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ASTM E2451-08

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples

Standard Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The archiving of extracts recovered from fire debris or liquids submitted in a fire investigation provides a mechanism to preserve extracts and liquids for reanalysis in the event that sample loss, sample degradation, or failure of the fire debris container occurs during post-analysis storage of fire debris evidence.
The nature of some extraction procedures, which may preclude reanalysis, is considered.
Changes to a preserved sample extract and the length of time it remains viable under storage conditions are unknown.
The concentration and composition of the ignitable liquid residue or the use of an alternate extraction/concentration technique used to preserve a sample extract of the fire debris sample may result in different findings between the analysis of the preserved sample and the original analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for preserving residues of ignitable liquids in extracts obtained from fire debris samples and questioned ignitable liquid samples. Extraction procedures are described in the Referenced Documents.
1.2 This practice does not attempt to address all the issues regarding the short-term or long-term storage of ignitable liquid samples and ignitable liquid extracts from fire debris samples. The changes that may occur under various storage conditions have not been fully documented.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
29-Feb-2008
ICS
13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Drafting Committee
E30.01 - Criminalistics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM F561-19 - Standard Practice for Retrieval and Analysis of Medical Devices, and Associated Tissues and Fluids
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1386-23 - Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1388-17 - Standard Practice for Static Headspace Sampling of Vapors from Fire Debris Samples
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1413-19 - Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic Headspace Concentration onto an Adsorbent Tube
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1412-19 - Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration with Activated Charcoal
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1618-19 - Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E3189-19 - Standard Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Static Headspace Concentration onto an Adsorbent Tube
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E3245-20e1 - Standard Guide for Systematic Approach to the Extraction, Analysis, and Classification of Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris Samples
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2997-16 - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E2881-18 - Standard Test Method for Extraction and Derivatization of Vegetable Oils and Fats from Fire Debris and Liquid Samples with Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008

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ASTM E2451-08 - Standard Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris SamplesASTM E2451-08 - Standard Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples
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ASTM E2451-08 - Standard Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2451 − 08
StandardPractice for
Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue
1
Extracts from Fire Debris Samples
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and
Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
1.1 This practice describes procedures for preserving resi-
E1618 TestMethodforIgnitableLiquidResiduesinExtracts
dues of ignitable liquids in extracts obtained from fire debris
from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass
samples and questioned ignitable liquid samples. Extraction
Spectrometry
procedures are described in the Referenced Documents.
E2154 Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignit-
1.2 This practice does not attempt to address all the issues
able Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Pas-
regarding the short-term or long-term storage of ignitable
sive Headspace Concentration with Solid Phase Microex-
liquid samples and ignitable liquid extracts from fire debris
traction (SPME)
samples. The changes that may occur under various storage
conditions have not been fully documented.
3. Summary of Practice
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Extracts obtained from fire debris samples and ques-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tioned liquids analyzed for the presence of ignitable liquid
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
residues are retained and preserved for potential reanalysis by
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Test Methods E1387 or E1618.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The archiving of extracts recovered from fire debris or
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
liquids submitted in a fire investigation provides a mechanism
E1386 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues
to preserve extracts and liquids for reanalysis in the event that
from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction
sample loss, sample degradation, or failure of the fire debris
E1387 TestMethodforIgnitableLiquidResiduesinExtracts
container occurs during post-analysis storage of fire debris
from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography (With-
evidence.
3
drawn 2010)
4.2 The nature of some extraction procedures, which may
E1388 Practice for Sampling of HeadspaceVapors from Fire
preclude reanalysis, is considered.
Debris Samples
E1412 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues
4.3 Changes to a preserved sample extract and the length of
from Fire Debris Samples by Passive Headspace Concen-
time it remains viable under storage conditions are unknown.
tration With Activated Charcoal
4.4 The concentration and composition of the ignitable
E1413 Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignit-
liquid residue or the use of an alternate extraction/
able Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dy-
concentration technique used to preserve a sample extract of
namic Headspace Concentration
the fire debris sample may result in different findings between
E1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related
the analysis of the preserved sample and the original analysis.
Documentation
5. Materials
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
5.1 Airtight and Vapor-Tight, Volatile-Free Storage
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published April 2008. DOI: 10.1520/
Containers—The following are suggested container types:
E2451-08.
5.1.1 Septum crimp vials with PTFE-lined seals.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1.2 Screw cap glass vials with PTFE-lined seals.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 5.1.3 Polymer evidence bags (this does not include polyeth-
the ASTM website.
ylene or polypropylene-type containers).
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. 5.2 Adsorption Media:
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2451 − 08
5.2.1 Activated charcoal (coconut). 6.4.2 Alternatively,adsorbaportionoftheliquid,extract,or
5.2.2 Activated charcoal strips. recovered distillate on an adsorption medium and store in an
appropriate container for pre
...

