ASTM D1356-00a
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to general interest, it contains most of the standard terms, definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Committee D22.
1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section 2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right margin of the applicable definition.
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise multiple concepts are included herein with the definition specific to standard and practices of Committee D22.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D 1356–00a
Standard Terminology Relating to
Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration
in Workplace Atmosphere
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to
D4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to
sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to
Establish Traceability
general interest, it contains most of the standard terms,
D5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Using
definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-
Transfer Standards
mittee D22.
D5015 TestMethodforpHofAtmosphericWetDeposition
1.2 Manyoftheentriesinthisterminologyarecopied(with
Samples by Electrometric Determination
attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section
D5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of a
2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right
Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer
margin of the applicable definition.
D5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise
ods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban
multiple concepts are included herein with the definition
Locations
specific to standards and practices of Committee D22.
D5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-
2. Referenced Documents
mance of a Wind Vane
D5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Analysis
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient
D5527 Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Tem-
Atmosphere
perature by Acoustic Means
D3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-
E104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
dures
by Means of Aqueous Solutions
D3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and
Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
3. Terminology
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric
Pressure absolute temperature—See temperature.
D3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of absolute filter—See filter.
Methods of Committee D22 absorbance, n—the logarithm to the base of 10 of the
D3686 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or- reciprocal of transmittance.
ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad- absorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process
sorption Method) of absorption.
D3687 Practice forAnalysis of Organic CompoundVapors absorbent, n—material in which absorption occurs.
Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption absorption, n—a process in which one material (the absor-
Method bent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the
D4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements formation of an homogeneous mixture having the attributes
D4096 Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended of a solution.
Particulate Matter in theAtmosphere (High-Volume Sam-
DISCUSSION—Chemical reaction may accompany or follow absorp-
pler Method)
tion.
acceptance angle (6a, deg), n—the angular distance, cen-
tered on the array axis of symmetry, over which the
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on
following conditions are met: (a) wind components are
Sampling andAnalysis ofAtmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
unambiguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducers
mittee D22.01 on Quality Control.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2000. Published January 2001. Originally
published as D1356–55. Last previous edition D1356–00.
2 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03. Discontinued; see 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 1356–00a
is unobstructed or remains within the angular range for minimum detection limit, n—the smallest input concentra-
which transducer shadow corrections are defined. D 5527 tion that can be determined as the concentration approaches
accrediting authority, n—a body that evaluates the capability zero. D 3249
of a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, in noise, n—randomdeviationsfromameanoutputnotcaused
certain specific fields of activity. D 3614 by sample concentration changes. D 3249
accretion, n—a phenomenon consisting of the increase in size open path analyzer, n—an analytical system that measures
of particles by the process of external additions. the average atmospheric or emission compound concentra-
accuracy, n—thedegreeofconformityofavaluegeneratedby tion along one or more monitoring paths open to the
a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true value atmosphere. See monitoring path.
and includes both precision and bias. D 3670 operating humidity range of analyzer, n—the range of
acoustic pathlength (d, (m)), n—the physical distance be- ambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer,
tween transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D 5527 over which the analyzer will meet all performance specifi-
activated charcoal, n—activated charcoal refers to properly cations. D 3249
conditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D 3686 operating temperature range of analyzer, n—the range of
adsorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process ambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, over
of adsorption. which the monitor will meet all performance specifications.
adsorbent, n—solid material on the surface of which adsorp- D 3249
tion takes place. operational period, n—the period of time over which the
adsorption, n—a physical process in which molecules of gas, analyzer can be expected to operate unattended within
ofdissolvedsubstances,orofliquids,adhereinanextremely specifications. D 3249
thinlayertothesurfacesofsolidbodieswithwhichtheyare output, n—a signal that is related to the measurement, and
in contact. intended for connection to a readout or data acquisition
aerosol, n—a dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a device.
gaseous medium.
DISCUSSION—Usually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-
agency, n—an organization or part of an organization engaged
volts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D 3249
in the activities of testing or inspection, or both. D 3614
range, n—the concentration region between the minimum
agglomeration,n—aprocessofcontactandadhesionwhereby
and maximum measurable limits. D 3249
the particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.
readout instrumentation, n—outputmeters,recorder,ordata
air at normal conditions (standard air), n—air at 50%
acquisition system for monitoring analytical results.
relative humidity, 25°C and 101.3 kPa (77°F and 760 mm
D 3249
Hg). See also atmosphere.
responsetime,n—thetimeintervalfromastepchangeinthe
air pollution, n—the presence of unwanted material in the air.
input concentration at the analyzer inlet to an output reading
DISCUSSION—The term unwanted material here refers to material in
of 90% of the ultimate reading. D 3249
sufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and under
rise time, n—response time minus lag time. D 3249
circumstancestointerferesignificantlywithcomfort,health,orwelfare
sample system, n—equipment necessary to provide the
of persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.
analyzer with a continuous representative sample. D 3249
aliquot, n—a representative portion of the whole that can be
span drift, n—the change in analyzer output over a stated
expressed as the inverse of an integer.
time period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuous opera-
ambient, adj—surrounding on all sides.
tion, when the input concentration is at a constant, stated
analyzer, n—theinstrumentalequipmentnecessarytoperform
upscale value.
