ISO/PRF 17296-1
(Amendment)Additive manufacturing — General principles — Part 1: Terminology
Additive manufacturing — General principles — Part 1: Terminology
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux — Partie 1: Terminologie
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17296-1
First edition
Additive manufacturing — General
principles —
Part 1:
Terminology
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux —
Partie 1: Terminologie
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
ISO 2015
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
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ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 General terms ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.2 Process categories ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
2.3 Processing: General ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.4 Processing: Data..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 Processing: Material ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.6 Applications ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.7 Properties .................................................................................................................................................................................................10
Annex A (informative) Basic principles ..........................................................................................................................................................12
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation
with ASTM F 42 on the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the
aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.ISO 17296 consists of the following parts, under the general title Additive manufacturing — General
principles:— Part 1: Terminology
— Part 2: Overview of process categories and feedstock
— Part 3: Main characteristics and corresponding test methods
— Part 4: Overview of data processing
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
Introduction
Additive manufacturing is the general term for those technologies that based on a geometrical
representation creates physical objects by successive addition of material. These technologies are
presently used for various applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as
medicine, education, architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.During the development of additive manufacturing technology there have been numerous different
terms and definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks. This is
often ambiguous and confusing which hampers communication and wider application of this technology.
It is the intention of this part of ISO 17296 to provide a basic understanding of the fundamental
principles for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear definitions for
terms and nomenclature associated with additive manufacturing technology. The objective of this
standardization of terminology for additive manufacturing is to facilitate communication between
people involved in this field of technology on a world-wide basis.This International Standard has been developed in close cooperation of ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F 42 on
basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common
set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive manufacturing.© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Part 1:
Terminology
1 Scope
This part of ISO 17296 establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology,
which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by successive
addition of material.The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 will be included in upcoming amendments
and overviews of this International Standard.2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1
3D printer
machine used for 3D printing (2.3.1).
2.1.2
additive manufacturing
process of joining materials to make parts (2.6.1) from 3D model data, usually layer (2.3.10) upon layer,
as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: Historical terms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer
manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.
Note 2 to entry: The meaning of “additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies are
further discussed in Annex A.2.1.3
additive system
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (2.1.2)
2.1.4
AM machine
section of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) including hardware, machine control software,
required set-up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (2.3.3) for
producing parts (2.6.1)2.1.5
AM machine user
operator of or entity using an AM machine (2.1.4)
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.1.6
AM system user
additive system user
operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) or any component of an
additive system2.1.7
front
side of the machine that the
operator faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window, or both2.1.8
material supplier
provider of material/ feedstock (2.5.2) to be processed in additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.1.9multi-step process
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in two or more
operations where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates
the part to the fundamental properties of the intended material (metallic, ceramic, polymer or composite)
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step (2.1.10) and multi-step processes are further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.10single-step process
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in a single operation
where the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved
simultaneouslyNote 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step and multi-step processes (2.1.9) are further discussed in Annex A.
2.2 Process categories2.2.1
binder jetting
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join
powder materials2.2.2
directed energy deposition
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by
melting as they are being depositedNote 1 to entry: “Focused thermal energy” means that an energy source (e.g. laser, electron beam, or plasma arc)
is focused to melt the materials being deposited.2.2.3
material extrusion
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or
orifice2 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.2.4
material jetting
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which droplets of build material are selectively deposited
Note 1 to entry: Example materials include photopolymer and wax.2.2.5
powder bed fusion
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder
bed (2.5.8)2.2.6
sheet lamination
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form an object
2.2.7vat photopolymerization
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by
light-activated polymerization2.3 Processing: General
2.3.1
3D printing
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another
printer technologyNote 1 to entry: Term often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (2.1.2);
until present times this term has in particular been associated with machines that are low end in price and/or
overall capability.2.3.2
build chamber
enclosed location within the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) where the parts (2.6.1) are fabricated
2.3.3build cycle
single process cycle in which one or more components are built up in layers (2.3.10) in the process
chamber of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)2.3.4
build envelope
largest external dimensions of the x-, y-, and z-axes within the build space (2.3.6) where parts (2.6.1)
can be fabricatedNote 1 to entry: The dimensions of the build space will be larger than the build envelope.
