ASTM D3878-15
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Composite Materials
Standard Terminology for Composite Materials
SCOPE
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms of commercial importance, that appear in one or more standards on composites containing high-modulus (greater than 20-GPa (3 × 10 6 psi)) fibers.
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to include common meanings of the same terms as used outside the composites industry.
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as standard.
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Designation: D3878 − 15
StandardTerminology for
1
Composite Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope bond, n—the act of adhering one surface to another, with or
without the use of an adhesive at the interface.
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms
of commercial importance, that appear in one or more stan-
secondary bond, n—theactofbondingtwoormorealready-
dards on composites containing high-modulus (greater than
curedcompositeorothersolidmaterials,duringwhichtheonly
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20-GPa (3×10 psi)) fibers.
chemicalorthermalreaction,orboth,occurringisthecuringof
the adhesive itself.
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings
used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to
DISCUSSION—For example, a previously cured composite or metal
include common meanings of the same terms as used outside
doubler bonded via an adhesive to a previously cured skin, or a
the composites industry.
previously cured face sheet bonded via an adhesive to a honeycomb
core.Alsoappliestobondingmetallicsubstratessuchasaluminumface
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as
sheets onto aluminum honeycomb core.
standard.
braided fabric—see braided fabric under fabric.
2. Referenced Documents
breather string, n—a string, composed of a material such as
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
glass, that provides a vacuum path from the laminate to a
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
breather.
3
2.2 Industry Standard:
bundle—a general term for a collection of essentially parallel
CMH-17Composite Materials Handbook
filaments.
3. Terminology
carbon fiber precursor—a material from which carbon fiber
3.1 Definitions:
ismadebypyrolysis.Polyacrylonitrile,rayon,orpitchfibers
645° laminate—a balanced symmetric laminate composed of
are commonly used precursors.
only +45° plies and −45° plies.
catenary:
angleply laminate—any balanced laminate consisting of plus
filament catenary—the difference in length of the filaments
and minus theta plies where theta is an acute angle with
inaspecifiedlengthoftow,end,orstrandasaresultofunequal
respect to a reference direction.
tension; the tendency of some filaments in a taut horizontal
balanced laminate—any laminate that contains one ply of
tow, end, or strand to sag lower than others.
minusthetaorientationwithrespecttothelaminateprincipal
roving catenary—the difference in length of the ends, tows,
axis for every identical ply with a plus theta orientation.
or strands in a specified length of roving as a result of unequal
tension; the tendency of some ends, tows, or strands in a taut
horizontal roving to sag lower than others.
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This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.01 on
caul, n—aflatorcontouredtoolusedtodistributepressureand
Editorial and Resource Standards.
todefineasurfaceforthetopofthelaminateduringlaminate
Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published August 2015. Originally
consolidation or cure.
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3878–07(2013).
DOI: 10.1520/D3878-15.
2
co-bond, n—(cobond)theactofbondingonesemi-solidmedia
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
(e.g.uncuredthermosetpolymerorathermoplasticpolymer)
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
to a solid in a single process through principal action of the
the ASTM website.
3
matrix possibly with the inclusion of a separate layer of
AvailablefromSAEInternational(SAE),400CommonwealthDr.,Warrendale,
PA 15096, http://www.sae.org. adhesive.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D3878 − 15
locally due to reduction in support. This phenomenon is sometimes
co-cure, n—(cocure) the act of curing two semi-solid media
imprecisely referred to as “shear crimping.”
(i.e. uncured thermoset polymers) in a single process result-
ing in the two media being bonded through principal action
crossply laminate—a laminate composed of only 0 and 90°
of the matrix, possibly with the inclusion of a separate layer
plies. This is not necessarily symmetric.
of adhesive at the interface.
cure, n—in thermoset polymer composite materials, the pro-
co-fabrication, n—(cofabrication
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3878 − 07 (Reapproved 2013) D3878 − 15
Standard Terminology for
1
Composite Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms of commercial importance, that appear in one or more standards on
6
composites containing high-modulus (greater than 20-GPa (3 × 10 psi)) fibers.
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to include
common meanings of the same terms as used outside the composites industry.
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3
2.2 MilitaryIndustry Standard:
MIL-HDBK-17CMH-17 Composite Materials Handbook
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
645° laminate—a balanced symmetric laminate composed of only +45° plies and −45° plies.
angleply laminate—any balanced laminate consisting of plus and minus theta plies where theta is an acute angle with respect to
a reference direction.
balanced laminate—any laminate that contains one ply of minus theta orientation with respect to the laminate principal axis for
every identical ply with a plus theta orientation.
bond, n—the act of adhering one surface to another, with or without the use of an adhesive at the interface.
secondary bond, n—the act of bonding two or more already-cured composite or other solid materials, during which the only
chemical or thermal reaction, or both, occurring is the curing of the adhesive itself.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.01 on Editorial and
Resource Standards.
Current edition approved May 1, 2013July 1, 2015. Published May 2013August 2015. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 as
D3878 – 07.D3878 – 07(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D3878-07R13.10.1520/D3878-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTMSAE International as(SAE), The Composite Materials Handbook—MIL 17.400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, Also available as MIL-HDBK-17
from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
DISCUSSION—
For example, a previously cured composite or metal doubler bonded via an adhesive to a previously cured skin, or a previously cured face sheet bonded
via an adhesive to a honeycomb core. Also applies to bonding metallic substrates such as aluminum face sheets onto aluminum honeycomb core.
braided fabric—see braided fabric under fabric.
breather string, n—a string, composed of a material such as glass, that provides a vacuum path from the laminate to a breather.
bundle—a general term for a collection of essentially parallel filaments.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D3878 − 15
carbon fiber precursor—a material from which carbon fiber is made by pyrolysis. Polyacrylonitrile, rayon, or pitch fibers are
commonly used precursors.
catenary:
filament catenary—the difference in length of the filaments in a specified length of tow, end, or strand as a result of unequal
tension; the tendency of some filaments in a taut horizontal tow, end, or strand to sag lower than others.
roving catenary—the difference in length of the ends, tows, or strands in a specified length of roving as a result of unequal
tension; the tendency of some ends, tows, or strands in a taut horizontal roving to sag lower than others.
caul, n—a flat or contoured tool used to distribute pressure and to define a surface for the top of the laminate during laminate
consolidation or cure.
co-bond, n—(cobond) the act of bonding one semi-solid media (e.g. uncured thermoset polymer or a thermoplastic polymer) to
a solid in
...
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