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Standard Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The preservation and storage of extracts recovered from fire debris or liquids submitted in a fire investigation provides a mechanism for reanalysis in the event that the original evidence is altered due to factors such as the extraction process (Practices E1386 and E1413), sample degradation, or failure of the original evidence container during post-analysis storage.  
5.2 Reanalysis of a stored sample extract could result in data that do not duplicate the data obtained during the initial analysis. Loss of the more volatile components of a stored sample can occur, and this possibility should be considered when interpreting data from a stored sample. Studies of gasoline and diesel show that results (that is, determination of presence and classification of an ignitable liquid, or determination of absence of an ignitable liquid) obtained from reanalysis data are in agreement with the initial analytical results. (1-4)  
5.3 Preserved extracts are either returned to the submitter for storage or catalogued and stored by the laboratory or other designee.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers procedures for the preservation of ignitable liquids and ignitable liquid residue extracts obtained from fire debris samples and questioned ignitable liquid samples. Extraction procedures are described in Section 2, Referenced Documents.  
1.2 Specific evaluation of this practice is limited to the preservation of gasoline and diesel fuel (1-4),2 the components of which together span the range of chemical classes and volatility of ignitable liquid residues commonly encountered in fire debris samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Guide for Systematic Approach to the Extraction, Analysis, and Classification of Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is applicable for all ignitable liquids as defined by Test Method E1618.  
5.2 This guide is applicable to solid and liquid samples (burned and unburned), which are packaged in a closed vapor-tight container (typically a can, fire debris bag, jar, or vial).  
5.3 This guide is to be used in conjunction with the referenced documents by an analyst familiar with the limitations and applicability of each technique used.  
5.4 This guide does not attempt to address all the issues regarding sample extraction and analysis. There could be additional laboratory validated or verified tests, extractions or analyses that can be performed to provide further discrimination and classification of ignitable liquids and ignitable liquid residues present in samples.  
5.5 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with generally accepted forensic accreditation requirements including documentation and records.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes a systematic approach to the extraction, analysis, and classification of ignitable liquids and their residues in solid (for example, fire debris) and liquid samples.  
1.2 This guide addresses evidence handling, extraction methodologies, instrumental analysis techniques, and analytical data interpretation.  
1.3 This guide cannot replace knowledge, skill, or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2579-23b(Practice)
Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Wood Products to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The surface burning characteristics of wood products are often evaluated with Test Method E84 to comply with code requirements. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and systems.  
5.2 If it can be demonstrated that none of the methods described in this practice are applicable to a particular wood product, other mounting methods shall be permitted to be used. This information shall be included in the report.  
5.3 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84.
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1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing wood products to assess flames spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84 or Test Method E2768.  
1.1.1 Test Method E2768 uses the same test equipment as Test Method E84.  
1.2 This practice applies also to laminated products factory-produced with a wood substrate (see 8.6). This practice does not apply to wood veneers or facings intended to be applied on site over a wood substrate, which are covered by Practice E2404.  
1.3 Testing is conducted with Test Method E84 or with Test Method E2768.  
1.4 Testing for the reporting of the moisture content of the test specimen is conducted with Test Methods D4442.  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.6 Units—Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.  
1.7 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory materials. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials and equipment. This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84, or in Test Method E2768, as appropriate. See also Section 10.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Determining the Arc Rating of Materials for Clothing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the arc rating of a material, or a combination of materials.  
5.1.1 Because of the variability of the arc exposure, different heat transmission values may be observed at individual sensors. Evaluate the results of each sensor in accordance with Section 12.  
5.2 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.3 This test method specifies a standard set of arc exposures performed under controlled laboratory conditions. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. In addition to the standard set of exposure conditions, other conditions representative of the expected hazard may be used and shall be documented in the reporting of the testing results.
SCOPE
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1.2 This test method will determine the arc rating of materials which meet the following requirements: less than 150 mm [6 in.] char length and less than 2 s afterflame when tested in accordance with Test Method D6413.  
1.2.1 It is not the intent of this test method to evaluate non flame-resistant materials.  
1.3 The materials used in this test method are in the form of flat specimens.  
1.4 This test method shall be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to convective and radiant energy generated by an electric arc under controlled laboratory conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as standard except as noted. Within the text, alternate units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents therefore alternate systems must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the systems described in the text may result in nonconformance with the method.  
1.6 This test method does not apply to electrical contact or electrical shock hazards.  
1.7 This standard shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
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1.4.3 An evaluation of the ampacity of the electrical system within the fire-resistive barrier system.  
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1.4.6 An evaluation of through-penetration sealing methods.
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1.4.7 Combustibility of materials in the fire-resistive barrier system or of the electrical system components.  
