion products and their effect on operability. Results of exposure to the salt spray are merely indicative of the reaction to other corrosive conditions. While the results cannot be related precisely to a given length of exposure in a specific atmosphere, they are useful for measuring relative performance under prescribed conditions for controlling a manufacturing process, and for measuring the effectiveness of protective coatings.  
5.2 Test Method D2059 for the determination of the resistance of zippers to salt spray is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of zippers because the test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The method(s) in the standard along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2052, D2053, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2060, D2061, and D2062 are a collection of proven test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. T...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of all types of zippers to corrosion and their ability to function properly after exposure of specified duration in a prescribed salt spray.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2051 is useful for testing to determine the effect of repeated laundering on the appearance of the decorative coating of a zipper.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The test method(s) in the standard along with those in Test Methods D2052, D2053, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2059, D2060, D2061, and D2062 are a collection of proven test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been published either because no practical methods have yet been developed or because a valid evaluation of the information resulting from existing unpublished methods requires an inti...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the durability of the enamel or other decorative coating of a zipper when subjected to laundering.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the degree of color that may be transferred from the textile tape of zippers of all fibers to other surfaces by rubbing under wet or dry conditions, or both.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in determining if the loss of color due to light exposure is satisfactory for the intended end-use.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The test method(s) in this standard along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2052, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2059, D2060, D2061, and D2062 are a collection of proven zipper test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been published either because no practical methods have yet been developed or because a valid evaluation of the information resulting from existing unpublished methods requires an intimate and...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the alteration in shade of the textile portion of zippers when exposed to light, regardless of the materials of manufacture.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2052 is useful for testing to determine if the degree of alteration in shade is satisfactory for the intended end-use and for determining if unacceptable staining of color into adjacent fabric will occur.
Note 1: For guidance in evaluating the results of this test method, refer to Practice D3692.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The method(s) in this standard along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2053, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2059, D2060, D2061, and D2062 are a collection of proven zipper test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been publishe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of change in shade and of staining of zipper stringers under drycleaning conditions. This test method is applicable to the textile portion of zipper stringers of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The significance of specific tests is discussed in the appropriate sections.  
4.2 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test methods have been used extensively in the trade for this purpose, and because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable in most cases.  
4.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D2060 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias if found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
4.3 The test method(s) in these test methods, along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2052, D2053, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2059, D2061, and D2062, are a collection of proven test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been published either be...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the dimensions of all types and sizes of zippers.  
1.2 The test methods appear as follows:    
Sections  
Chain Flatness  
34 – 39  
Chain Straightness  
40 – 44  
Chain Thickness  
28 – 33  
Chain Width  
45 – 50  
Length of Zipper or Parts  
9 – 14  
Longitudinal Dimensional Change  
51 – 58  
Slider Mouth Width  
21 – 27  
Tape Width  
15 – 20  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2057 is useful for testing to determine if the degree of alteration in shade is satisfactory for the intended end-use and for determining if unacceptable staining of color into adjacent fabric will occur.
Note 1: For guidance in evaluating the results of this method, refer to Practice D3692.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The method(s) in this standard along with those in D2051, D2052, D2053, D2054, D2058, D2059, D2060, D2061, and D2062 are a collection of proven zipper test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been published either because...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of alteration in shade and of staining under conditions similar to that experienced in domestic washing of zipper stringers. This test method is applicable to the textile portion of zipper stringers that utilize tapes made of cotton, linen, or manufactured organic fibers, and to combinations thereof.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2058 is useful for determining the effect of repeated drycleaning on the appearance of the decorative coating of a zipper.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The method(s) in the standard along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2052, D2053, D2054, D2057, D2059, D2060, D2061, and D2062 are a collection of proven test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been published either because no practical methods have yet been developed or because a valid evaluation of the information resulting from existing unpublished methods requires an intimate and thoroug...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the durability of the enamel or other decorative coating of zippers when subjected to drycleaning.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Both test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of garments with prong-ring type snap fasteners.  
5.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance of commercial shipment, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either the cause must be determined and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Comparison of results from test equipment operating on different principles is not recommended. In cases of conflict between the test results achieved with manual test equipment (Option 2) and motorized CRE (constant rate of extension) tensile testing machine (Option 1), the results from the motorized equipment shall take precedence.  
5.3 This test method may be used to determine the compatibility of prong-ring type snap fasteners and fabrics for use in apparel. In which case, the fasteners are attached to the fabric in the manner in which they will be used and the combined units tested. See Annex A1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the holding strength of a prong-ring to the socket or stud of a snap fastener using a tensile testing machine (Option 1) or a manual test stand and force-measuring gage (Option 2).  
1.2 This test method is applicable to prong-ring type snap fasteners in garments or to be attached to fabrics intended for use in apparel (see Annex A1).  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for determining the change to the listed properties (see 1.1.1 and 1.1.2) and if the changes are acceptable for the intended use. This test may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of buttons.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results for the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a means of determining the effect of drycleaning on certain physical attributes of buttons. The test method applies to buttons made from plastics, natural materials, cast metal, stamped metal, and electroplated plastic.  
1.1.1 The observed attributes of buttons made from plastic and natural materials include: color change, color transfer, solubility, swelling, and loss of finish.  
1.1.2 The observed attributes of buttons made of metal and electroplated buttons include: color change, oxidation, and color transfer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of garments with attached buttons.  