automaticanalysisofambientairthroughtheuseofphysical
DISCUSSION—Span drift is usually expressed as a percentage change
and chemical properties and giving either cyclic or continu-
of full scale over a 24-h operational period. D 3249
ous output signal. D 3249
analyzer system, n—all sampling, analyzing, and readout
zero drift, n—the change in analyzer output over a stated
instrumentation required to perform ambient air quality
time period of unadjusted continuous operation when the
analysis automatically. D 3249
input concentration is zero; usually expressed as a percent-
full scale, n—the maximum measuring limit for a given
age change of full scale over a 24-h operational period.
range of an analyzer. D 3249
D 3249
lagtime,n—thetimeintervalfromastepchangeintheinput
See also point analyzer.
concentration at the analyzer inlet to the first corresponding
analyzer system—See analyzer.
change in the analyzer signal readout. D 3249
linearity, n—the maximum deviation between an actual arrester, n—a term for an air cleaning device.
analyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight line
aspirated psychrometer—See psychrometer.
drawn between upper and lower calibration points.
aspirator, n—any apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan,
pump, or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid by
DISCUSSION—Thisdeviationisexpressedasapercentageoffullscale.
D 3249 suction.
D 1356–00a
atmosphere, n—the gaseous envelope which surrounds the collection effıciency—See efficiency.
earthandincludesambientair,indoorair,andworkplaceair. collector, n—a device for removing and retaining contami-
See also air at normal conditions. nants from air or other gases.
syntheticatmosphere,n—aspecificgaseousmasscontaining
DISCUSSION—Usually this term is applied to cleaning devices in
any number of constituents and in any proportion produced
exhaust systems.
for a special purpose.
colorimeter, n—an instrument used for color measurement
backdrafting, n—the reversal of the normal (upward) direc-
based on optical comparison with standard colors.
tion of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance
combustion system downdrafting, n—the reversal of the
(boiler, fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the vented
ordinary (upward) direction of air flow in a combustion
appliance is operating.
system when vented combustion appliances are not operat-
bias, n—a systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the method
ing.
averagevalueorthemeasuredvaluefromanacceptedvalue.
D 3670
DISCUSSION—The term “cold backdrafting” is used synonymously
laboratory bias, n—systematic differences between the true with combustion system downdrafting.
value and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors of
combustion system spillage,n—entryofcombustionproducts
application such as losses, contamination, miscalibration,
into a building, caused by backdrafting, vent blockage, or a
and faulty manipulations, for example. D 3670
leaky heat exchanger.
method bias, n—systematic departures of the limiting mean
concentration, n—the quantity of a substance contained in a
from the true value of the parameter measured caused by
total unit quantity of sample.
physical or chemical phenomena inherent in the methodol-
mass concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms of
ogy. D 3670
mass of substance per unit volume of gas or liquid.
breathing zone, n—that location in the atmosphere at which
ppb(v),n—aunitofmeasureoftheconcentrationofgasesin
persons breathe.
air expressed as parts of the gas per billion (10 ) parts of the
bubbler, n—a sampling device consisting of a gas disperser
air-gas mixture, both by volume.
immersed in an absorbing liquid.
ppm(v), n—a unit of measure of the concentration of gases
fritted bubbler, n—a bubbler having a frit as the gas
in air expressed as parts of the gas per million parts of the
disperser.
air-gas mixture, both by volume.
candidate method, n—an analytical method or measurement
vaporconcentration,n—concentrationexpressedintermsof
process being considered for standardization.
gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other
gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million by
DISCUSSION—Amethod is a candidate until completion of all phases
oftheconsensusprocessspecifiedbyASTMregulationsforaproposal, volume. See also absolute humidity.
volume concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms
an emergency standard, or a standard. D 3670
of gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or
cascade impactor—See impactor.
other gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million.
carpet-embedded dust—See dust.
condensate, n—liquid or solid matter formed by condensation
chemisorption, n—adsorption, especially when irreversible,
from the vapor phase.
bymeansofchemicalforcesincontrastwithphysicalforces.
DISCUSSION—In sampling, the term is applied to the components of
chimney effect, n—a phenomenon consisting of a vertical
an atmosphere which have been isolated by simple cooling.
movement of a localized mass of air or other gases due to
temperature differences. condensation, n—the process of converting a material in the
cloud, n—any collection of particulate matter in the atmo- gaseous phase to a liquid or solid state by decreasing
sphere dense enough to be perceptible to the eye, especially temperature or by increasing pressure, or both.
a collection of water drops.
DISCUSSION—Usually in air sampling only cooling is used.
cloud water, n—an aggregate of condensed water vapor or
condensation sampling—See sampling.
ice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere.
condensoid, n—the particles of a dispersion formed by con-
DISCUSSION—Cloud water droplet sizes are typically less than those
densation.
of precipitation, measuring between 1 and 100 µm in diameter.
constant flow high-volume sampler—See sampler.
D 5111
contaminant, n—a material added by human or natural
activities which may, in sufficient concentrations, render the
cloud water—See cloud.
atmosphere unacceptable.
coalescence, n—a process by which the particles of a disper-
sion combine into one body.
DISCUSSION—Contaminants refer to gases, vapors, mists, aerosols,
collaborative test, n—an interlaboratory study of a test
fumes,particles,ordusts,andsoforth,thatareairborne.Thetermdoes
method wherein the participants analyze or make measure- not apply to elements that make up the components of the earth’s
ments on subsamples of the same test material. atmosphere, such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and so forth. D 1357
DISCUSSION—If the test method includes the sampling of atmo- continuous sampling—See sampling.
spheres, the participants should sample the same test atmosphere, as
controlled-pore filter—See filter.
possible. D 3670 count median size, n—a mea
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