EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018

Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles

This European Standard describes general algorithms for the brake performance calculations to be used for all types of train sets, units or single vehicles, including high speed, locomotive and passenger coaches, conventional vehicles and wagons.
This European Standard does not specify the performance requirements. It enables the estimation and/or comparison by calculation of the various aspects of the performance: stopping or slowing distances, dissipated energy, power, force calculations and immobilization braking.
If it is required to validate, verify or assess braking performance it is recommended that a more detailed calculation is performed in accordance with EN 14531-2, i.e. a step by step calculation.
This European Standard contains generic examples of the calculation of brake forces for individual brake equipment types and calculation of stopping distance and immobilization braking relevant to a train (see Annexes C and D).

Bahnanwendungen - Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalte- und Verzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Algorithmen für Einzelfahrzeuge und Fahrzeugverbände unter Berücksichtigung von Durchschnittswerten

Diese Europäische Norm beschreibt allgemeine Berechnungsverfahren der Bremsleistung, die für alle Arten von Zugverbänden, Einheiten oder Einzelfahrzeugen, einschließlich Hochgeschwindigkeitsfahrzeugen, Lokomotiven, Reisezug-wagen, konventionellen Fahrzeugen und Güterwagen verwendet werden.
Diese Europäische Norm legt keine Leistungsanforderungen fest. Sie ermöglicht die Ermittlung und/oder den Vergleich der verschiedenen Leistungsmerkmale mittels Berechnung: Anhalte- oder Verzögerungsbremswege, umgewandelte Energie, Berechnungen von Kräften und Feststellbremsungen.
Falls es erforderlich ist, die Bremsleistung zu bewerten, zu überprüfen oder zu beurteilen, wird empfohlen, dass eine genauere Berechnung in Übereinstimmung mit EN 14531 2, d. h. eine schrittweise Berechnung, durchgeführt wird.
Diese Europäische Norm enthält allgemeine Beispiele für die Berechnung von Bremskräften von individuellen Bremseinrichtungsarten und die für einen Zug relevante Berechnung von Anhalte- und Verzögerungsbremswegen und der Feststellbremsung (siehe Anhang C und Anhang D).

Applications ferroviaires - Méthodes de calcul des distances d'arrêt, de ralentissement et d'immobilisation - Partie 1 : Algorithmes généraux utilisant le calcul par la valeur moyenne pour des rames ou des véhicules isolés

La présente Norme européenne décrit les algorithmes généraux pour les calculs de performance de frein à utiliser pour tous les types de compositions de trains, d'unités ou de véhicules isolés, ce qui inclut la grande vitesse, les locomotives et les voitures de passagers, les véhicules conventionnels et les wagons.
La présente Norme européenne ne spécifie pas les exigences de performances. Elle permet l'estimation et/ou la comparaison par le calcul des différents aspects des performances : distances d'arrêt ou de ralentissement, énergie dissipée, puissance, calculs des efforts et freinage d'immobilisation.
Si elle est requise pour valider, vérifier ou évaluer les performances de freinage, il est recommandé d’effectuer un calcul plus détaillé, conformément au FprEN 14531-2, c'est à dire un calcul pas à pas.
La présente Norme européenne contient des exemples génériques du calcul des efforts de freinage pour les types d'équipements de freinage individuels, du calcul de la distance d’arrêt et du freinage d’immobilisation propres à un train (voir les Annexes C et D).

Železniške naprave - Metode za izračun zavornih poti pri ustavljanju in upočasnjevanju ter zavarovanje stoječih vozil - 1. del: Splošni algoritmi, ki temeljijo na izračunu srednje vrednosti za vlakovne kompozicije ali posamezna vozila

Ta evropski standard opisuje splošne algoritme za izračune zavorne poti, ki se uporabljajo za vse vrste vlakovnih kompozicij, enot ali posameznih vozil, vključno s hitrimi vlaki, lokomotivami in potniškimi vagoni, konvencionalnimi ter tovornimi vagoni.
Ta evropski standard ne določa zmogljivostnih zahtev. Omogoča oceno in/ali primerjavo na podlagi izračuna različnih vidikov zmogljivosti: zavorne poti pri ustavljanju in upočasnjevanju, sproščene energije, moči, izračuna sil in zavarovanja stoječih vozil.
Če je zahtevano vrednotenje, preverjanje ali ocenjevanje zavorne zmogljivosti, je priporočeno izvesti podrobnejši izračun v skladu s standardom EN 14531-2 s postopkom »korak za korakom«.
Ta evropski standard vključuje splošne primere izračuna zavornih sil za posamezne vrste zavorne opreme ter izračun zavorne poti pri ustavljanju in zavarovanje stoječih vozil za ustrezen vlak (glej dodatka C in D).