5.2 This test method may be used to determine the compatibility of tack attached buttons or prong fastener attached buttons to fabrics used in apparel. In which case, the buttons are attached to the fabric in the manner in which they will be used and the combined units tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the holding strength of a tack and prong fastener attached button using a tensile testing machine.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to attached buttons in garments or to be attached to fabrics intended for use in apparel (see Annex A1).  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes standard dimensions for zippers of all materials for specified size designation; for equivalency, in inch-pound and metric units, of zipper length and length tolerances, of tape width and width tolerances, and of tape end lengths. Size, zipper length, tape width, and tape end length tests shall be performed in accordance with the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes standard dimensions for zippers of all materials for specified size designation; for equivalency, in inch-pound and metric units, of zipper length and length tolerances, of tape width and width tolerances, and of tape end lengths.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of snap fasteners, but caution is advised since information on between laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 are advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4846 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and seller should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and seller must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to disengage snap fasteners by a pull perpendicular to and parallel with the plane of the snap fastener.  
1.2 This test method requires attachment of snaps to specimens using specifications provided by the producers of the snaps.  
1.3 This test method is used to establish correlation to wear conditions and for comparing different brands and types of snap fasteners.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method employs the grab procedures used to determine localized weakness due to bar-tacking in the pocket areas of all types of garments such as shirts, including the side or back pockets of trousers, pants, or jeans. To test its breaking strength, a specimen of the pocket area shall be mounted centrally in clamps of a constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine and a force shall be applied until the specimen breaks. Reports on the test results shall include the mode of failure and the location of where the break occurs.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method utilizes the grab procedures to determine localized weakness due to bar-tacking in the pocket areas of all types of garments. This can be utilized to test bar-tacking in the pockets of shirts, as well as side or back pockets of trousers, pants, or jeans.  
1.2 This test method provides the values in both inch-pound and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units know as the International System of Units. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining in any way.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful for the selection of zippers that will be compatible with items to be care labeled.  
4.2 This practice is useful as a guide for the selection of test methods to evaluate zipper properties that are relevant to care-labeled items.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines to the manufacturer for the selection of zippers to be used in garments and household furnishings that have care labels. The use of this practice will facilitate the selection of a zipper compatible with the end-item requirements. In the absence of complete knowledge of end-item characteristics, it is not possible to stipulate specific universal characteristics for a care label. Therefore following initial selection, the chosen zipper should be tested in a prototype item to confirm its suitability. Zipper properties to be considered are those that may, following refurbishing, be the ones likely to adversely affect the continued use and enjoyment of the item in which the zipper is installed.  
1.2 The product characteristics evaluated by this practice are shrinkage, colorfastness, and ironing deformation.  
Note 1: Test methods of interest include Test Method D2052, Test Method D2053, Test Method D2054, Test Method D2057, Test Methods D2060.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method gives a measure of a key property of hook and loop touch fasteners which is of interest to users of such devices. This is a means of determining the resistance to separation when forces are applied parallel to the plane of the fastener.  
5.2 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogenous as possible and which are from a lot of hook and loop of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the shear strength of hook and loop touch (CRE) fasteners using a recording constant rate of extension tensile testing machine.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test measures an important property to users of sew through flange buttons. This is a means of determining the resistance of the bridge of the button to a strain which can cause it to fall off a garment to which it is attached.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing, Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results for the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the resistance of the bridge of a sew-through button to a steadily increasing strain.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The usefulness of a zipper in service can be evaluated by these tests. No one test determines the suitability of a zipper for a specific end use. Since the tests are inter-related more than one may be needed for a complete evaluation.  
4.2 These methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the methods have been used extensively in the trade for this purpose, and because estimates of current between-laboratory precision are acceptable in most cases.  
4.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
4.3 The method(s) in the standard along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2052, D2053, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2059/D2059M, D2060, and D2062 are a collection of proven test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the strengths for zipper and zipper parts. All methods are not suitable for use with all kinds of zipper. The restrictions, if any, are indicated in the scope for each individual test method. The test methods appear as follows:    
Sections  
Holding Strengths of Separable Units  
25 – 32  
Holding Strength of Slider Lock  
92 – 100  
Holding Strength of Stops  
17 – 24  
Resistance to Angular Pull-Off of Slider Pull  
82 – 91  
Resistance to Cushioned Compression of Sliders  
33 – 42  
Resistance to Pull-Off of Slider Pull  
72 – 81  
Resistance to Twist of Pull and Slider  
52 – 61  
Slider Deflection and Recovery  
43 – 51  
Strength of Chains and Elements  
9 – 16  
Torsional Resistance of Slider Pull for Removal of Components  
62 – 71  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The significance of specific tests is discussed in the appropriate sections.  
4.2 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of zippers because the methods have been used extensively in the trade for this purpose, even though current estimates of between-laboratory precision are quite large in some cases.  
4.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
FIG. 1 Slider Sticking on Bottom Stop  
4.3 The method(s) in the standard along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2052, D2053, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2059/D2059M, D2060, and D2061 are a collection of proven test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been published either because no practical methods have yet been developed or because a valid evaluation ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the following characteristics of zippers:    
Sections  
Opening and Closing of Zippers  
14 – 17  
Separator Functioning of Zippers  
18 – 22  
Sticking of Zippers at Stops  
10 – 13  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method gives a measure of a key property of hook and loop touch fasteners which is of interest to users of such devices. This is a means of determining the resistance to separation when forces are applied normal to the line of separation of the fastener.  
3.2 The force registered in a peel test is irregular, and as a consequence, empirical methods have had to be developed to obtain usable values related to peel strength. In spite of the empirical nature of the reported values, it is believed they reflect comparative performance of similar touch fasteners tested and measured in the same way.  
3.3 Two optional methods of calculation are provided: integrator average and average of five highest peaks. These test methods are not equivalent. Generally, the integrator average will be lower than the average of the five highest peaks.  
