ASTM D6274-10
(Guide)Standard Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging - Gamma
Standard Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging - Gamma
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
An appropriately developed, documented, and executed guide is essential for the proper collection and application of gamma logs. This guide is to be used in conjunction with Guide D5753.
The benefits of its use include improving selection of gamma logging methods and equipment, gamma log quality and reliability, and usefulness of the gamma log data for subsequent display and interpretation.
This guide applies to commonly used gamma logging methods for geotechnical applications.
It is essential that personnel (see the Personnel section of Guide D5753) consult up-to-date textbooks and reports on the gamma technique, application, and interpretation methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the general procedures necessary to conduct gamma, natural gamma, total count gamma, or gamma ray (hereafter referred to as gamma) logging of boreholes, wells, access tubes, caissons, or shafts (hereafter referred to as boreholes) as commonly applied to geologic, engineering, groundwater, and environmental (hereafter referred to as geotechnical) investigations. Spectral gamma and logging where gamma measurements are made in conjunction with a nuclear source are excluded (for example, neutron activation and gamma-gamma density logs). Gamma logging for minerals or petroleum applications are excluded.
1.2 This guide defines a gamma log as a record of gamma activity of the formation adjacent to a borehole with depth (See Fig. 1).
1.2.1 Gamma logs are commonly used to delineate lithology, correlate measurements made on different logging runs, and define stratigraphic correlation between boreholes (See Fig. 2).
1.3 This guide is restricted to gamma logging with nuclear counters consisting of scintillation detectors (crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes), which are the most common gamma measurement devices used in geotechnical applications.
1.4 This guide provides an overview of gamma logging including general procedures, specific documentation, calibration and standardization, and log quality and interpretation.
1.5 To obtain additional information on gamma logs, see Section 13.
1.6 This guide is to be used in conjunction with Guide D5753.
1.7 Gamma logs should be collected by an operator that is trained in geophysical logging procedures. Gamma logs should be interpreted by a professional experienced in log analysis.
1.8 The geotechnical industry uses English or SI units. The gamma log is typically recorded in units of counts per second (cps) or American Petroleum Institute (API) units.
1.9 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety and liability problems (for example, lost or lodged probes and equipment decontamination) associated with its use.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
Note—This figure demonstrates how the log can be used to identify specific formations, illustrating scale wrap-around for a local gamma peak, and showing how the contact between two formations is picked to coincide with the half-way point of the transition b...
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Designation: D6274 − 10
Standard Guide for
1
Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging - Gamma
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6274; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.8 The geotechnical industry uses English or SI units. The
gamma log is typically recorded in units of counts per second
1.1 This guide covers the general procedures necessary to
(cps) or American Petroleum Institute (API) units.
conductgamma,naturalgamma,totalcountgamma,orgamma
1.9 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety
ray (hereafter referred to as gamma) logging of boreholes,
and liability problems (for example, lost or lodged probes and
wells, access tubes, caissons, or shafts (hereafter referred to as
equipment decontamination) associated with its use.
boreholes) as commonly applied to geologic, engineering,
groundwater, and environmental (hereafter referred to as geo-
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
technical) investigations. Spectral gamma and logging where
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
gamma measurements are made in conjunction with a nuclear
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
source are excluded (for example, neutron activation and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
gamma-gamma density logs). Gamma logging for minerals or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
petroleum applications are excluded.
1.11 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-
tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
1.2 This guide defines a gamma log as a record of gamma
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
activityoftheformationadjacenttoaboreholewithdepth(See
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
Fig. 1).
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
1.2.1 Gamma logs are commonly used to delineate
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
lithology, correlate measurements made on different logging
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
runs, and define stratigraphic correlation between boreholes
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
(See Fig. 2).
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
1.3 This guide is restricted to gamma logging with nuclear
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
counters consisting of scintillation detectors (crystals coupled
document means only that the document has been approved
with photomultiplier tubes), which are the most common
through the ASTM consensus process.
gamma measurement devices used in geotechnical applica-
tions. 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.4 This guide provides an overview of gamma logging
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
including general procedures, specific documentation, calibra-
Fluids
tion and standardization, and log quality and interpretation.
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
1.5 To obtain additional information on gamma logs, see
Used at Waste Sites
Section 13.
D5608 Practices for Decontamination of Field Equipment
1.6 This guide is to be used in conjunction with Guide Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites
D5753.
D5753 Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geo-
physical Logging
1.7 Gamma logs should be collected by an operator that is
D6167 Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Log-
trainedingeophysicalloggingprocedures.Gammalogsshould
ging: Mechanical Caliper
be interpreted by a professional experienced in log analysis.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and Subsurface
2
Characterization. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published March 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D6274–98(2004). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D6274-10. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6274 − 10
NOTE 1—This figure demonstrates how the log can be used to identify specific formations, illustrating scale wrap-around for a local gamma peak, and
showing how the cont
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6274–98 (Reapproved 2004) Designation:D6274–10
Standard Guide for
1
Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging - Gamma
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6274; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers the general procedures necessary to conduct gamma, natural gamma, total count gamma, or gamma ray
(hereafter referred to as gamma) logging of boreholes, wells, access tubes, caissons, or shafts (hereafter referred to as boreholes)
as commonly applied to geologic, engineering, ground-water, and environmental (hereafter referred to as geotechnical)
investigations. Spectral gamma and logging where gamma measurements are made in conjunction with a nuclear source are
excluded (for example, neutron activation and gamma-gamma density logs). Gamma logging for minerals or petroleum
applications are excluded.
1.2 This guide defines a gamma log as a record of gamma activity of the formation adjacent to a borehole with depth (See Fig.
1).
1.2.1 Gammalogsarecommonlyusedtodelineatelithology,correlatemeasurementsmadeondifferentloggingruns,anddefine
stratigraphic correlation between boreholes (See Fig. 2).
1.3 This guide is restricted to gamma logging with nuclear counters consisting of scintillation detectors (crystals coupled with
photomultiplier tubes), which are the most common gamma measurement devices used in geotechnical applications.
1.4 This guide provides an overview of gamma logging including general procedures, specific documentation, calibration and
standardization, and log quality and interpretation.
1.5 To obtain additional information on gamma logs, see Section 13.
1.6 This guide is to be used in conjunction with Guide D5753.
1.7 Gamma logs should be collected by an operator that is trained in geophysical logging procedures. Gamma logs should be
interpreted by a professional experienced in log analysis.
1.8 The geotechnical industry uses English or SI units. The gamma log is typically recorded in units of counts per second (cps)
or American Petroleum Institute (API) units.
1.9 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety and liability problems (for example, lost or lodged probes and
equipment decontamination) associated with its use.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.11 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace
the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied
without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the
document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites
D5608 Practices for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites
D5753 Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging
D6167 Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging: Mechanical Caliper
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and Subsurface
Characterization.
Current edition approved JulyOct. 1, 2004.2010. Published August 2004.March 2011. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 19982004 as
D6274-98.D6274–98(2004). DOI: 10.1520/D6274-98R04.10.1520/D6274-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyrig
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