1.4.8 The need for supports beyond those normally required.  
1.4.9 Environmental conditions in the area of service.  
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5.1 This test method for the determination of the flammability of blankets is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of blankets since this test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
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4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
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1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
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ASTM D5424-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray Configuration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with smoke obscuration and resulting from burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner.  
5.2 Smoke obscuration quantifies the visibility in fires.  
5.3 This test method is also suitable for measuring the rate of heat release as an optional measurement. The rate of heat release often serves as an indication of the intensity of the fire generated. Test Method D5537 provides means for measuring heat release with the equipment used in this test method.  
5.4 Other optional fire-test-response characteristics that are measurable by this test method are useful to make decisions on fire safety. The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are major indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion, and are often used as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness.  
5.5 Test Limitations:  
5.5.1 The fire-test-response characteristics measured in this test method are a representation of the manner in which the specimens tested behave under certain specific conditions. Do not assume they are representative of a generic fire performance of the materials tested when made into cables of the construction under consideration.  
5.5.2 In particular, it is unlikely that this test method is an adequate representation of the fire behavior of cables in confined spaces, without abundant circulation of air.  
5.5.3 This is an intermediate-scale test, and the predictability of its results to large scale fires has not been determined. Some information ...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 This test method provides a means to measure the smoke obscuration resulting from burning electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables when the cable specimens, excluding accessories, are subjected to a specified flaming ignition source and burn freely under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 This test method provides two different protocols for exposing the materials, when made into cable specimens, to an ignition source (approximately 20 kW), for a 20 min test duration. Use it to determine the flame propagation and smoke release characteristics of the materials contained in single and multiconductor electrical or optical fiber cables designed for use in cable trays.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of electrical or optical fiber cables in fire conditions other than the ones specifically used in this test method, nor does it measure the contribution of the cables to a developing fire condition.  
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1.8 The test equipment is suitable for making other, optional, measurements, including the rate of heat release of the burning specimen, by an oxygen consumption technique and weight loss.  
1.9 Another set of optional measurements are the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.)  
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ASTM D5537-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, Smoke Obscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray Configuration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with heat and smoke release and resulting from burning the materials insulating electrical or optical fiber cables, when made into cables and installed on a vertical cable tray. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner. The ignition source used in this test method is also described as a premixed flame flaming ignition source in Practice E3020, which contains an exhaustive compilation of ignition sources.  
5.2 The rate of heat release often serves as an indication of the intensity of the fire generated. General considerations of the importance of heat release rate are discussed in Appendix X1 and considerations for heat release calculations are in Appendix X2.  
5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics that are measurable by this test method are useful to make decisions on fire safety. The test method is also used for measuring smoke obscuration. The apparatus described here is also useful to measure gaseous components of smoke; the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. The carbon oxides are major indicators of the completeness of combustion and are often used as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements.  
5.4 Test Limitations:  
5.4.1 The fire-test-response characteristics measured in this test are a representation of the manner in which the specimens tested behave under certain specific conditions. Do not assume they are representative of a generic fire performance of the materials tested when made into cables of the construction under consideration.  
5.4.2 In particular, it is unlikely that this test is an adequate representation of the fire behavior of cables in confined spaces, without abundant circulation of air.  
5.4.3 This is an intermediate-scale test...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 This test method provides a means to measure the heat released and smoke obscuration by burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables when the cable specimens, excluding accessories, are subjected to a specified flaming ignition source and burn freely under well ventilated conditions. Flame propagation cable damage, by char length, and mass loss are also measured.  
1.3 This test method provides two different protocols for exposing the materials, when made into cable specimens, to an ignition source (approximately 20 kW), for a 20 min test duration. Use it to determine the heat release, smoke release, flame propagation and mass loss characteristics of the materials contained in single and multiconductor electrical or optical fiber cables.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of materials insulating electrical or optical fiber cables in fire conditions other than the ones specifically used in this test method nor does it measure the contribution of the materials in those cables to a developing fire condition.  
1.5 Data describing the burning behavior from ignition to the end of the test are obtained.  
1.6 This test equipment is suitable for measuring the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases (see Appendix X4).  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard (see IEEE/ASTM SI-10). The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions  
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ASTM
ASTM F1516-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sealing Seams of Resilient Flooring Products by the Heat Weld Method (when Recommended)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Seams in some resilient flooring are heat sealed to prevent openings from forming between cut edges and to prevent penetrations of dirt, liquids, etc., into the seams. Decorative appearances may also be achieved using contrasting heat weld thread (rod).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the instructions and precautions to be observed to ensure satisfactory performance of seams in resilient flooring sealed by the heat weld method.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See precaution information in 6.1.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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