3.4 The highest peaks which reflect the force required to separate a hook and loop closure bear no simple relationship to the average force (integrator average). The average of the five highest peaks better reflect performance but the integrator results may be used to characterize a closure and for quality control purposes. The integrator average is relatively easy to calculate given the proper equipment.  
3.5 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogenous as possible and which are from a lot of hook and loop of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the peel strength of hook and loop touch fasteners using a recording constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine (CRE).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This performance specification covers zippers to be used as fly closures in dungarees, jeans, and work trousers made from heavy denim or other durable fabric. Zippers covered here may be satisfactorily used for lighter weight denim and other fabrics as well, however, consideration should be given to the zipper size and slider type because of their effect on the appearance of the zipper installation area. Zippers shall be suitably sampled and tested, and shall adhere accordingly to the following requirements: element pull-off resistance; element slippage resistance; crosswise chain strength; bottom stop holding-stringer separation strength; top stop holding strength; slider lock holding strength (positive and ratchet lock); slider deflection and recovery after pull (deflection and permanent set); resistance to pull-off of slider pull; slider operability on chain; longitudinal dimensional change after laundering (normal and low shrinkage level); and colorfastness to laundering (color change and staining). It is recognized that for purposes of fashion or aesthetics the ultimate consumer may find acceptable trousers having zippers that do not conform to all of these requirements. Therefore, one or more of the requirements may be modified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This specification serves as a guide for the purchase of zippers to be used for dungarees, jeans, or work trousers.  
5.2 Upon agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, zippers intended for this end-use should meet all of the requirements listed in Table 1 of this specification.  
5.3 It is recognized that for purposes of fashion or aesthetics the ultimate consumer may find acceptable dungarees, jeans, or work trousers, having zippers that do not conform to all of the requirements in Table 1. Therefore, one or more of the requirements listed in Table 1 may be modified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
5.3.1 In such cases, and references to this specification shall specify that: This zipper meets Performance Specification D4465 except for the following characteristic(s).  
5.4 Where no prepurchase agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the supplier, and in case of controversy, the requirements listed in Table 1 are intended to be used as a guide only. As noted in 5.3, ultimate consumer demands dictate varying performance parameters for any particular style of zipper.  
5.5 The uses and significance of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This performance specification covers zippers to be used as fly closures in dungarees, jeans, and work trousers made from heavy denim or other durable fabric, approximately 475 g/m2 (14 oz/yd2).  
1.2 Zippers covered by this specification may be satisfactory for lighter weight denim and other fabrics.  
1.2.1 When lighter weight material is being used, consideration should be given to the zipper size and slider type because of their effect on the appearance of the zipper installation area.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Seam engineering, the determination of the best stitch type, seam configuration, and thread type which should be used for a particular assembly, requires a thorough knowledge of many variables. The improper selection of any one component can result in failure of the sewn junction, and ultimately failure of the product manufactured.  
4.2 General Characteristics—The characteristics of a properly constructed sewn seam are strength, elasticity, durability, security, and appearance. These characteristics must be balanced with the properties of the material to be joined to form the optimum sewn seam. The end use of the item will govern the relative importance of these characteristics. The selection of the seam type and stitch type should be based upon these considerations.  
4.2.1 Strength—The seam efficiency of the sewn seam should be as high as possible. This will produce sewn seam strength with a balanced construction that will withstand the forces encountered in the use of the sewn item. The elements affecting the strength of a sewn seam are:
4.2.1.1 Fabric type and strength,
4.2.1.2 Seam type,
4.2.1.3 Stitch type,
4.2.1.4 Stitch density (spi),
4.2.1.5 Thread tension, and
4.2.1.6 Thread strength.  
4.2.2 Elasticity—The elasticity of a sewn seam should be slightly greater than that of the material which it joins. This will enable the material to support its share of the forces encountered for the intended end use of the sewn item. The elasticity of a sewn seam depends upon:
4.2.2.1 Fabric type and strength,
4.2.2.2 Seam type,
4.2.2.3 Stitch type,
4.2.2.4 Stitch density (spi),
4.2.2.5 Thread tension, and
4.2.2.6 Thread elasticity.  
4.2.3 Durability—The durability of a sewn seam depends largely upon its strength relative to the elasticity of the seam and the elasticity of the material. However, in less elastic, tightly woven or dense materials, there is a tendency for the plies to “work” or slide on each other. To form a durable sewn sea...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements and characteristics of stitches and seams used in the fabrication of sewn items.  
1.2 This practice identifies the category, formation, and general purpose for stitch types and seam types used in the fabrication of sewn items.  
1.3 Subsequent to a general discussion of stitches and seams that include schematic indices, this practice is comprised of the following sections that are listed in the order in which they appear:  
1.3.1 Section 5—Classification of Stitch Types for which drawings are shown in Stitch Figs. 1-69,
FIG. 1 Stitch Type 101
Note 1: This type of stitch shall be formed with one needle thread that shall be passed through the material and interlooped with itself on the undersurface of the material.  
FIG. 2 Stitch Type 102
Note 1: This type of stitch shall be formed with two needle threads A and A′. Both threads shall be passed through the material and thread A′ shall be interlooped with itself and with thread A.  
FIG. 3 Stitch Type 103
Note 1: This type of stitch shall be formed with one needle thread, which shall interloop with itself on the top surface of the material. The thread shall be passed through the top ply and horizontally through portions of the bottom ply without penetrating it the full depth.  
FIG. 4 Stitch Type 104
Note 1: This type of stitch shall be formed with one needle thread which shall interloop with itself on the undersurface of the material.  
FIG. 5 Stitch Type 105
Note 1: This type of stitch shall be formed with one needle thread which shall be passed through the top ply of material and through portions of the bottom ply without penetrating it the full depth, on either side of a center line. The thread shall interloop with itself on the surface of the material at the center line.  
