ISO/IEC 30144:2020
(Main)Internet of things (IoT) - Wireless sensor network system supporting electrical power substation
Internet of things (IoT) - Wireless sensor network system supporting electrical power substation
ISO/IEC 30144:2020 (E) specifies intelligent wireless sensor network (iWSN) from the perspectives of iWSN's system infrastructure and communications internal and external to the infrastructure, and technical requirements for iWSN to realize smart electrical power substations.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
ISO/IEC 30144
Edition 1.0 2020-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Internet of things (IOT) – Wireless sensor network system supporting electrical
power substation
ISO/IEC 30144:2020-10(en)
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ISO/IEC 30144
Edition 1.0 2020-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Internet of things (IOT) – Wireless sensor network system supporting electrical
power substation
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.240.10; 35.110 ISBN 978-2-8322-8941-9
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
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– 2 – ISO/IEC 30144:2020 ISO/IEC 2020
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 9
5 Intelligent wireless sensor network system supporting electrical power substation . 10
5.1 System View . 10
5.1.1 System overview . 10
5.1.2 Subsystems and their relationships. 13
5.2 Communications View . 15
5.2.1 Communications overview . 15
5.2.2 Sensor nodes . 16
5.2.3 Gateways . 17
5.2.4 Communication interfaces in the iWSN system . 18
6 Technical requirements for the iWSN system supporting electrical power
substations . 19
6.1 System functional requirements . 19
6.1.1 Information acquisition and collection . 19
6.1.2 Device management . 19
6.1.3 Data analysis . 19
6.1.4 Data display . 19
6.1.5 Warning and response . 20
6.1.6 Network communication . 20
6.1.7 System privilege management . 20
6.1.8 Collaborative information process (CIP) and decision support. 20
6.2 System performance requirements . 20
6.2.1 Performance requirements of sensor node. 20
6.2.2 Performance requirements of gateway . 23
6.2.3 Performance requirements of control subsystem for sensor network . 25
Annex A (informative) Sensor network reference architecture from ISO/IEC 29182-3 . 27
A.1 Overview of sensor network interfaces . 27
A.2 Sensor node physical reference architecture . 29
A.3 Functional model of the sensor network . 30
Annex B (informative) The sensor models in IEC 61850 . 31
Bibliography . 35
Figure 1 – System overview of the iWSN system supporting electrical power substation . 11
Figure 2 – Communications overview of the iWSN system supporting electrical power
substation . 16
Figure A.1 – Overview of sensor network interfaces in a sensor node, sensor node
to sensor node, and sensor node to the external environment . 27
Figure A.2 – Sensor networks system architecture – Layer focused . 28
Figure A.3 – Sensor node physical reference architecture . 29
Figure A.4 – Functional model of the sensor network . 30
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ISO/IEC 30144:2020 ISO/IEC 2020 – 3 –
Table 1 – Mapping between the entities in the System View and the domains
of the IoT RA . 12
Table 2 – Interface for functional subsystem of sensor networks . 18
Table B.1 – Sensor models in IEC 61850 . 31
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INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) –
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK SYSTEM
SUPPORTING ELECTRICAL POWER SUBSTATION
FOREWORD
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International Standard ISO/IEC 30144 has been prepared by subcommittee 41: Internet of
Things and related technologies, of ISO/IEC joint technical committee 1: Information technology.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
JTC1-SC41/163/FDIS JTC1-SC41/176/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
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ISO/IEC 30144:2020 ISO/IEC 2020 – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
The data collected from various types of electrical equipment is sparsely located, and on-line
transmission of the data helps to collaboratively aggregate and analyse them in real-time.
Transitioning to the smart electrical power substation using wireless communication among the
sensor nodes – i.e. wireless sensor network (WSN) – requires systems architecture provisioning
automated data collection from the electrical equipment, which allows collaborative data
processing, sends automatic alerts, provides preventive actions, and potentially takes
corrective actions for certain situations.
