ASTM D3878-16
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Composite Materials
Standard Terminology for Composite Materials
SCOPE
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms of commercial importance, that appear in one or more standards on composites containing high-modulus (greater than 20-GPa (3 × 10 6 psi)) fibers.
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to include common meanings of the same terms as used outside the composites industry.
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as standard.
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Designation: D3878 − 16
Standard Terminology for
1
Composite Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope bond, n—the act of adhering one surface to another, with or
without the use of an adhesive at the interface.
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms
of commercial importance, that appear in one or more stan- co-cure, cocure—see Cure.
dards on composites containing high-modulus (greater than
co-bond, cobond, n—theactofcuring(orconsolidating)and
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20-GPa (3×10 psi)) fibers.
bondingonesemi-soliddetail(e.g.uncuredthermosetpolymer
orathermoplasticpolymer)toasoliddetailinasingleprocess
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings
through principal action of the matrix, possibly with the
used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to
inclusion of a separate layer of adhesive at the interface.
include common meanings of the same terms as used outside
the composites industry.
secondary bond, n—theactofbondingtwoormorealready-
cured thermoset composite or other solid details, during which
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as
the only chemical or thermal reaction, or both, occurring is the
standard.
curing of the adhesive layer at the interface.
2. Referenced Documents
DISCUSSION—For example, a previously cured composite or metal
2
doubler bonded via an adhesive to a previously cured skin, or a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
previously cured face sheet bonded via an adhesive to a honeycomb
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
core.Alsoappliestobondingmetallicsubstratessuchasaluminumface
3
2.2 Industry Standard:
sheets onto aluminum honeycomb core.
CMH-17Composite Materials Handbook
braided fabric—see braided fabric under fabric.
3. Terminology
breather string, n—a string, composed of a material such as
3.1 Definitions: glass, that provides a vacuum path from the laminate to a
645° laminate—a balanced symmetric laminate composed of breather.
only +45° plies and −45° plies.
bundle—a general term for a collection of essentially parallel
angleply laminate—any balanced laminate consisting of plus
filaments.
and minus theta plies where theta is an acute angle with
carbon fiber precursor—a material from which carbon fiber
respect to a reference direction.
ismadebypyrolysis.Polyacrylonitrile,rayon,orpitchfibers
balanced laminate—any laminate that contains one ply of
are commonly used precursors.
minusthetaorientationwithrespecttothelaminateprincipal
catenary:
axis for every identical ply with a plus theta orientation.
filament catenary—the difference in length of the filaments
inaspecifiedlengthoftow,end,orstrandasaresultofunequal
tension; the tendency of some filaments in a taut horizontal
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
tow, end, or strand to sag lower than others.
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.01 on
Editorial and Resource Standards.
roving catenary—the difference in length of the ends, tows,
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originally
or strands in a specified length of roving as a result of unequal
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3878–07(2013).
DOI: 10.1520/D3878-16.
tension; the tendency of some ends, tows, or strands in a taut
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
horizontal roving to sag lower than others.
contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
caul, n—aflatorcontouredtoolusedtodistributepressureand
the ASTM website.
3
todefineasurfaceforthetopofthelaminateduringlaminate
AvailablefromSAEInternational(SAE),400CommonwealthDr.,Warrendale,
PA 15096, http://www.sae.org. consolidation or cure.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D3878 − 16
co-fabrication, n—(cofabrication)afabricationprocesswhere crossply laminate—a laminate composed of only 0 and 90°
items such as inserts and other details are bonded into a plies. This is not necessarily symmetric.
composite structural component at the same time that the
cure, n—in thermoset polymer composite materials, the pro-
component is cured or consolidated.
cess resulting in the overall transformation of the polymeric
composite:
matrix phase of th
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3878 − 15 D3878 − 16
Standard Terminology for
1
Composite Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms of commercial importance, that appear in one or more standards on
6
composites containing high-modulus (greater than 20-GPa (3 × 10 psi)) fibers.
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to include
common meanings of the same terms as used outside the composites industry.
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3
2.2 Industry Standard:
CMH-17 Composite Materials Handbook
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
645° laminate—a balanced symmetric laminate composed of only +45° plies and −45° plies.
angleply laminate—any balanced laminate consisting of plus and minus theta plies where theta is an acute angle with respect to
a reference direction.
balanced laminate—any laminate that contains one ply of minus theta orientation with respect to the laminate principal axis for
every identical ply with a plus theta orientation.
bond, n—the act of adhering one surface to another, with or without the use of an adhesive at the interface.
co-cure, cocure—see Cure.
co-bond, cobond, n—the act of curing (or consolidating) and bonding one semi-solid detail (e.g. uncured thermoset polymer or
a thermoplastic polymer) to a solid detail in a single process through principal action of the matrix, possibly with the inclusion
of a separate layer of adhesive at the interface.
secondary bond, n—the act of bonding two or more already-cured thermoset composite or other solid materials,details, during
which the only chemical or thermal reaction, or both, occurring is the curing of the adhesive itself.layer at the interface.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.01 on Editorial and
Resource Standards.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015Aug. 1, 2016. Published August 2015October 2016. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as
D3878 – 07(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D3878-15.10.1520/D3878-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
DISCUSSION—
For example, a previously cured composite or metal doubler bonded via an adhesive to a previously cured skin, or a previously cured face sheet bonded
via an adhesive to a honeycomb core. Also applies to bonding metallic substrates such as aluminum face sheets onto aluminum honeycomb core.
braided fabric—see braided fabric under fabric.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3878 − 16
breather string, n—a string, composed of a material such as glass, that provides a vacuum path from the laminate to a breather.
bundle—a general term for a collection of essentially parallel filaments.
carbon fiber precursor—a material from which carbon fiber is made by pyrolysis. Polyacrylonitrile, rayon, or pitch fibers are
commonly used precursors.
catenary:
filament catenary—the difference in length of the filaments in a specified length of tow, end, or strand as a result of unequal
tension; the tendency of some filaments in a taut horizontal tow, end, or strand to sag lower than others.
roving catenary—the difference in length of the ends, tows, or strands in a specified length of roving as a result of unequal
tension; the tendency of some ends, tows, or strands in a taut horizontal roving to sag lower than others.
caul, n—a flat or contoured tool used to distribute pressure and to define a surface for the top of the laminate during laminate
consolidation or cure.
co
...
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