FIG. 6 Stitch Type 201
Note 1: This type of stitch shall be formed with two needle threads, A and A′, which shall be passed through th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to determine the ability of a button to resist breaking under impact, for example in pressing the end item, which could cause the button to fail.
Note 1: In the development of this test method it was found that the following factors influenced the ability of a button to resist failure under impact conditions: resin formulation, shape ligne size, thickness, number and spacing of holes. Buttons may also pass this test but fail during the pressing of a garment due to the presence of heat during pressing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate rest results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Test Method D5171 for the determination of the impact resistance of buttons may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of buttons but caution is advisable since information is lacking on precision.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of impact resistance of plastic sew-through buttons.  
1.2 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may or may not be exact equivalents: therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers basic stitches made by sewing machines designed for home use and provides a uniform, easily understood language for the definitions and descriptions of seams and seam finishes used in home sewing.  
1.1.1 These terms and definitions are not necessarily consistent with those used in the apparel or home furnishings manufacturing industries.
1.1.1.1 This terminology provides a common base for use in the preparation of educational materials and pattern guide sheets for home sewing.
1.1.1.2 Each stitch is identified with a definition, a discussion of how the stitch is formed and might be used and an illustration of one or more possible stitch patterns. This terminology does not include stitches made by sergers, hemmers, or by attachments to the home sewing machines.
1.1.1.3 These seams and seam finishes may be produced on a conventional sewing machine or by hand.
1.1.1.4 Other seam types or finishes may be more appropriate if equipment other than the conventional sewing machine is available.
1.1.1.5 Section 3, Terminology, is categorized into two subsections, specific to the two areas of specialization under this document: Relating to Seams and Relating to Stitches.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard identifies terminology related to subassemblies used in the construction of textiles both general and specific and can be categorized as any component or structure that is used in the construction or assembly of a textile product. Subassemblies can be in the form of closures (for example, slide fasteners, buttons, snap fasteners, hook and loop (touch) fastners) or methods of joining (for example, stitches and seams).  
1.2 The subassembly terms relating to Buttons are found in Terminology Section 3.  
1.3 The subassembly terms relating to Hook and Loop (Touch) fasteners are in Terminology Section 4.  
1.4 The subassembly terms relating to Snap Fasteners are found in Terminology Section 5.  
1.5 The subassembly terms relating to Slide Fasteners are found in Terminology Section 6.  
1.6 For other terms associated with textiles, refer to Terminology D123.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The manufacturing of textile products uses seam engineering to determine the best combination of sewing thread, stitch type, seam type, and stitch density to construct the end use structure. These four seam engineering variables contribute to a textile product being able to achieve the maximum sewn seam strength performance and structural integrity when cut pieces of fabric are joined together.  
5.1.1 It is known that for some textile structures the seam engineering variables are selected to meet a “one time performance requirement.” This means that following the “single incident” during which the maximum performance potential or capability of the textile structure has been met, it is expected to be discarded and replaced with another “new” unit. For example: an inflatable restraint in an automobile. Once deployed, it must be replaced; it cannot be re-used. Likewise, there are other textile structures, intended to be used multiple times, while also being subjected to various care and maintenance regimens.  
5.1.2 This test method enables the fabric producer of woven fabrics, the textile producer, and other users of the test method to determine which seam engineering choices can be made relative to: sewing thread tex size; seam type; stitch type; and stitch density to determine the potential outcomes that can occur when a particular woven fabric is used:
(a) What is the maximum force at which sewn seam strength failure will enable products made with this fabric to be repaired?
(b) What is the highest seam efficiency percentage attained?
(c) What is the maximum force at which the sewn seam strength results in seam slippage that can cause yarn slippage, yarn displacement and fabric failure?
5.1.2.1 The maximum force at which sewn seam strength or the highest seam efficiency retained demonstrate failure of the stitching without causing the displacement of one or more fabric yarns from their original position mean that the product can be repaired. When the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the sewn seam strength in woven fabrics by applying a force perpendicular to the sewn seams.  
1.1.1 The axis perpendicular to the sewn seam can represent either the warp yarn axis or filling yarn axis, the same axis tested when using grab Test Method D5034.
1.1.1.1 This test method is applicable to sewn seams obtained from a previously sewn article or seams sewn with fabric samples using one of two specific seam assemblies as shown in Table 1. (A) A complete description of seam types and stitch types can be found in Practice D6193.  
Note 1: When the performance of a woven textile structure requires data to indicate the maximum seam strength that will result in the failure of fabric on either side of seam, the standard seam can be changed to use the Lapped seam type construction with two or more rows of stitching: Lsc-2; Lsc-3; Lsc-4; and the maximum number of stitches per inch that can be used. (See Practice D6193.)  
1.2 This test method is used when the maximum breaking force measurement to rupture of a woven fabric sewn seam is required.  
1.2.1 This test method is used when the seam efficiency measurement of a woven fabric sewn seam is required.  
1.2.2 This test method is used to identify the sewn seam strength threshold at which the failure of the stitching occurs, without damage to the fabric, so that the textile product can be repaired.  
1.2.3 This test method is used to identify the force at which seam strength results in slippage and displacement of warp yarns, filling yarns, or any combination of these yarns.  
1.3 This test method does not predict actual wear performance of a seam.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-...

SCOPE
1.1 This test method utilizes the grab procedures to determine localized weakness due to bar-tacking in the pocket areas of all types of garments. This can be utilized to test bar-tacking in the pockets of shirts, as well as side or back pockets of trousers, pants, or jeans.  
1.2 This test method provides the values in both inch-pound and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. SI units is the technially correct name for the system of metric units know as the International System of Units. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining in any way.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers stitches and seams related to industrial textiles.  