Electrical power substation communications should be designed to support scalability,
interoperability, autonomous fault correction, and other key attributes. The intelligent wireless
sensor network (iWSN) is inherently flexible and scalable in its capabilities and in operations
including in the size of its converge areas; however, depending on the geographical (e.g. urban,
suburban, remote location) and structural (both natural and man-made) situations, the
installation architecture should ensure the fidelity of all sensor nodes’ wireless connectivity.
Furthermore, the WSNs can support either distributed or decentralized network architecture.
The wired substation network typically uses high-availability seamless ring (HSR) and parallel
redundancy protocol (PRP) protocols (see IEC 62439-3, IEC 61850-8-1 and IEC 61850-9-2) to
provide seamless failover against failure of any network component. For the iWSN, it is also
important to have the key iWSN network components (e.g. sensor nodes) from data
communication failure. Therefore it is important to select wireless sensor network architecture
for a substation which overcomes the potential issue of a single point of failure in the wireless
sensor network, for example, by installation architecture, the use of PRP to improve packet loss
and timing behaviour in wireless network, or a combination of these.
This document introduces iWSN as a system which helps to make the power substation smarter,
which is compatible with IEC 61850. In the past, wireless communication was thought to be
unreliable and ineffective over long distances. With the advancements in communication
technologies in the last decade, the wireless communications have given rise not only to
wireless meshed systems, multi-hop and self-healing networks, but also to various low-power
protocols having high network/communication security standards. Additionally, different
network topologies with effective wireless signal routing algorithms have improved range and
reduced power consumption while minimizing frequency of communication channel error. These
improvements can be leveraged to form a highly reliable communication network for the
electrical power substation.
The existing applications of the WSNs in smart grid include, but are not limited to, automatic
meter reading, remote system monitoring and control, equipment fault diagnostics, distribution
automation, outage detection, line fault and electronic fault detection, underground cable
system monitoring, towers and poles monitoring, conductor temperature and dynamic thermal
rating. However, the realization of these existing and envisioned WSN-based smart grid
applications is hindered by not having uniform sensing data formats, data interfaces, etc.
Although some sensor communication systems are not compatible with the devices from
different equipment manufacturers, most intelligent electronic devices used in electrical power
substations are interoperable, through the use of standard protocols, for example, IEC 61850
GOOSE, TCP, UDP, etc., and standards related to the common information model (CIM) defined
by IEC 61970 and IEC 61968. For cases where new types of sensors (either existing or newly
developed) have not adopted IEC 61850, they may be used with an intelligent wireless sensor
1 2
network (iWSN) system because the iWSN system interfaces can act as an adaptor for the
sensors and the rest of the systems.
_____________
1
Wireless technology in general is not suitable for the transmission of mission critical data such as sampled
measured values according to IEC 61850-9-2 or trip signals for circuit breakers due to the possible interference
of electromagnetic radiation caused by arc-flashes (e.g. in case of an internal fault or switching operations inside
a substation) with the radio signals of wireless sensors.
2
Any data commonly sent over layer 2 broadcast (e.g. GOOSE) are not suitable for transmission over wireless
networks due to the unavailability of corresponding broadcast features.
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– 6 – ISO/IEC 30144:2020 ISO/IEC 2020
The main purpose of wireless sensor network applications for electrical power substations is to
improve the capability of acquiring, monitoring, processing, and maintaining the data and
information from the power equipment. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is characterized by
flexible deployment, device collaboration and low-cost implementation, and WSN realizes
efficient monitoring of the smart grid systems and subsystems. By enabling the monitoring and
controlling capabilities by installing wireless sensor nodes on critical power grid equipment,
reliable and real-time online management of this equipment can be accomplished.