2.3.5build platform
base which provides a surface upon which the building of the part/s (2.6.1), is started
and supported throughout the build processNote 1 to entry: In some systems, the parts are built attached to the build platform, either directly or through a
support structure. In other systems, such as powder bed (2.5.8) systems, no direct mechanical fixture between
the build and the platform may be required.2.3.6
build space
location where it is possible for parts (2.6.1) to be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (2.3.2)
or on a build platform (2.3.5)© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 3
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.3.7
build surface
area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (2.3.10) which becomes the
foundation upon which the next layer is formedNote 1 to entry: For the first layer, the build surface is often the build platform (2.3.5).
Note 2 to entry: In the case of direct energy deposition processes, the build surface can be an existing part onto
which material is added.Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means, or both, is variable, it may be
defined relative to the build surface.2.3.8
build volume
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (2.6.1)
2.3.9
feed region
location/s in the machine where feedstock (2.5.2) is stored and from
which a portion of the feedstock is repeatedly conveyed to the powder bed during the build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.10layer
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
2.3.11
machine coordinate system
three-dimensional coordinate system as defined by a fixed point on the build platform (2.3.5) with
the three principal axes labelled x-, y-, and z-, with rotary axis about each of these axis labelled A,
B, and C, respectively, where the angles between x-, y- and z- can be Cartesian or defined by the
machine manufacturerNote 1 to entry: Machine coordinate system is fixed relative to the machine, as opposed to coordinate systems
associated with the build surface (2.3.7) which can be translated or rotated. Machine coordinate system is
[6]illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.12
manufacturing lot
set of manufactured parts (2.6.1) having commonality between feedstock (2.5.2), production run (2.3.19),
additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) and post-processing (2.5.6) steps (if required) as recorded on a
single manufacturing work orderNote 1 to entry: Additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) could include one or several AM machines (2.1.4) and/or
post-processing machine units as agreed by AM (2.1.2) provider and customer.2.3.13
origin
zero point
(0, 0, 0)
designated universal reference point at which the three primary axes in a coordinate system intersect
Note 1 to entry: Coordinate system can be Cartesian or as defined by the machine manufacturer. The concept of
[6]origin is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.14
build origin
origin (2.3.13) most commonly located at the centre of the build platform (2.3.5) and fixed on the build
facing surface, but could be defined otherwise by the build set-up4 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.3.15
machine origin
machine home
machine zero point
origin (2.3.13) as defined by the machine manufacturer
2.3.16
overflow region
location/s in the machine where excess powder is stored during
a build cycle (2.3.3)Note 1 to entry: For certain machine types the overflow region may consist of one or more dedicated chambers
or a powder recycling system.2.3.17
part location
location of the part (2.6.1) within the build volume (2.3.8)
Note 1 to entry: The part location is normally specified by the x-, y- and z-coordinates for the position of the
geometric centre (2.4.9) of the part’s bounding box (2.4.3) with respect to the build volume origin (2.3.13). Part
[6]location is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.18
process parameters
set of operating parameters and system settings used during a build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.19production run
all parts (2.6.1) produced in one build cycle (2.3.3) or sequential series of build cycles using the same
feedstock (2.5.2) batch and process conditions2.3.20
system set-up
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) for a build
2.3.21
x-axis
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs parallel to the front (2.1.7) of the machine and perpendicular to the y-axis
(2.3.22) and z-axis (2.3.23)Note 1 to entry: The positive x-direction runs from left to
right as viewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
Note 2 to entry: It is common that the x-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build
platform (2.3.5).2.3.22
y-axis
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs perpendicular to the z-axis (2.3.23) and x-axis (2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in
[1]ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. In the most common case of an upwards z-positive direction, the
positive y-direction will then run from the front to the back of the machine as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of building in the downwards z-positive direction, the positive y-direction will then
run from the back of the machine to the front as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 3 to entry: It is common that the y-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build
platform (2.3.5).© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 5
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.3.23
z-axis
, axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that run perpendicular to the x-axis (2.3.21) and y-axis (2.3.22)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in
[1]ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. For processes employing planar, layerwise addition of material,
the positive z-direction will then run normal to the layers (2.3.10).Note 2 to entry: For processes employing planar layerwise addition of material, the positive z-direction, is the
direction from the first layer to the subsequent layers.Note 3 to entry: Where addition of material is possible from multiple directions (such as with certain directed
[1]energy deposition (2.2.2) systems), the z- axis may be identified according to the principles in ISO 841, (4.3.3)
which addresses “swivelling or gimballing.”2.4 Processing: Data
2.4.1
3D scanning
3D digitizing
method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a 3-dimensional representation by recording
x, y, z coordinates on the object’s surface and through software the collection of points is converted
into digital dataNote 1 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor, or
other device.2.4.2
Additive Manufacturing File Format
AMF
file format for communicating additive manufacturing (2.1.2) model data including a description of the 3D
surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and metadata.
Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a
constellation. Similar to STL (2.4.16), the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the
triangles may also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each
[5]triangle in the mesh. ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.
2.4.3
bounding box
orthogonally oriented minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of
the points on the surface of a 3D part (2.6.1)Note 1 to entry: Where the manufactured part includes the test geometry plus additional external features (for
example, labels, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test part geometry
excluding the additional external features if noted. Different varieties of bounding boxes are illustrated in
[6]ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.4.4
arbitrarily oriented bounding box
bounding box (2.4.3) calculated without any constraints on the resulting
orientation of the box2.4.5
machine bounding box
bounding box (2.4.3) for which the surfaces are parallel to the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11)2.4.6
master bounding box
bounding box (2.4.6) which encloses all of the parts (2.6.1) in a single build
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.4.7
extensible markup language
XML
standard from the WorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) that provides for tagging of information content
within documents offering a means for representation of content in a format that is both human and
machine readableNote 1 to entry: Through the use of customizable style sheets and schemas, information can be represented in a
uniform way, allowing for interchange of both content (data) and format (metadata).
2.4.8facet
typically a three- or four-sided polygon that represents an element of a 3D polygonal mesh surface or
modelNote 1 to entry: Triangular facets are used in the file formats most significant to AM (2.1.2): AMF (2.4.2) and STL
(2.4.17); however AMF files permits a triangular facet to be curved.2.4.9
geometric centre
centroid
, location at the arithmetic middle of the bounding box (2.4.3) of the part (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: The centre of the bounding box could lie outside the part.2.4.10
initial graphics exchange specification
IGES
platform neutral CAD data exchange format intended for exchange of product geometry and geometry
annotation informationNote 1 to entry: IGES is the common name for a United States National Bureau of Standards standard NBSIR 80–
1978, Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data, which was approved by ANSI first
[3]as ANS Y14.26M-1981 and later as ANS USPRO/IPO-100–1996. IGES version 5.3 was superseded by ISO 10303,
STEP (2.4.15) in 2006.2.4.11
initial build orientation
orientation of the part as it is first placed in the build volume (2.3.8)
[6]Note 1 to entry: Initial build orientation is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.4.12
nesting
situation when parts (2.6.1) are made in one build cycle (2.3.3) and are located such that their bounding
boxes (2.4.3), arbitrarily oriented (2.4.4) or otherwise, will overlap2.4.13
PDES
Product Data Exchange Specification or Product Data Exchange using STEP (2.4.15)
Note 1 to entry: Originally, a product data exchange specification developed in the 1980s by the IGES/PDES
Organization, a program of US Product Data Association (USPRO). It was adopted as the basis for and subsequently
[3]superseded by ISO 10303 STEP.
2.4.14
part reorientation
rotation around the geometric centre (2.4.9) of the part’s bounding box (2.4.3) from the specified initial
build orientation (2.4.11) of that part (2.6.1)[6]
Note 1 to entry: Part reorientation is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.4.15
STEP
standard for the exchange of product model data
Note 1 to entry: ISO standard that provides a representation of product information, along with the necessary
[3]mechanisms and definitions to enable product data to be exchanged. ISO 10303, applies to the representation
of product information, including components and assemblies; the exchange of product.