1.2 Section 3, Terminology, is categorized into two subsections, specific to the two areas of specialization under this document.  
1.2.1 Section 3.1 Relating to Seams.  
1.2.2 Section 3.2 Relating to Stitches.  
1.3 For other terms relating to textiles refer to Terminology D123.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The manufacturing of textile products uses seam engineering to determine the best combination of sewing thread, stitch type, seam type, and stitch density to construct the end use structure. These four seam engineering variables contribute to a textile product being able to achieve the maximum sewn seam strength performance and structural integrity when cut pieces of fabric are joined together.  
5.1.1 It is known that for some textile structures the seam engineering variables are selected to meet a “one time performance requirement.” This means that following the “single incident” during which the maximum performance potential or capability of the textile structure has been met, it is expected to be discarded and replaced with another “new” unit. For example: an inflatable restraint in an automobile. Once deployed, it must be replaced; it cannot be re-used. Likewise, there are other textile structures, intended to be used multiple times, while also being subjected to various care and maintenance regimens.  
5.1.2 This test method enables the fabric producer of woven fabrics, the textile producer, and other users of the test method to determine which seam engineering choices can be made relative to: sewing thread tex size; seam type; stitch type; and stitch density to determine the potential outcomes that can occur when a particular woven fabric is used:
(a) What is the maximum force at which sewn seam strength failure will enable products made with this fabric to be repaired?
(b) What is the highest seam efficiency percentage attained?
(c) What is the maximum force at which the sewn seam strength results in seam slippage that can cause yarn slippage, yarn displacement and fabric failure?
5.1.2.1 The maximum force at which sewn seam strength or the highest seam efficiency retained demonstrate failure of the stitching without causing the displacement of one or more fabric yarns from their original position mean that the product can be repaired. When the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the sewn seam strength in woven fabrics by applying a force perpendicular to the sewn seams.  
1.1.1 The axis perpendicular to the sewn seam can represent either the warp yarn axis or filling yarn axis, the same axis tested when using grab Test Method D5034.
1.1.1.1 This test method is applicable to sewn seams obtained from a previously sewn article or seams sewn with fabric samples using one of two specific seam assemblies as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Standard/Default Seam Assembly SpecificationA    
Fabric Mass: ≤ 4 oz/yd2 [130 g/m2]  
Procedure A  
Procedure B  
Mass  
up to 4 oz/yd2 [130 g/m2]  
up to 4 oz/yd2 [130 g/m2]  
Seam allowance  
13 mm [0.5 in.]  
13 mm [0.5 in.]  
Needle:  
Size  
Metric 90 [0.036 in.]  
Metric 90 [0.036 in.]  
Finish  
chrome  
chrome  
Point  
thin ball (No. 1/No. 23)  
thin ball (No. 1/No. 23)  
Sewing thread size:  
Spun Polyester  
Tex 40  
Tex 40    
Polyester-Core  
Tex 40  
Tex 40    
Seam Type  
Ssa-1  
Ssa-1  
Stitch Type  
301  
401  
Stitch Density  
4.7 ± 1/2 stitches per centimetre  
4.7 ± 1/2 stitches per centimetre  
[12 ± 1/2 stitches per inch]  
[12 ± 1/2 stitches per inch]  
Fabric Mass: > 4 oz/yd2 [130 g/m2] ≤ 8 oz/yd2 [270 g/m2]  
Procedure A  
Procedure B  
Mass  
4 oz/yd2 [130 g/m2] up to 8 oz/yd2 270 g/m2  
4 oz/yd2 [130 g/m2] up to 270 g/m2 [8 oz/yd2 ]  
Seam Allowance  
13 mm [0.5 in.]  
13 mm [0.5 in.]  
Needle:  
Size  
Metric 110 [0.044 in.]  
Metric 110 [0.044 in.]    
Finish  
chrome  
chrome  
Point  
ball  
ball    
Sewing Thread:  
Spun Polyester  
Tex 60  
Tex 60  
Polyester-Core  
Tex 60  
Tex 60    
Seam type  
SSa-1  
SSa-1  
Stitch type  
301  
401  
Stitch density  
3.1 ± 1/2 stitches per centimetre  
3.1 ± 1/2 stitches per centimetre  
[8 ± 1/2 stitches per inch]  
[8.5 ± 1/2...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The manufacturing of textile products uses seam engineering to determine the best combination of sewing thread, stitch type, seam type, and stitch density to construct the end use structure. These four seam engineering variables contribute to a textile product being able to achieve the maximum sewn seam strength performance and structural integrity when cut pieces of fabric are joined together.  
5.1.1 It is known that for some textile structures the seam engineering variables are selected to meet a “one time performance requirement.” This means that following the “single incident” during which the maximum performance potential or capability of the textile structure has been met, it is expected to be discarded and replaced with another “new” unit. For example: an inflatable restraint in an automobile. Once deployed, it must be replaced; it cannot be re-used. Likewise, there are other textile structures, intended to be used multiple times, while also being subjected to various care and maintenance regimens.  
5.1.2 This test method enables the fabric producer of woven fabrics, the textile producer, and other users of the test method to determine which seam engineering choices can be made relative to: sewing thread tex size; seam type; stitch type; and stitch density to determine the potential outcomes that can occur when a particular woven fabric is used:
(a) What is the maximum force at which sewn seam strength failure will enable products made with this fabric to be repaired?
(b) What is the highest seam efficiency percentage attained?
(c) What is the maximum force at which the sewn seam strength results in seam slippage that can cause yarn slippage, yarn displacement and fabric failure?