Electrical power substation is one of the most important building blocks of the smart grid. The
monitoring and control systems in electrical power substations acquire current, voltage, status
and other parameters from their primary equipment, and also data from their environment. The
information from the measurement systems provides the basis for integrated applications,
enabling the transformation of a conventional electrical power substation to a smart electrical
power substation, especially when considering the use of the IEC 61850 series, iWSN and other
information technologies. In addition to the substation equipment’s (wired) connectivity, which
is likely based on the IEC 61850 series, the iWSN system will provide additional benefits to
collect, process, and transmit data/information about power substation equipment and its
environment. An effective and efficient sensing system can be achieved by an iWSN system
which takes the role of a data/information measurement and collection system. The concept of
the iWSN system provides functions, such as automatic data collection and aggregation,
collaborative information processing (e.g. data/information fusion), data analysis, and alarming,
and other functional applications that enable the intelligence or smartness of the system that
the iWSN system is monitoring.
The information collected in an electrical power substation about the equipment state and the
flow of electricity provides the electricity providers with a clearer view and better control over
the electrical power substation. Among the many add-values that the iWSN brings compared to
the wired installation, one of them is the migration to the no-wire installation as all the sensor
nodes are powered by batteries and the data is transmitted via the wireless communication
links of the iWSN. A wireless sensor network, that is able to communicate with the utility
provider’s control system by sharing the collected information with the existing networks
becomes an attractive technology to deploy in an electrical power substation in order to collect
required and critical information.
This document is built upon ISO/IEC 29182 (Sensor Network Reference Architecture) and
ISO/IEC 30101 (sensor network and its interfaces for smart grid systems), IEC 61850
(communication networks and systems for power utility automation), and ETSI’s and NIST’s
work in smart grid, and extends ISO/IEC 29182 and ISO/IEC 30101 to the application standard
of the sensor network that supports the electrical power substations.
The iWSN system uses wireless sensor networks for power substations including substation,
equipment, facility, environment, etc. The existing communication protocols specified in
IEC 61850-8-1 and IEC 61850-9-2 can be used within power substation, or IEC 61850-8-2 can
be used over public network. This document provides the iWSN system’s infrastructure from
System and Communications Views and also specifies the iWSN system’s technical
requirements to realize and support the smart electrical power substation. Electrical power
substations with sensor networks use advanced information and communication technologies
in order to improve the efficiency, reliability, and security of their components and services.
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ISO/IEC 30144:2020 ISO/IEC 2020 – 7 –
INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) –
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK SYSTEM
SUPPORTING ELECTRICAL POWER SUBSTATION
1 Scope
This document specifies
– intelligent wireless sensor network (iWSN) from the perspectives of iWSN's system
infrastructure and communications internal and external to the infrastructure, and
– technical requirements for iWSN to realize smart electrical power substations.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 61000-4-39, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-39: Testing and measurement
techniques – Radiated fields in close proximity – Immunity test
IEC 61326-1, Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use – EMC
requirements – Part 1: General requirements
IEC 61850-3, Communication networks and systems for power utility automation – Part 3:
General requirements
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
control subsystem for sensor network
CSSN
platform together with all the sensor nodes communicated to it with networks, including the
rules for control, for communication and for management among application processes of
sensor network
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-732:2014, 732-10-02, modified – In the definition, "home network",
"devices" and "attached to it" have been replaced by "platform", "sensor nodes" and
"communicated to it with networks", respectively, and "of sensor network" has been added at
the end.]
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– 8 – ISO/IEC 30144:2020 ISO/IEC 2020
3.2
control subsystem for power substation
CSPS
infrastructure together with all the equipment attached to it, including the rules for control, for
communication and for management among application processes of a power substation
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-732:2014, 732-10-02, modified – In the definition, "home network" and
"devices" have been replaced by "infrastructure" and "equipment", respectively, and "of a
power substation" has been added at the end.]
3.3
data acquisition functional subsystem
DAFS
subsystem for gathering required data from a group of sensors, and assembling them into
messages for delivery to another component
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-721:1991, 721-18-64, modified – In the definition, "a facility", "small
quantities of" and "a nominated group of addresses" have been replaced by "subsystem",
"required" and "a group of sensors", respectively, and "a single message" and "nominated
address" have been changed to "messages" and "component", respectively.]