2.4.16STL
file format for model data describing the surface geometry of an object as a tessellation of triangles
used to communicate 3D geometries to machines in order to build physical parts (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: The STL file format was originally developed as part of the CAD package for the early
STereoLithography Apparatus, thus referring to that process. It is sometimes also described as “Standard
Triangulation Language” or “Standard Tessalation Language”, though it has never been recognized as an official
standard by any standardization organization.2.4.17
surface model
mathematical or digital representation of an object as a set of planar or curved surfaces, or both, that
can, but does not necessarily have to, represent a closed volume2.5 Processing: Material
2.5.1
curing
chemical process which results in the ultimate properties of a finish or other material
2.5.2feedstock
DEPRECATED: source material
DEPRECATED: starting material
DEPRECATED: base material
DEPRECATED: original material
bulk raw material supplied to the additive manufacturing (2.1.2) building process
Note 1 to entry: For additive manufacturing building processes, the bulk raw material is typically supplied in
various forms such as liquid, powder, suspensions, filaments, sheets, etc.2.5.3
fusion
act of uniting two or more units of material into a single unit of material
2.5.4
laser sintering
powder bed fusion (2.2.5) process used to produce objects from powdered materials using one or
more lasers to selectively fuse or melt the particles at the surface, layer (2.3.10) upon layer, in an
enclosed chamberNote 1 to entry: Most LS machines partially or fully melt the materials they process. The word “sintering” is a
historical term and a misnomer, as the process typically involves full or partial melting, as opposed to traditional
powdered metal sintering using a mould and heat and/or pressure.2.5.5
part cake
lightly bound powder
surrounding the fabricated parts (2.6.1) at the end of a build cycle (2.3.3)8 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.5.6
post-processing
process steps taken after the completion of an additive manufacturing (2.1.2) build cycle
(2.3.3) in order to achieve the desired properties in the final product2.5.7
powder batch
powder used as feedstock (2.5.2) which could be used powder (2.5.11), virgin powder (2.5.12) or a
blend of the twoNote 1 to entry: A powder batch could be used in one or more production runs using different process parameters.
2.5.8powder bed
part bed
build area in an additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) in which feedstock (2.5.2) is deposited and
selectively fused by means of a heat source or bonded by means of an adhesive to build up parts (2.6.1)
2.5.9powder blend
quantity of powder made by thoroughly intermingling powders originating from one or several powder
lots (2.5.10) of the same nominal compositionNote 1 to entry: A common type of powder blend consists of a combination of virgin powder (2.5.12) and used
powder (2.5.11). The specific requirements for a powder blend are typically determined by the application, or by
agreement between the supplier and end-user.Note 2 to entry: In traditional powder metallurgy, a distinction is made between blended powders and mixed
powders, in which case blended powders are combinations of powders with nominally identical composition,
whereas mixed powders are combinations of powders with different compositions.2.5.10
powder lot
quantity of powder produced under traceable, controlled conditions, from a single powder
manufacturing process cycleNote 1 to entry: The size of a powder lot is defined by the powder supplier. It is common that the powder supplier
distributes a portion of a powder lot to multiple AM system users (2.1.6).Note 2 to entry: Source documentation of the powder lot is normally required
...