5.1.2.1 The maximum force at which sewn seam strength or the highest seam efficiency retained demonstrate failure of the stitching without causing the displacement of one or more fabric yarns from their original position mean that the product can be repaired. When the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the sewn seam strength in woven fabrics by applying a force perpendicular to the sewn seams.  
1.1.1 The axis perpendicular to the sewn seam can represent either the warp yarn axis or filling yarn axis, the same axis tested when using grab Test Method D5034.
1.1.1.1 This test method is applicable to sewn seams obtained from a previously sewn article or seams sewn with fabric samples using one of two specific seam assemblies as shown in Table 1. (A) A complete description of seam types and stitch types can be found in Practice D6193.  
Note 1: When the performance of a woven textile structure requires data to indicate the maximum seam strength that will result in the failure of fabric on either side of seam, the standard seam can be changed to use the Lapped seam type construction with two or more rows of stitching: Lsc-2; Lsc-3; Lsc-4; and the maximum number of stitches per inch that can be used. (See Practice D6193.)  
1.2 This test method is used when the maximum breaking force measurement to rupture of a woven fabric sewn seam is required.  
1.2.1 This test method is used when the seam efficiency measurement of a woven fabric sewn seam is required.  
1.2.2 This test method is used to identify the sewn seam strength threshold at which the failure of the stitching occurs, without damage to the fabric, so that the textile product can be repaired.  
1.2.3 This test method is used to identify the force at which seam strength results in slippage and displacement of warp yarns, filling yarns, or any combination of these yarns.  
1.3 This test method does not predict actual wear performance of a seam.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The manufacturing of textile products uses seam engineering to determine the best combination of sewing thread, stitch type, seam type, and stitch density to construct the end use structure. These four seam engineering variables contribute to a textile product being able to achieve the maximum sewn seam strength performance and structural integrity when cut pieces of fabric are joined together.  
5.1.1 It is known that for some textile structures the seam engineering variables are selected to meet a “one time performance requirement.” This means that following the “single incident” during which the maximum performance potential or capability of the textile structure has been met, it is expected to be discarded and replaced with another “new” unit. For example: an inflatable restraint in an automobile. Once deployed, it must be replaced; it cannot be re-used. Likewise, there are other textile structures, intended to be used multiple times, while also being subjected to various care and maintenance regimens.  
5.1.2 This test method enables the fabric producer of woven fabrics, the textile producer, and other users of the test method to determine which seam engineering choices can be made relative to: sewing thread tex size; seam type; stitch type; and stitch density to determine the potential outcomes that can occur when a particular woven fabric is used:
(a) What is the maximum force at which sewn seam strength failure will enable products made with this fabric to be repaired?
(b) What is the highest seam efficiency percentage attained?
(c) What is the maximum force at which the sewn seam strength results in seam slippage that can cause yarn slippage, yarn displacement and fabric failure?
5.1.2.1 The maximum force at which sewn seam strength or the highest seam efficiency retained demonstrate failure of the stitching without causing the displacement of one or more fabric yarns from their original position mean that the product can be repaired. When the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the sewn seam strength in woven fabrics by applying a force perpendicular to the sewn seams.  
1.1.1 The axis perpendicular to the sewn seam can represent either the warp yarn axis or filling yarn axis, the same axis tested when using grab Test Method D5034.
1.1.1.1 This test method is applicable to sewn seams obtained from a previously sewn article or seams sewn with fabric samples using one of two specific seam assemblies as shown in Table 1. (A) A complete description of seam types and stitch types can be found in Practice D6193.  
1.2 This test method is used when the maximum breaking force measurement to rupture of a woven fabric sewn seam is required.  
1.2.1 This test method is used when the seam efficiency measurement of a woven fabric sewn seam is required.  
1.2.2 This test method is used to identify the sewn seam strength threshold at which the failure of the stitching occurs, without damage to the fabric, so that the textile product can be repaired.  
1.2.3 This test method is used to identify the force at which seam strength results in slippage and displacement of warp yarns, filling yarns, or any combination of these yarns.  
1.3 This test method does not predict actual wear performance of a seam.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Both test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of garments with prong-ring type snap fasteners.  
5.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance of commercial shipment, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either the cause must be determined and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Comparison of results from test equipment operating on different principles is not recommended. In cases of conflict between the test results achieved with manual test equipment (Option 2) and motorized CRE (constant rate of extension) tensile testing machine (Option 1), the results from the motorized equipment shall take precedence.  
5.3 This test method may be used to determine the compatibility of prong-ring type snap fasteners and fabrics for use in apparel. In which case, the fasteners are attached to the fabric in the manner in which they will be used and the combined units tested. See Annex A1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the holding strength of a prong-ring to the socket or stud of a snap fastener using a tensile testing machine (Option 1) or a manual test stand and force-measuring gage (Option 2).  
1.2 This test method is applicable to prong-ring type snap fasteners in garments or to be attached to fabrics intended for use in apparel (see Annex A1).  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful for the selection of zippers that will be compatible with items to be care labeled.  
4.2 This practice is useful as a guide for the selection of test methods to evaluate zipper properties that are relevant to care-labeled items.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines to the manufacturer for the selection of zippers to be used in garments and household furnishings that have care labels. The use of this practice will facilitate the selection of a zipper compatible with the end-item requirements. In the absence of complete knowledge of end-item characteristics, it is not possible to stipulate specific universal characteristics for a care label. Therefore following initial selection, the chosen zipper should be tested in a prototype item to confirm its suitability. Zipper properties to be considered are those that may, following refurbishing, be the ones likely to adversely affect the continued use and enjoyment of the item in which the zipper is installed.  
1.2 The product characteristics evaluated by this practice are shrinkage, colorfastness, and ironing deformation.  
Note 1: Test methods of interest include Test Method D2052, Test Method D2053, Test Method D2054, Test Method D2057, Test Method D2060,  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of garments with attached buttons.  
