ISO 19264-1:2021
(Main)Photography — Archiving systems — Imaging systems quality analysis — Part 1: Reflective originals
Photography — Archiving systems — Imaging systems quality analysis — Part 1: Reflective originals
This document describes a method for analysing imaging systems quality in the area of cultural heritage imaging. The method described analyses multiple imaging systems quality characteristics from a single image of a specified test target. The specification states which characteristics are measured, how they are measured, and how the results of the analysis need to be presented. This specification applies to scanners and digital cameras used for digitization of cultural heritage material. NOTE This document addresses imaging of reflective originals, a future part two will address imaging of transparent originals.
Photographie — Systèmes d'archivage — Analyse de la qualité des systèmes d'image — Partie 1: Documents réfléchissants
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19264-1
First edition
2021-06
Photography — Archiving systems —
Imaging systems quality analysis —
Part 1:
Reflective originals
Photographie — Systèmes d'archivage — Analyse de la qualité des
systèmes d'image —
Partie 1: Documents réfléchissants
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 System setup and calibration . 6
4.1 General . 6
4.2 System configuration . 6
4.3 Camera/scanner settings . 6
4.4 Exposure . 6
4.5 White balancing . 6
4.6 ICC Profiling . 7
4.7 Focusing . 7
4.8 Colour encoding . 7
4.9 Reproduction scale . 8
5 Imaging system quality analysis procedure . 8
6 Imaging systems quality characteristics and metrics . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 Tones and noise . 9
6.3 Colour .11
6.4 Details .13
6.5 Geometry .14
7 Reporting results .15
7.1 General .15
7.2 Example report for tone reproduction results .16
7.3 Gain modulation .17
7.4 Dynamic range.19
7.5 Noise .19
7.6 Banding .20
7.7 Defect pixels .22
7.8 White balance.22
7.9 Colour reproduction .23
7.10 Colour mis-registration .24
7.11 Sampling rate.24
7.12 Resolution .24
7.13 MTF 50/MTF 10 .24
7.14 Sharpening .24
7.15 Acutance .24
7.16 Lightness non-uniformity .24
7.17 Chrominance non-uniformity .24
7.18 Distortion .24
7.19 Reproduction scale .24
Annex A (normative) Test chart requirements .25
Annex B (informative) Guidelines for imaging performance aims and tolerances .27
Annex C (informative) Example of multi-pattern chart: Universal Test Target (UTT) .29
Bibliography .49
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This first edition of ISO 19264-1 cancels and replaces the first edition of ISO/TS 19264-1, which has
been technically revised.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Electronic imaging systems, such as scanners and cameras, can be used for digitizing physical records,
e.g. documents, pictures, maps. The resulting digital images can be more or less accurate in terms of how
well they reproduce the original record’s tones, colours, details, etc. These and other characteristics of a
digital image can be assessed by imaging systems’ quality analysis. In general, the achievable accuracy
of digital reproductions depends on the nature of the original record and the digitization, especially the
performance of the imaging system and the applied system settings.
In some organizations, e.g. within the archiving and cultural heritage field, where considerable
resources are put into digitization projects, it is key to ensure that the required imaging systems’
quality is met and that it is consistent. To this end, imaging systems’ quality analysis can assist those
developing or acquiring imaging systems with the assessment and verification of system performance,
such as the specified resolution and dynamic range of a scanner, and the comparative performance of
different imaging systems. Imaging systems’ quality analysis is also used for setting up and calibrating
imaging systems as well as for enhancing their performance. Finally, imaging systems’ quality analysis
is used for assessing accuracy and controlling imaging consistency over time. Note, that while the
need to ensure imaging systems’ quality is generic, the required level of imaging systems’ quality and
accuracy is use-case specific. For example, when digitizing watercolours it is usually essential to reach
a high degree of accuracy in the capture of the colour information, while this is not normally equally
critical when digitizing newspapers. Also, some image processing programs, such as Optical Character
Recognition (OCR), are more accurate if the contrast is enhanced during imaging.
In practice, imaging systems’ quality is analysed by digitizing a physical reference target (test
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19264-1
First edition
2021-06
Photography — Archiving systems —
Imaging systems quality analysis —
Part 1:
Reflective originals
Photographie — Systèmes d'archivage — Analyse de la qualité des
systèmes d'image —
Partie 1: Documents réfléchissants
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 System setup and calibration . 6
4.1 General . 6
4.2 System configuration . 6
4.3 Camera/scanner settings . 6
4.4 Exposure . 6
4.5 White balancing . 6
4.6 ICC Profiling . 7
4.7 Focusing . 7
4.8 Colour encoding . 7
4.9 Reproduction scale . 8
5 Imaging system quality analysis procedure . 8
6 Imaging systems quality characteristics and metrics . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 Tones and noise . 9
6.3 Colour .11
6.4 Details .13
6.5 Geometry .14
7 Reporting results .15
7.1 General .15
7.2 Example report for tone reproduction results .16
7.3 Gain modulation .17
7.4 Dynamic range.19
7.5 Noise .19
7.6 Banding .20
7.7 Defect pixels .22
7.8 White balance.22
7.9 Colour reproduction .23
7.10 Colour mis-registration .24
7.11 Sampling rate.24
7.12 Resolution .24
7.13 MTF 50/MTF 10 .24
7.14 Sharpening .24
7.15 Acutance .24
7.16 Lightness non-uniformity .24
7.17 Chrominance non-uniformity .24
7.18 Distortion .24
7.19 Reproduction scale .24
Annex A (normative) Test chart requirements .25
Annex B (informative) Guidelines for imaging performance aims and tolerances .27
Annex C (informative) Example of multi-pattern chart: Universal Test Target (UTT) .29
Bibliography .49
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This first edition of ISO 19264-1 cancels and replaces the first edition of ISO/TS 19264-1, which has
been technically revised.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Electronic imaging systems, such as scanners and cameras, can be used for digitizing physical records,
e.g. documents, pictures, maps. The resulting digital images can be more or less accurate in terms of how
well they reproduce the original record’s tones, colours, details, etc. These and other characteristics of a
digital image can be assessed by imaging systems’ quality analysis. In general, the achievable accuracy
of digital reproductions depends on the nature of the original record and the digitization, especially the
performance of the imaging system and the applied system settings.
In some organizations, e.g. within the archiving and cultural heritage field, where considerable
resources are put into digitization projects, it is key to ensure that the required imaging systems’
quality is met and that it is consistent. To this end, imaging systems’ quality analysis can assist those
developing or acquiring imaging systems with the assessment and verification of system performance,
such as the specified resolution and dynamic range of a scanner, and the comparative performance of
different imaging systems. Imaging systems’ quality analysis is also used for setting up and calibrating
imaging systems as well as for enhancing their performance. Finally, imaging systems’ quality analysis
is used for assessing accuracy and controlling imaging consistency over time. Note, that while the
need to ensure imaging systems’ quality is generic, the required level of imaging systems’ quality and
accuracy is use-case specific. For example, when digitizing watercolours it is usually essential to reach
a high degree of accuracy in the capture of the colour information, while this is not normally equally
critical when digitizing newspapers. Also, some image processing programs, such as Optical Character
Recognition (OCR), are more accurate if the contrast is enhanced during imaging.
In practice, imaging systems’ quality is analysed by digitizing a physical reference target (test
...
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