ASTM A197/A197M-00(2015)

Standard Specification for Cupola Malleable Iron

ABSTRACT
This specification covers malleable irons for castings made by the cupola process. The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to produce materials that meet the mechanical property requirements. The tensile test methods for malleable iron are presented in details. At least three tensile test specimens shall be cast from a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour period during the purchaser's castings were poured. Only one test specimen need be tested to qualify each pour period and heat treatment batch provided the requirements of this specification are met by the test specimen. The microstructure of the malleable iron shall consist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in a ferritic matrix and shall be free from excessive pearlite, massive carbides, and primary graphite. All castings, on visual examination shall be sound and free from obvious shrinkage and porosity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers malleable irons for castings made by the cupola process.  
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process details, quantitative relationships cannot be stated between the properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and those of a test bar cast from the same iron.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2015
• ICS: 77.080.10 - Irons
• Technical Committee: A04 - Iron Castings
• Drafting Committee: A04.02 - Malleable and Ductile Iron Castings

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM A197/A197M-00(2011) - Standard Specification for Cupola Malleable Iron
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2015
• Replaced By: ASTM A197/A197M-00(2019) - Standard Specification for Cupola Malleable Iron
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2019
• Referred By: ASTM A834-95(2020) - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Iron Castings for General Industrial Use
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2015

