ASTM D1894-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measurements of frictional properties may be made on a film or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over another substance. The coefficients of friction are related to the slip properties of plastic films that are of wide interest in packaging applications. These methods yield empirical data for control purposes in film production. Correlation of test results with actual performance can usually be established.
This test method includes testing at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient temperature.
Slip properties are generated by additives in some plastic films, for example, polyethylene. These additives have varying degrees of compatibility with the film matrix. Some of them bloom, or exude to the surface, lubricating it and making it more slippery. Because this blooming action may not always be uniform on all areas of the film surface, values from these tests may be limited in reproducibility.
The frictional properties of plastic film and sheeting may be dependent on the uniformity of the rate of motion between the two surfaces. Care should be exercised to ensure that the rate of motion of the equipment is as carefully controlled as possible.
Data obtained by these procedures may be extremely sensitive to the age of the film or sheet and the condition of the surfaces. The blooming action of many slip additives is time-dependent. For this reason, it is sometimes meaningless to compare slip and friction properties of films or sheets produced at different times, unless it is desired to study this effect.
Frictional and slip properties of plastic film and sheeting are based on measurements of surface phenomena. Where products have been made by different processes, or even on different machines by the same process, their surfaces may be dependent on the equipment or its running conditions. Such factors must be weighed in evaluating data from these methods.
The measurement of the static coefficient of fr...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficients of starting and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when sliding over itself or other substances at specified test conditions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a given sample.
Note 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G143 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient temperature.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see the end of 6.5.
Note 2—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8295–1995, and results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
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Designation:D1894–11
Standard Test Method for
Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and
1
Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationofthecoefficients
Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
ofstartingandslidingfrictionofplasticfilmandsheetingwhen
D3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials—Slab,
sliding over itself or other substances at specified test condi-
Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams
tions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both
als
procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
given sample.
ASTM Test Methods
NOTE 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G143 under the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.
G143 Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Friction
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and
Characteristics
appropriate for use in engineering design.
2.2 ISO Standard:
3
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be
ISO 8295–1995
run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane
3. Terminology
while the sled is at ambient temperature.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1 Definitions:
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.1 friction, n—resistance to relative motion between two
only.
bodies in contact.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1.1 coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to move one surface over another to the total force applied
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
normal to those surfaces.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1.2 kinetic coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
required to move one surface over another to the total force
precautionary statement, see the end of 6.5.
applied normal to those surfaces, once that motion is in
progress.
NOTE 2—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8295–1995, and
3.1.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force
results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
required to move one surface over another to the total force
2. Referenced Documents
applied normal to those surfaces, at the instant motion starts.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing 3.2.1 slip—in plastic films, lubricity of two surfaces sliding
in contact with each other.
4. Significance and Use
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
4.1 Measurementsoffrictionalpropertiesmaybemadeona
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Molded and Extruded
Products.
film or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally
another substance.The coefficients of friction are related to the
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1894 - 08. DOI:
slip properties of plastic films that are of wide interest in
10.1520/D1894-11.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D1894–11
,
4 5
packagingapplications.Thesemethodsyieldempiricaldatafor The foam shall also have a high hysteresis when deformed.
control purposes in film production. Correlation
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1894–08 Designation:D1894–11
Standard Test Method for
Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and
1
Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficients of starting and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when
sliding over itself or other substances at specified test conditions.The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with a moving
plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a given sample.
NOTE 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G143 under the jurisdiction
of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane while
the sled is at ambient temperature.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see the end of 6.5.
NOTE 2—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8295–1995, and results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSlab, Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
G143 Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Friction Characteristics
2.2 ISO Standard:
3
ISO 8295–1995
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 friction, n—resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact.
3.1.1.1 coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required to move one surface over another to the total force applied normal
to those surfaces.
3.1.1.2 kinetic coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required to move one surface over another to the total force applied
normal to those surfaces, once that motion is in progress.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1894-06. DOI:
10.1520/D1894-08.on Molded and Extruded Products.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1894 - 08. DOI:
10.1520/D1894-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1894–11
3.1.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required to move one surface over another to the total force applied
normal to those surfaces, at the instant motion starts.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 slip—in plastic fil
...
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