5.2 This test method may be used to determine the compatibility of tack attached buttons or prong fastener attached buttons to fabrics used in apparel. In which case, the buttons are attached to the fabric in the manner in which they will be used and the combined units tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the holding strength of a tack and prong fastener attached button using a tensile testing machine.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to attached buttons in garments or to be attached to fabrics intended for use in apparel (see Annex A1).  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of snap fasteners, but caution is advised since information on between laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 are advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4846 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and seller should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and seller must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to disengage snap fasteners by a pull perpendicular to and parallel with the plane of the snap fastener.  
1.2 This test method requires attachment of snaps to specimens using specifications provided by the producers of the snaps.  
1.3 This test method is used to establish correlation to wear conditions and for comparing different brands and types of snap fasteners.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in the parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Seam engineering, the determination of the best stitch type, seam configuration, and thread type which should be used for a particular assembly, requires a thorough knowledge of many variables. The improper selection of any one component can result in failure of the sewn junction, and ultimately failure of the product manufactured.  
4.2 General Characteristics—The characteristics of a properly constructed sewn seam are strength, elasticity, durability, security, and appearance. These characteristics must be balanced with the properties of the material to be joined to form the optimum sewn seam. The end use of the item will govern the relative importance of these characteristics. The selection of the seam type and stitch type should be based upon these considerations.  
4.2.1 Strength—The seam efficiency of the sewn seam should be as high as possible. This will produce sewn seam strength with a balanced construction that will withstand the forces encountered in the use of the sewn item. The elements affecting the strength of a sewn seam are:
4.2.1.1 Fabric type and strength,
4.2.1.2 Seam type,
4.2.1.3 Stitch type,
4.2.1.4 Stitch density (spi),
4.2.1.5 Thread tension, and
4.2.1.6 Thread strength.  
4.2.2 Elasticity—The elasticity of a sewn seam should be slightly greater than that of the material which it joins. This will enable the material to support its share of the forces encountered for the intended end use of the sewn item. The elasticity of a sewn seam depends upon:
4.2.2.1 Fabric type and strength,
4.2.2.2 Seam type,
4.2.2.3 Stitch type,
4.2.2.4 Stitch density (spi),
4.2.2.5 Thread tension, and
4.2.2.6 Thread elasticity.  
4.2.3 Durability—The durability of a sewn seam depends largely upon its strength relative to the elasticity of the seam and the elasticity of the material. However, in less elastic, tightly woven or dense materials, there is a tendency for the plies to “work” or slide on each other. To form a durable sewn sea...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements and characteristics of stitches and seams used in the fabrication of sewn items.  
1.2 This practice identifies the category, formation, and general purpose for stitch types and seam types used in the fabrication of sewn items.  
1.3 Subsequent to a general discussion of stitches and seams that include schematic indices, this practice is comprised of the following sections that are listed in the order in which they appear:  
1.3.1 Section 5—Classification of Stitch Types for which drawings are shown in Stitch Figs. 1-69,
Note 1: This type of stitching shall be produced by folding the edge of the material in an “S” fold with the raw edge turned under to form a finished edge, and stitching through the two folds with one row of stitches.  
1.3.3 Annex A1—Seam Assembly Recommendations.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in determining if the loss of color due to light exposure is satisfactory for the intended end-use.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The test method(s) in this standard along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2052, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2059, D2060, D2061, and D2062 are a collection of proven zipper test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been published either because no practical methods have yet been developed or because a valid evaluation of the information resulting from existing unpublished methods requires an intimate and...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the alteration in shade of the textile portion of zippers when exposed to light, regardless of the materials of manufacture.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this test method.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the degree of color that may be transferred from the textile tape of zippers of all fibers to other surfaces by rubbing under wet or dry conditions, or both.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this test method.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method gives a measure of a key property of hook and loop touch fasteners which is of interest to users of such devices. This is a means of determining the resistance to separation when forces are applied parallel to the plane of the fastener.  
5.2 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogenous as possible and which are from a lot of hook and loop of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the shear strength of hook and loop touch (CRE) fasteners using a recording constant rate of extension tensile testing machine.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2052 is useful for testing to determine if the degree of alteration in shade is satisfactory for the intended end-use and for determining if unacceptable staining of color into adjacent fabric will occur.
Note 1: For guidance in evaluating the results of this test method, refer to Practice D3692.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The method(s) in this standard along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2053, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2059, D2060, D2061, and D2062 are a collection of proven zipper test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been publishe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of change in shade and of staining of zipper stringers under drycleaning conditions. This test method is applicable to the textile portion of zipper stringers of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this test method.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2057 is useful for testing to determine if the degree of alteration in shade is satisfactory for the intended end-use and for determining if unacceptable staining of color into adjacent fabric will occur.
Note 1: For guidance in evaluating the results of this method, refer to Practice D3692.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The method(s) in this standard along with those in D2051, D2052, D2053, D2054, D2058, D2059, D2060, D2061, and D2062 are a collection of proven zipper test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been published either because...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of alteration in shade and of staining under conditions similar to that experienced in domestic washing of zipper stringers. This test method is applicable to the textile portion of zipper stringers that utilize tapes made of cotton, linen, or manufactured organic fibers, and to combinations thereof.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this test method.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This performance specification covers zippers to be used as fly closures in dungarees, jeans, and work trousers made from heavy denim or other durable fabric. Zippers covered here may be satisfactorily used for lighter weight denim and other fabrics as well, however, consideration should be given to the zipper size and slider type because of their effect on the appearance of the zipper installation area. Zippers shall be suitably sampled and tested, and shall adhere accordingly to the following requirements: element pull-off resistance; element slippage resistance; crosswise chain strength; bottom stop holding-stringer separation strength; top stop holding strength; slider lock holding strength (positive and ratchet lock); slider deflection and recovery after pull (deflection and permanent set); resistance to pull-off of slider pull; slider operability on chain; longitudinal dimensional change after laundering (normal and low shrinkage level); and colorfastness to laundering (color change and staining). It is recognized that for purposes of fashion or aesthetics the ultimate consumer may find acceptable trousers having zippers that do not conform to all of these requirements. Therefore, one or more of the requirements may be modified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This specification serves as a guide for the purchase of zippers to be used for dungarees, jeans or work trousers.  