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A197/A197M −00 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Specification for
Cupola Malleable Iron
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA197/A197M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 5. Ordering Information
1.1 This specification covers malleable irons for castings
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
made by the cupola process. specification shall state the specification designation and the
year in which the specification was issued.
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process
details, quantitative relationships cannot be stated between the 5.2 Any options or special additions to the basic require-
properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and
ments of this specification shall be clearly and fully stipulated.
those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
6. Chemical Composition
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
6.1 The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
produce the mechanical properties required by this specifica-
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall
tion.
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
7. Mechanical Requirements
cation.
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their
relationship to those of test specimens and separate test
2. Referenced Documents
castings are discussed in Appendix X1.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
7.2 Tensile Test:
A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
7.2.1 Tensile Test Specimens:
Graphite in Iron Castings
7.2.1.1 The tensile test specimens shall be cast to the form
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 using the same kind
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
of molding material used for the production castings.
3. Terminology 7.2.1.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with
the designation of the pour period.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions for many terms common to
7.2.1.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same
iron castings are found in Terminology A644.
production furnace and for the same cycles as the castings they
represent.
4. Classification
7.2.2 Tensile Test Method:
4.1 Iron produced for castings ordered under this specifica-
7.2.2.1 Perform the tensile test on unmachined specimens.
tion is classified in a single grade and is qualified by tests on
7.2.2.2 Gage Length—The gage length of the standard
separately cast test bars. Separately cast test bars shall be
tensile specimen shall be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.03 mm].
poured from the same lot of iron as the castings they represent
7.2.2.3 Cross-Sectional Area—The diameter used to com-
and shall be heat treated with those castings.
pute the cross-sectional area shall be the average between the
largest and smallest diameters in that section of the 2-in. [50
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
mm] gage length having the smallest diameter and shall be
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and
measured to the nearest 0.001 in. [0.02 mm]. No cast bar
Ductile Iron Castings.
having a mean diameter less than 0.590 in. [15 mm] shall be
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2011. Originally
accepted for test.
approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as A197/A197M – 00
(2011). DOI: 10.1520/A0197_A0197M-00R15.
7.2.2.4 Speed of Testing—After reaching a stress equivalent
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
to approximately half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
of the moving head of the testing machine shall not exceed
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 0.50 in./min [12.5 mm/min] through the breaking load.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A197/A197M−00 (2015)
FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimen
NOTE 1—Modifications may be made in the dimensions indicated above for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as required by
testing procedure and equipment.
FIG. 2Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
7.2.2.5 Yield Strength—While the values for yield point and nearest100psi[1MPa].Inrefereework,yieldstrengthshallbe
yield strength are not identical, they are sufficiently close for determined at an offset of 0.2 % from the stress strain curve.
most applications to be used interchangeably. They shall be 7.2.2.6 Tensile Strength—The tensile strength shall be the
determined by an approved technique described in Test Meth- maximum load carried by the specimen during the test divided
ods E8 or by an equivalent method. If determined as yield by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found
strength, that stress producing an extension under load of 0.01 in accordance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to the nearest
in. [0.25 mm] over the 2-in. [50 mm] gage length (for example, 100 psi [1 MPa].
0.5 % extension) or an offset of 0.2 % shall be taken as the 7.2.2.7 Elongation—The elongation is the increase in gage
yield stress, which shall be converted to yield strength by length after fracture of a tensile specimen, measured to the
dividing by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] expressed as a percentage of the
found in accordance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to the original gage length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.
A197/A197M−00 (2015)
7.2.3 Number of Tests and Retests: 11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
7.2.3.1 At least three tensile test specimens shall be cast
11.1 The surface of the casting shall be clean, free from
from a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour period
sand, and have a workmanlike finish.
during which the purchaser’s castings were poured.
7.2.3.2 Only one test specimen need be tested to qualify
12. Identification Marking
each pour period and heat treatment batch provided the
12.1 When the size of the casting permits, each casting shall
requirementsofthisspecificationaremetbythattestspecimen.
bear the identifying mark of the manufacturer and the part or
7.2.3.3 If after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a
pattern number at a location shown on the covering drawing
defect, another tensile test may be made on a companion
and if not shown on the drawing, at such a location at the
specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture
discretion of the producer that the identification will not
occurs outside the central 50 % of the gage length.
interfere with subsequent processing and service of the casting.
7.2.3.4 If the result of a valid test fails to conform to the
requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If 12.2 For steam service pressures in excess of 150 psi [1000
KPa], the castings shall be marked with the manufacturer’s
either of the retest fails to meet the specification, all the
castings from the pour period and the heat treat batch repre- name or trademark, numerals to indicate the steam service
sented by these test specimens shall be rejected. intended, and any other marks that will clearly indicate the
7.2.3.5 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatment maximum service for which the casting is intended. These
is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of identifying marks shall be located where they will not interfere
castings and the representative test specimens s
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A197/A197M − 00 (Reapproved 2011) A197/A197M − 00 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Specification for
Cupola Malleable Iron
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A197/A197M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers malleable irons for castings made by the cupola process.
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process details, quantitative relationships cannot be stated between the
properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units
are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions for many terms common to iron castings are found in Terminology A644.
4. Classification
4.1 Iron produced for castings ordered under this specification is classified in a single grade and is qualified by tests on
separately cast test bars. Separately cast test bars shall be poured from the same lot of iron as the castings they represent and shall
be heat treated with those castings.
5. Ordering Information
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this specification shall state the specification designation and the year in
which the specification was issued.
5.2 Any options or special additions to the basic requirements of this specification shall be clearly and fully stipulated.
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to produce the mechanical properties required by this specification.
7. Mechanical Requirements
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their relationship to those of test specimens and separate test castings are
discussed in Appendix X1.
7.2 Tensile Test:
7.2.1 Tensile Test Specimens:
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and Ductile
Iron Castings.
Current edition approved March 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2015. Published September 2011November 2011. Originally approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 20062011
as A197/A197M – 00 (2006).(2011). DOI: 10.1520/A0197_A0197M-00R11. 10.1520/A0197_A0197M-00R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A197/A197M − 00 (2015)
7.2.1.1 The tensile test specimens shall be cast to the form and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 using the same kind of
molding material used for the production castings.
7.2.1.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with the designation of the pour period.
7.2.1.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same production furnace and for the same cycles as the castings they
represent.
7.2.2 Tensile Test Method:
7.2.2.1 Perform the tensile test on unmachined specimens.
7.2.2.2 Gage Length—The gage length of the standard tensile specimen shall be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.03 mm].
7.2.2.3 Cross-Sectional Area—The diameter used to compute the cross-sectional area shall be the average between the largest
and smallest diameters in that section of the 2-in. [50 mm] gage length having the smallest diameter and shall be measured to the
nearest 0.001 in. [0.02 mm]. No cast bar having a mean diameter less than 0.590 in. [15 mm] shall be accepted for test.
7.2.2.4 Speed of Testing—After reaching a stress equivalent to approximately half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed of
the moving head of the testing machine shall not exceed 0.50 in./min [12.5 mm/min] through the breaking load.
7.2.2.5 Yield Strength—While the values for yield point and yield strength are not identical, they are sufficiently close for most
applications to be used interchangeably. They shall be determined by an approved technique described in Test Methods E8 or by
an equivalent method. If determined as yield strength, that stress producing an extension under load of 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] over
the 2-in. [50 mm] gage length (for example, 0.5 % extension) or an offset of 0.2 % shall be taken as the yield stress, which shall
be converted to yield strength by dividing by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length found in accordance with 7.2.2.3.
It shall be reported to the nearest 100 psi [1 MPa]. In referee work, yield strength shall be determined at an offset of 0.2 % from
the stress strain curve.
7.2.2.6 Tensile Strength—The tensile strength shall be the maximum load carried by the specimen during the test divided by the
original cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found in accordance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to the nearest 100 psi [1
MPa].
7.2.2.7 Elongation—The elongation is the increase in gage length after fracture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest
0.01 in. [0.25 mm] expressed as a percentage of the original gage length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.
7.2.3 Number of Tests and Retests:
7.2.3.1 At least three tensile test specimens shall be cast from a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour period during
which the purchaser’s castings were poured.
7.2.3.2 Only one test specimen need be tested to qualify each pour period and heat treatment batch provided the requirements
of this specification are met by that test specimen.
7.2.3.3 If after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a defect, another tensile test may be made on a companion specimen. Also,
a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture occurs outside the central 50 % of the gage length.
7.2.3.4 If the result of a valid test fails to conform to the requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If either
of the retest fails to meet the specification, all the castings from the pour period and the heat treat batch represented by these test
specimens shall be rejected.
FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimen
A197/A197M − 00 (2015)
NOTE 1—Modifications may be made in the dimensions indicated above for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as required by
testing procedure and equipment.
FIG. 2 Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
7.2.3.5 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatment is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of castings
and the representative test specimens shall be reheat treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance with 7.2.3.1
through 7.2.3.4.
7.2.4 The results of all tests, including retests, shall be posted in permanent records, that shall state any abnormalities observed
during the test and in the fractured ends. Such records shall be kept for at least one year after production of the castings and shall
be available for examination by the purchaser or by his authorized representative.
7.2.5 Tensile test results, obtained in accordance with this section, must conform to the requirements of Table 1.
7.2.6 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars, or both, shall be
saved by the manufacturer for a period of three months after the d
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