ASTM D4439-00
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
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Designation: D 4439 – 00
Standard Terminology for
1
Geosynthetics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
absorption, n—the process by which a liquid is drawn into and compressed thickness (t, (L), mm), n—thickness under a
tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, the specified stress applied normal to the material. D 4439
increase in mass of a porous solid body resulting from constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), n—a
penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. C 125 testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load
aerobic, n—a condition in which a measurable volume of air being applied to the specimen is uniform with time after the
is present in the incubation chamber or system. D 1987 first 3 s. D 4439
anaerobic, n—a condition in which no measurable volume of corresponding force, n—synonym for force at specified
air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D 1987 elongation. D 4885
apparent opening size (AOS), O , n—for a geotextile, a coupon, n—a portion of a material or laboratory sample from
95
property which indicates the approximate largest particle which multiple specimens can be taken for testing. D 5747
that would effectively pass through the geotextile. D 4751 creep, n—the time-dependent increase in accumulative strain
atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air maintained at a in a material resulting from an applied constant force.
relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of D 5262
21 6 2°C (70° 6 4°F). D 4439, D 4751, D 5494 critical height (ch), n—the maximum exposed height of a
back flushing, n—a process by which liquid is forced in the cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of a
reverse direction to the flow direction. D 1987 geosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a given
basis weight—deprecated term (do not use in the sense of period of time. D 5514
mass per unit area). D 4439 cross-machine direction, n—the direction in the plane of the
bend, vt—in mechanics, to force an object from its natural or fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.
manufactured shape into a curve or into increased curvature. D 4632
−3 3
D 4439 density (r, (ML ), kg/m ), n—mass per unit volume.
blinding, n—for geotextiles, the condition where soil particles D 4439
block the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducing design load—the load at which the geosynthetic is required to
the hydraulic conductivity of the system. D 4439 operate in order to perform its intended function. D 5262
biocide, n—a chemical used to kill bacteria and other micro- elastic limit, n—in mechanics, the stress intensity at which
organisms. D 1987 stress and deformation of a material subjected to an increas-
breaking force, (F), J, n—the force at failure. D 4885 ing force cease to be proportional; the limit of stress within
breaking load, n—the maximum force applied to a specimen which a material will return to its original size and shape
in a tensile test carried to rupture. D 4632 when the force is removed, and hence, not a permanent set.
− −2
1
breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for geotextiles, the D 4885
actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material. elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding to the
D 4595, D 4885 breaking load, that is, the maximum load. D 4632
chemical resistance, n—the ability to resist chemical attack. failure, n—an arbitrary point beyond which a material ceases
D 5322 to be functionally capable of its intended use. D 4885,
clogging, n—for geotextiles, the condition where soil particles D 5262
move into and are retained in the openings of the fabric, failure, n—in testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in the
thereby reducing the hydraulic conductivity. D 4439 test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic. D 5514
clogging potential, n—in geotextiles, the tendency for a given flexible polypropylene, n—a material having a 2 % secant
geotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles that modulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as determined by
have either lodged in the geotextile openings or have built up Test Method D 5323 produced by polymerization of propy-
a restrictive layer on the surface of the geotextile. D 5101 lene with or without other alpha olefin monomers.
field testing, n—testing performed in the field under actual
1 conditions of temperature and exposure to the fluids for
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D-35 on Geosynthetics and is the
direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.93
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