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
ISO/TC 261
Date: 2015-05-13
ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
ISO/TC 261/SC /WG 1
Secretariat: DIN
Additive manufacturing — General principles — Part 1: Terminology
Élément introductif — Élément central — Partie 1: Titre de la partie
Document type: International Standard
Document subtype:
Document stage: (60) Publication
Document language: E
O:\Documents\TC261\059524 - ISO_NP 17296-1 (Ed 1)\50.00\180\C059524e_trackchanges.doc STD
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright‐protected by ISO. Except as
permitted under the applicable laws of the user's country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract
from it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being
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Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword iv
Introduction v
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 General terms .................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.2 Process categories ........................................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 Processing: General ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.4 Processing: Data ............................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 Processing: Material ....................................................................................................................................... 8
2.6 Applications .................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.7 Properties ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
Annex A (informative) Basic principles .............................................................................................................. 12
A.1 Additive shaping of materials .................................................................................................................. 12
A.2 Single‐step and multi‐step additive manufacturing processes .................................................... 13
A.3 Additive manufacturing processing principles ................................................................................. 13
A.3.1 Overview of AM single‐step processing principles ........................................................................... 14
A.3.2 Overview of AM multi‐step processing principles ............................................................................ 16
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Alphabetical index ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non‐governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in
the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.International StandardsThe procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its
further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval
criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in
accordance with the editorial rules given inof the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2
(see www.iso.org/directives.).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patentsThe main task of technical
committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the
technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.ISO 17296‐1 was prepared by).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword ‐ Supplementary informationCommittee
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive Manufacturingmanufacturing, in
cooperation with ASTM F 42 on the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM
International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.
ISO 17296 consists of the following parts, under the general title Additive manufacturing — General
principles:— Part 1: Terminology
— Part 2: Overview of process categories and feedstock
— Part 3: Main characteristics and corresponding test methods
— Part 4: Overview of data processing
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
Introduction
Additive manufacturing is the general term for those technologies that based on a geometrical
representation creates physical objects by successive addition of material. These technologies are
presently used for various applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as
medicine, education, architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.During the development of additive manufacturing technology there have been numerous different
terms and definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks. This is
often ambiguous and confusing which hampers communication and wider application of this
technology.It is the intention of this international standardpart of ISO 17296 to provide a basic understanding of
the fundamental principles for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear
definitions for terms and nomenclature associated with additive manufacturing technology. The
objective of this standardization of terminology for additive manufacturing is to facilitate
communication between people involved in this field of technology on a world‐wide basis.
This international standardInternational Standard has been developed in close cooperation of ISO/TC
261 and ASTM F 42 on basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the
aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing. manufacturing.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved v---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles — Part 1:
Terminology
1 Scope
This part of ISO 17296 establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology,
which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by successive
addition of material.The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 will be included in upcoming
amendments and overviews of this international standardInternational Standard.2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1
3D printer, noun
machine used for 3D printing (2.3.1).
2.1.2
additive manufacturing, noun
process of joining materials to make parts (2.6.1) from 3D model data, usually layer (2.3.10) upon layer,
as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: Historical terms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer
manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.
Note 2 to entry: The meaning of "“additive‐", "‐”, “subtractive‐"‐” and "“formative‐"‐” manufacturing methodologies
are further discussed in Annex A.2.1.3
additive system, noun
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (2.1.2)
2.1.4
AM machine, noun
section of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) including hardware, machine control software,
required set‐up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (2.3.3) for
producing parts (2.6.1)2.1.5
AM machine user, noun
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
operator of or entity using an AM machine (2.1.4)
2.1.6
AM system user, noun
additive system user
operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) or any component of an
additive system2.1.7
front, noun
side of the machine that the
operator faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window, or both2.1.8
material supplier, noun
provider of material/ feedstock (2.5.2) to be processed in additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.1.9multi‐step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in two or more
operations where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates
the part to the fundamental properties of the intended material (metallic, ceramic, polymer or
composite)Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.Note 2 to entry: The principle of single‐step (2.1.10) and multi‐step processes are further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.10single‐step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in a single operation
where the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved
simultaneouslyNote 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.Note 2 to entry: The principle of single‐step and multi‐step processes (2.1.9) are further discussed in Annex A.