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 27-Nov-2018
• ICS: 45.060.01 - Railway rolling stock in general
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 256 - Railway applications
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 256/SC 3/WG 47 - Braking
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 05-Jun-2021
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2025
• Directive: 2008/57/EC - Directive 2008/57/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the interoperability of the rail system within the Community (Recast)
• Directive: 2016/797/EU - Directive (EU) 2016/797 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union (Text with EEA relevance)
• Mandate: M/483 - Mandate for programming and standardisation addressed to the European standardisation bodies under directive 2008/57/EC in the field of the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union
• Ref Project: SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019 - Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles

Relations

• Merged From: EN 14531-1:2015/prA1:2016 - Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles
• Effective Date: 19-Jan-2023
• Merged From: EN 14531-1:2015 - Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles
• Effective Date: 18-Jan-2023

Overview

EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018) defines general algorithms for calculating stopping distances, slowing distances and immobilization (parking) braking for railway vehicles. It uses a mean value calculation approach applicable to all train sets, single vehicles and brake equipment types (high-speed trains, locomotives, passenger coaches, freight wagons). The standard provides a common method for estimating and comparing brake performance by calculation - it does not set performance requirements. For detailed validation it refers users to EN 14531-2 (step-by-step calculations).

Key topics and technical content

This part of EN 14531 gives a structured calculation framework and includes:

• Terms, symbols and definitions required for brake-performance calculations.
• General stopping/slowing distance methodology based on mean braking forces and equivalent deceleration.
• Brake equipment characteristics and worked examples for tread and disc brakes, plus other brake types (Annex C).
• Mean dynamic coefficient of friction, time characteristics, blending and force-sharing/proportioning between brake systems.
• External forces: track gradient, wind load, train resistance, and their influence on braking distance.
• Supplementary dynamic calculations: mass to be braked, dissipated energy, maximum braking power and specific power flux.
• Specific performance expressions: braked weight percentage, braking ratio, equivalent brake force.
• Immobilization (parking) brake calculations: static friction, handbrake forces, permanent-magnet track brakes, total immobilization force and safety factors.
• Informative Annexes: workflows for stopping and immobilization calculations, detailed calculation examples for vehicles and complete trains (Annexes D & E).

Practical applications and target users

Who benefits:

• Brake system designers and vehicle manufacturers - for preliminary performance estimation and component sizing.
• Railway vehicle engineers and system integrators - to compare braking solutions across vehicle types.
• Safety assessors, certification bodies and test laboratories - for consistent calculation methods supporting assessments and documentation.
• Infrastructure managers and operators - for planning braking performance in operations (gradient planning, emergency braking scenarios).

Typical uses:

• Early-stage design and comparative studies of brake solutions.
• Estimation of stopping distances, braking energy and power requirements.
• Immobilization/parking brake sizing and verification.
• Comparative verification of alternative calculation methods and inputs.

Related standards and references

• EN 14531-2 - Step-by-step calculations recommended for detailed validation and verification.
• Annex ZA in EN 14531-1 describes relationship to EU Directive 2008/57/EC (interoperability).

Keywords: stopping distance, slowing distance, immobilization braking, mean value calculation, brake performance, railway brake algorithms, braked weight, braking energy, EN 14531-1.

