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ASTM E1165-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric unsharpness is dependent upon the focal size of the radiation source, the distance between the source and the object to be radiographed, and the distance between the object to be radiographed and the film. This test method allows the user to determine the focal size of the X-ray source and to use this result to establish source to object and object to film distances appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of geometric unsharpness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides instructions for determining the length and width dimensions of line focal spots in industrial X-ray tubes (see Note 0). This determination is based on the measurement of an image of a focal spot that has been radiographically recorded with a "pinhole" projection/imaging technique.
Note 1—Line focal spots are associated with vacuum X-ray tubes whose maximum voltage rating does not generally exceed 500 kV.
1.2 This test method may not yield meaningful results on focal spots whose nominal size is less than 0.3 mm [0.011 in.]. (See Note 1.)
Note 2—The X-ray tube manufacturer may be contacted for nominal focal spot dimensions.
1.3 This test method may also be used to determine the presence or extent of focal spot damage or deterioration that may have occurred due to tube age, tube overloading, and the like. This would entail the production of a focal spot radiograph (with the pinhole method) and an evaluation of the resultant image for pitting, cracking, and the like.
1.4 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2003
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1165-92(2002) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Replaced By
ASTM E1165-04(2010) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2737-23 - Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2104-22 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and Turbine Materials and Components
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E94/E94M-22 - Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2662-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1255-16 - Standard Practice for Radioscopy
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1734-23 - Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2446-23 - Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2033-17 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Computed Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2903-18 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Effective Focal Spot Size of Mini and Micro Focus X-ray Tubes
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1411-16 - Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2698-18e1 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1742/E1742M-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004

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ASTM E1165-04 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingASTM E1165-04 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
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ASTM E1165-04 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1165–04
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by
1
Pinhole Imaging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method provides instructions for determining
2. Referenced Documents
thelengthandwidthdimensionsoflinefocalspotsinindustrial
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
X-ray tubes (see Note 1). This determination is based on the
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
measurement of an image of a focal spot that has been
graphic Film Processing
radiographically recorded with a “pinhole” projection/imaging
technique.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—Line focal spots are associated with vacuum X-ray tubes
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
whose maximum voltage rating does not generally exceed 500 kV.
3.1.1 actual focal spot—the X-ray producing area of the
1.2 This test method may not yield meaningful results on
target as viewed from a position perpendicular to the target
focal spots whose nominal size is less than 0.3 mm (0.011 in.). surface (see Fig. 2).
(See Note 2.)
3.1.2 effective focal spot—the X-ray producing area of the
target as viewed from a position perpendicular to the tube axis
NOTE 2—The X-ray tube manufacturer may be contacted for nominal
in the center of the X-ray beam (see Fig. 2).
focal spot dimensions.
3.1.3 line focal spot—a focal spot whose projected pinhole
1.3 This test method may also be used to determine the
image consists primarily of two curved lines (see Fig. 3).
presence or extent of focal spot damage or deterioration that
may have occurred due to tube age, tube overloading, and the
4. Significance and Use
like. This would entail the production of a focal spot radio-
4.1 One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic
graph (with the pinhole method) and an evaluation of the
image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric
resultant image for pitting, cracking, and the like.
unsharpness is dependent upon the focal size of the radiation
1.4 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
source, the distance between the source and the object to be
standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
radiographed, and the distance between the object to be
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
radiographed and the film. This test method allows the user to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
determine the focal size of the X-ray source and to use this
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
result to establish source to object and object to film distances
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of geometric
unsharpness.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
2
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved January 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1165 – 92 (2002). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E1165-04. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1165–04
should be X-ray machine identity (that is, make and serial
number), organization making the radiograph, and date of
exposure.
6.3 Adjustthekilovoltageandmilliamperagesettingsonthe
X-ray machine to that specified in Table 3.
6.4 Expose the film such that the density of the darkest
portion of the focal spot image conforms to the limits specified
in Table 4. Density measurement shall be as illustrated in Fig.
8. Density shall be controlled by exposure time only.
FIG. 1 Pinhole Diaphragm Design
6.5 Process the film in accordance with Guide E999.
5. Apparatus 6.6 Focal Spot Measurement:
6.6.1 Back Lighting—Back lighting shall be such that the
5.1 Pinhole Diaphragm—The pinhole diaphragm shall con-
focal spot image can be easily and comfortably viewed.
form to the design and material requirements of Table 1 and
6.6.2 Place the magnification graticule (handheld optical
Fig. 1.
comparator) in intimate contact with the film for the measure-
...

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Note 1: The following sentences clarify this policy and illustrate its use:
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6.1 This guide provides procedures for the application of contact straight-beam examination for the detection and quantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.  
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5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
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1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
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Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
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1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
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Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2446-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1815-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.  
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at  D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at  D = 2.0.  
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be constructed.  
4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systems and developer chemistry will be the users of this test method. The result is a classification table as shown by the example given in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data for user information. Users of industrial radiographic film systems may also perform the tests and measurements outlined in this test method, provided that the required test equipment is used and the methodology is followed strictly. (A) Family of films ranging in speed and image quality.  
4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiography film systems will enable specifying bodies and contracting parties to agree to particular system classes, which are capable of providing known image qualities. See 8.2.  
4.5 ISO 11699–1 and European standard EN 584-1 describe the same m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.  
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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