5.2 Upon agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, zippers intended for this end-use should meet all of the requirements listed in Table 1 of this specification.  
5.3 It is recognized that for purposes of fashion or aesthetics the ultimate consumer may find acceptable dungarees, jeans or work trousers, having zippers that do not conform to all of the requirements in Table 1. Therefore, one or more of the requirements listed in Table 1 may be modified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
5.3.1 In such cases, and references to this specification shall specify that: This zipper meets Performance Specification D4465 except for the following characteristic(s).  
5.4 Where no prepurchase agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the supplier, and in case of controversy, the requirements listed in Table 1 are intended to be used as a guide only. As noted in 5.3 ultimate consumer demands dictate varying performance parameters for any particular style of zipper.  
5.5 The uses and significance of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This performance specification covers zippers to be used as fly closures in dungarees, jeans and work trousers made from heavy denim or other durable fabric, approximately 475 g/m2  (14 oz/yd2).  
1.2 Zippers covered by this specification may be satisfactory for lighter weight denim and other fabrics.  
1.2.1 When lighter weight material is being used, consideration should be given to the zipper size and slider type because of their effect on the appearance of the zipper installation area.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method gives a measure of a key property of hook and loop touch fasteners which is of interest to users of such devices. This is a means of determining the resistance to separation when forces are applied normal to the line of separation of the fastener.  
3.2 The force registered in a peel test is irregular, and as a consequence, empirical methods have had to be developed to obtain usable values related to peel strength. In spite of the empirical nature of the reported values, it is believed they reflect comparative performance of similar touch fasteners tested and measured in the same way.  
3.3 Two optional methods of calculation are provided: integrator average and average of five highest peaks. These test methods are not equivalent. Generally, the integrator average will be lower than the average of the five highest peaks.  
3.4 The highest peaks which reflect the force required to separate a hook and loop closure bear no simple relationship to the average force (integrator average). The average of the five highest peaks better reflect performance but the integrator results may be used to characterize a closure and for quality control purposes. The integrator average is relatively easy to calculate given the proper equipment.  
3.5 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogenous as possible and which are from a lot of hook and loop of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the peel strength of hook and loop touch fasteners using a recording constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine (CRE).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to determine the ability of a button to resist breaking under impact, for example in pressing the end item, which could cause the button to fail.
Note 1: In the development of this test method it was found that the following factors influenced the ability of a button to resist failure under impact conditions: resin formulation, shape ligne size, thickness, number and spacing of holes. Buttons may also pass this test but fail during the pressing of a garment due to the presence of heat during pressing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate rest results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Test Method D5171 for the determination of the impact resistance of buttons may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of buttons but caution is advisable since information is lacking on precision.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of impact resistance of plastic sew-through buttons.  
1.2 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may or may not be exact equivalents: therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The significance of specific tests is discussed in the appropriate sections.  
4.2 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test methods have been used extensively in the trade for this purpose, and because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable in most cases.  
4.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D2060 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's  t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias if found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
4.3 The test method(s) in these test methods, along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2052, D2053, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2059, D2061, and D2062, are a collection of proven test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. The enumerated test methods do not provide for the evaluation of all zipper properties. Besides those properties measured by means of the enumerated test methods there are other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of a zipper. Test methods for measuring those properties have not been published either b...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the dimensions of all types and sizes of zippers.  
1.2 The test methods appear as follows:    
Sections  
Chain Flatness  
34 – 39  
Chain Straightness  
40 – 44  
Chain Thickness  
28 – 33  
Chain Width  
45 – 50  
Length of Zipper or Parts  
9 – 14  
Longitudinal Dimensional Change  
51 – 58  
Slider Mouth Width  
21 – 27  
Tape Width  
15 – 20
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The resistance of a zipper to a variety of saline and non-saline environments can be estimated from the amount and nature of corrosion products and their effect on operability. Results of exposure to the salt spray are merely indicative of the reaction to other corrosive conditions. While the results cannot be related precisely to a given length of exposure in a specific atmosphere, they are useful for measuring relative performance under prescribed conditions for controlling a manufacturing process, and for measuring the effectiveness of protective coatings.  
5.2 Test Method D2059 for the determination of the resistance of zippers to salt spray is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of zippers because the test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The method(s) in the standard along with those in Test Methods D2051, D2052, D2053, D2054, D2057, D2058, D2060, D2061, and D2062 are a collection of proven test methods. They can be used as aids in the evaluation of zippers without the need for a thorough knowledge of zippers. T...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of all types of zippers to corrosion and their ability to function properly after exposure of specified duration in a prescribed salt spray.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes standard dimensions for zippers of all materials for specified size designation; for equivalency, in inch-pound and metric units, of zipper length and length tolerances, of tape width and width tolerances, and of tape end lengths. Size, zipper length, tape width, and tape end length tests shall be performed in accordance with the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes standard dimensions for zippers of all materials for specified size designation; for equivalency, in inch-pound and metric units, of zipper length and length tolerances, of tape width and width tolerances, and of tape end lengths.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.