3.4
intelligent wireless sensor network
iWSN
system of spatially distributed sensor nodes interacting with each other using wireless
communication technology and, depending on applications, possibly with other infrastructure in
order to acquire, process, transfer, and provide information extracted from its environment with
a primary function of information gathering, analysing, fusing, and possible control capability to
support the intelligent services based on the application scenarios and users
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 29182-2:2013, 2.1.6, modified – In the definition, "using wireless
communication technology" and "analysing, fusing," have been added, and "to support the
intelligent services based on the application scenarios and users" has been added at the
end.]
3.5
sensor network for electrical power substation
system of spatially distributed sensor nodes interacting with each other and, depending on
electrical power substation applications, possibly with other infrastructure in order to acquire,
process, transfer, and provide information extracted from electrical power substation’s
equipment and environment with a primary function of information gathering and possible
control capability
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 29182-2:2013, 2.1.6, modified – In the definition, "electrical power
substation" has been added in front of applications, and "its environment" has been replaced
by "electrical power substation’s equipment and environment".]
3.6
smart electrical power substation
part of an electrical system, confined to a given area, mainly including ends of transmission or
distribution lines, electrical switchgear and control gear, buildings and transformers, and
generally including safety or control devices (for example protection), with the infrastructures
and technologies of digital information, network communication and shared information to
collect data, measure, detect and protect the electrical system, possibly support online analysis,
decision-making, collaborative interaction, and real-time control
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ISO/IEC 30144:2020 ISO/IEC 2020 – 9 –
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-601:1985, 601-03-02, modified – "a" has been removed from the
beginning, and "A. substation generally includes" is replaced by "and generally including".
"network communication and shared information to collect data, measure, detect and protect
the electrical system, possibly support online analysis, decision-making, collaborative
interaction, and real-time control" is added in the end of the definition.]
3.7
reliability
ability to perform as required, without failure, for a given time interval, under given conditions
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-01-24]
3.8
availability
property of being accessible and usable on demand by an authorized entity
Note 1 to entry: IoT systems can include both human users and service components as "authorized entities".
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 27000:2018, 3.7]
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
ASD Application and Service Domain
CAN controller area network
CIP collaborative information process
CSPS control subsystem for power substation
CSSN control subsystem for sensor network
CT current transformer
DAFS data acquisition functional subsystem
DER distributed energy resource
EMF electromagnetic field
GIS gas isolated switchgear
GOOSE generic object oriented substation event
HMI human–machine interface
IED intelligent electronic device
iWSN intelligent wireless sensor network
LoRaWAN™ long range wide area network
OLTC on load tap changer
MMS manufacture message service
MTBF mean time between failures
MTTF mean operating time to failure
MTTFF mean operating time to first failure
NB-IoT narrow band Internet of Things
ONVIF open network video interface forum
OTA over the air
PD partial discharge
PED Physical Entity Domain
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– 10 – ISO/IEC 30144:2020 ISO/IEC 2020
PSIA Physical Security Interoperability Alliance
RTU remote terminal unit
SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition
SCD Sensing and Controlling Domain
SF sulfur hexafluoride
6
SNRA Sensor Network Reference Architecture
SV sample value
UD User Domain
VT voltage transformer
XML extensible markup language
5 Intelligent wireless sensor network system supporting electrical power
substation
5.1 System View
5.1.1 System overview
The iWSN system for electrical power substation is composed of subsystems which include
sensor nodes, meters, cameras, and gateways, communication network, and control subsystem
for sensor network (CSSN). The iWSN system collects data (system operation status, etc.) from
electrical equipment and substation environment, and transmits the data wirelessly to be
processed, aggregated and/or analysed for effective and efficient monitoring of the electrical
power substation in real-time. The iWSN system contributes to the automation of the operation
and management of the substation especially by feeding it with appropriate data, but also
provides the electricity providers with a clearer operating picture of the substation and better
automated co
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