Standards Content (Sample)

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.YR]LODBahnanwendungen - Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalte- und Verzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Algorithmen für Einzelfahrzeuge und Fahrzeugverbände unter Berücksichtigung von DurchschnittswertenApplications ferroviaires - Méthodes de calcul des distances d'arrêt, de ralentissement et d'immobilisation - Partie 1 : Algorithmes généraux utilisant le calcul par la valeur moyenne pour des rames ou des véhicules isolésRailway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles45.060.01Železniška vozila na splošnoRailway rolling stock in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019en,fr,de01-februar-2019SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14531-1:2015+A1
November
t r s z ICS
v wä r x rä r s Supersedes EN
s v w u sæ sã t r s wEnglish Version
Railway applications æ Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking æ Part
sã General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles Applications ferroviaires æ Méthodes de calcul des distances d 5arrêtá de ralentissement et d 5immobilisation æ Partie
s ã Algorithmes généraux utilisant le calcul par la valeur moyenne pour des rames ou des véhicules isolés
Bahnanwendungen æ Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalteæ und Verzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung æ Teil
sã Allgemeine Algorithmen für Einzelfahrzeuge und Fahrzeugverbände unter Berücksichtigung von Durchschnittswerten This European Standard was approved by CEN on
t y June
t r s w and includes Amendment
s approved by CEN on
w August
t r s zä
egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterationä Upætoædate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN memberä
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versionsä
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austriaá Belgiumá Bulgariaá Croatiaá Cyprusá Czech Republicá Denmarká Estoniaá Finlandá Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaá Franceá Germanyá Greeceá Hungaryá Icelandá Irelandá Italyá Latviaá Lithuaniaá Luxembourgá Maltaá Netherlandsá Norwayá Polandá Portugalá Romaniaá Serbiaá Slovakiaá Sloveniaá Spainá Swedená Switzerlandá Turkey and United Kingdomä
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23,
B-1040 Brussels
t r s z CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membersä Refä Noä EN
s v w u sæ sã t r s w ªA sã t r s z ESIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019

Workflow of stopping and slowing distance calculation method . 57 Annex B (informative)
Workflow of immobilization calculations . 59 Annex C (informative)
Brake equipment type example calculations . 60 Annex D (informative)
Train stopping distance and immobilization brake calculation example . 72 D.1 General . 72 D.2 Train stopping calculations . 73 D.3 Train stopping calculations on a gradient . 75 D.4 Train immobilization (parking) brake calculations . 75 Annex E (informative)
Development of the formula for the mean brake force with respect to the braking distance . 77 Annex F (informative)
Slowing or stopping distance calculation using alternative method of equivalent response time calculation as French Railway requirements in particular for trains operating in 'G' position . 78 Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC . 80 Bibliography . 83 SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019

European foreword This document (EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2019, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2019. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 2018-08-05. This document supersedes !EN 14531-1:2015". The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !". This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC. For relationship with EU Directive 2008/57/EC, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This series of European standards EN 14531, Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking consists of: — Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles; — Part 2: Step-by-step calculations for train sets or single vehicles. The two parts are interrelated and should be considered together when conducting the step-by-step calculation of stopping and slowing distances. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019

E.g. per axle, for each operating condition. SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019

When brake equipment is used on one part of the train under certain conditions and used on another part of the same train under other conditions, two different brake equipment types shall be considered. 3.1.5 tread brake unit/disc brake unit functional unit from which brake force is delivered, typically consisting of a brake cylinder, slack adjuster portion and all associated component parts Note 1 to entry: Sometimes referred to as tread/disc brake actuator. 3.1.6 isolated brake equipment equipment not considered in the calculation due to assumed isolation Note 1 to entry: E.g. brake equipment of a bogie. 3.1.7 active brake equipment equipment considered to be operational in the calculation of a specific brake equipment type 3.1.8 mean value calculation calculation method in which the values used for each active brake equipment type are a mean value based on speed, force or distance as applicable for a particular speed range 3.1.9 decelerating force force resulting from summation of all forces acting contrary to the direction of movement when considering a train Note 1 to entry:
Each operational brake equipment type produces its own decelerating force which when added to the additional external forces opposing motion results in the total decelerating force of the train. Note 2 to entry:
For the purpose of this standard a decelerating force is considered as a positive value, therefore accelerating force is considered as a negative value. 3.1.10 braking force force produced by the active brake equipment types to brake the train Note 1 to entry: It does not include external forces which contribute to the overall decelerating force of the vehicle or train. SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019

E.g. train, vehicle, bogie, axle, wheel. 3.2 Symbols and indices For the purposes of this document, the general symbols given in Table 1 and indices given in Table 2 apply. NOTE Specific symbols and indices are defined in the relevant clauses. Table 1 — Symbols Symbol Definition Unit A area 2m a deceleration 2/sm sA area of a friction surface swept by the friction elements 2m B braked weight T D wheel diameter m F force N BF braking force related to the rail N gF downhill force on the train N ng standard acceleration of free fall = 9,80665 m/s2 (see: ISO 80000-3) 2/sm i gradient (rising gradient is positive; e.g. for a gradient of 5 ‰, i = 0,005) - ci cylinder ratio - rigi rigging ratio - trai transmission ratio - J inertia due to rotation of masses 2 mkg⋅ m mass kg n quantity - P power W p pressure Pa r radius m s distance m SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019

The wheel diameter used in the emergency brake calculation is usually that which gives the lowest deceleration e.g. in the case of disc brakes, this would normally be the maximum wheel diameter. When checking the required adhesion reqτ=≥he=wheel=≤iame≥er=use≤=shall=be=≥he=size=which=genera≥es=≥he=maximum=a≤hesion=≤eman≤=e.g.=in=≥he=case=of=≤isc=brakes,=≥his=woul≤=normally=be=≥he=minimum=wheel=≤iame≥er.=If=≥he=≥rain=is=equippe≤=wi≥h=≤ifferen≥=sizes=of=wheels=(by=≤esign=no≥=≤ue=≥o=wear)=each=size=of=wheel=shall=be=i≤en≥ifie≤=in=≥he=≥rain=composi≥ion.=4.3.2.6 Mean train resistance The train resistance is a component of the train decelerating force provided by the structure of the train, referred to as resistance to motion in EN 14067-4. This however uses instantaneous values. The SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019

Screw hand brake i) Tread brake equipment type ii) Disc brake equipment type 3) Electro-dynamic brake equipment type 4) Fluid retarder brake equipment type b) Adhesion independent 1) Eddy current brake equipment type 2) Magnetic track brake equipment type When using the following formulae to calculate the brake force for the different brake equipment types (i) and possible arrangements of this equipment e.g. a clasp brake arrangement of a tread brake, the number of arrangements fitted per entity shall be considered. As applicable, factors have been identified in each of the formulae and are shown in the examples given. For tread and disc brake equipment types typically a pressure applied brake cylinder is used. However, a spring applied brake cylinder may be used. For the calculation of the output force (Fc) the formula shall consider the following with reference to Figure 1: a) The internal ratio/factor of the cylinder (Ci) is normally one except for a design with an internal cylinder ratio. The sign of the ratio/factor when considered in the calculation formula is dependent on the type of brake equipment i.e. for pressure applied brake equipment it is a positive value and for spring applied brake equipment it is negative value. b) The cylinder spring force (,SCF) in a pressure applied brake cylinder operates to release the brake force (cylinder piston return) and is therefore a negative value. For a spring applied brake ,SCF operates as a braking force and is therefore a positive value.
Figure 1 — Basic principle of a pressure applied (left) and spring applied (right) cylinder SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019

Figure 2 — Representative tread brake unit The braking force characteristic of a tread brake unit can be expressed by: Cylinder output force FpAiFη=⋅⋅⋅+cccccs,c (4) Force on the application point FFiFη=⋅⋅+ncrigrig,dyns,rig (5) Mean braking force per brake unit `.FFµ=B,actnm (6) Pressure per application point FpA=napb (7) where: pC brake cylinder pressure, in Pa AC brake cylinder piston area, in m2 ηC internal brake cylinder efficiency iC internal brake cylinder ratio/factor FS,C sum of internal brake actuator spring forces, in N ηrig,dyn rigging efficiency in dynamic condition SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019

NOTE
Dashed lines represent additional tread brake arrangements, if applicable. Figure 3 — Typical tread brake arrangement The braking force characteristic of a tread brake arrangement can be expressed by: Output cylinder force CS,CCCCCFiApF+⋅⋅⋅=η=(8)=To≥al=force=on=≥he=applica≥ion=poin≥s=()RRRS,rigCbη⋅⋅+⋅=iFiFF
(9) With the ratios barig/lli==(10)=an≤=rig,axapaxRinni⋅⋅==(11)=SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
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