2.2 Process categories2.2.1
binder jetting, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join
powder materials2.2.2
directed energy deposition, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
Note 1 to entry: "“Focused thermal energy"” means that an energy source (e.g.,. laser, electron beam, or plasma
arc) is focused to melt the materials being deposited.2.2.3
material extrusion, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or
orifice2.2.4
material jetting, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which droplets of build material are selectively deposited
Note 1 to entry: Example materials include photopolymer and wax.2.2.5
powder bed fusion, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder
bed (2.5.8)2.2.6
sheet lamination, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form an object
2.2.7vat photopolymerization, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by
light‐activated polymerization2.3 Processing: General
2.3.1
3D printing, noun
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another printer
technologyNote 1 to entry: Term often used in a non‐technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (2.1.2);
until present times this term has in particular been associated with machines that are low end in price and/or
overall capability.2.3.2
build chamber, noun
enclosed location within the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) where the parts (2.6.1) are
fabricated2.3.3
build cycle, noun
single process cycle in which one or more components are built up in layers (2.3.10) in the process
chamber of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)2.3.4
build envelope, noun
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
largest external dimensions of the x‐, y‐, and z‐axes within the build space (2.3.6) where parts (2.6.1)
can be fabricatedNote 1 to entry: The dimensions of the build space will be larger than the build envelope.
2.3.5build platform, noun
base which provides a surface upon which the building of the part/s (2.6.1), is started
and supported throughout the build processNote 1 to entry: In some systems, the parts (2.6.1) are built attached to the build platform, either directly or
through a support structure. In other systems, such as powder bed (2.5.8) systems, no direct mechanical fixture
between the build and the platform may be required.2.3.6
build space, noun
location where it is possible for parts (2.6.1) to be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (2.3.2)
or on a build platform (2.3.5)2.3.7
build surface, noun
area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (2.3.10) which becomes the
foundation upon which the next layer is formedNote 1 to entry: For the first layer, the build surface is often the build platform (2.3.5).
Note 2 to entry: In the case of direct energy deposition processes, the build surface can be an existing part onto
which material is added.Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means, or both, is variable, it may be
defined relative to the build surface.2.3.8
build volume, noun
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (2.6.1)
2.3.9
feed region, noun
location/s in the machine where feedstock (2.5.2) is stored and from
which a portion of the feedstock is repeatedly conveyed to the powder bed during the build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.10layer, noun
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
2.3.11
machine coordinate system, noun
three‐dimensional coordinate system as defined by a fixed point on the build platform (2.3.5) with the
three principal axes labelled x‐, y‐, and z‐, with rotary axis about each of these axis labelled A, B, and C,
respectively, where the angles between x‐, y‐ and z‐ can be Cartesian or defined by the machine
manufacturer© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
Note 1 to entry: Machine coordinate system is fixed relative to the machine, as opposed to coordinate systems
associated with the build surface (2.3.7) which can be translated or rotated. Machine coordinate system is
[2] [6]illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921 ..
2.3.12
manufacturing lot, noun
set of manufactured parts (2.6.1) having commonality between feedstock (2.5.2), production run
(2.3.19), additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) and post‐processing (2.5.6) steps (if required) as
recorded on a single manufacturing work orderNote 1 to entry: Additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) could include one or several AM machines (2.1.4) and/or
post‐processing (2.5.6) machine units as agreed by AM (2.1.2) provider and customer.
2.3.13origin, noun
zero point
(0, 0, 0)
designated universal reference point at which the three primary axes in a coordinate system intersect
Note 1 to entry: Coordinate system can be Cartesian or as defined by the machine manufacturer. The concept of
[2] [6]origin is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921 ..
2.3.14
build origin, noun
origin (2.3.13) most commonly located at the centre of the build platform (2.3.5) and fixed on the build
facing surface, but could be defined otherwise by the build set‐up2.3.15
machine origin, noun
machine home
machine zero point
origin (2.3.13) as defined by the machine manufacturer
2.3.16
overflow region, noun
location/s in the machine where excess powder is stored during
a build cycle (2.3.3)Note 1 to entry: For certain machine types the overflow region may consist of one or more dedicated chambers or
a powder recycling system.2.3.17
part location, noun
location of the part (2.6.1) within the build volume (2.3.8)
Note 1 to entry: The part location is normally specified by the x‐, y‐ and z‐coordinates for the position of the
geometric centre (2.4.9) of the part's bounding box (2.4.3) with respect to the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
[2] [6]Part location is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921 ..
2.3.18
process parameters, noun
set of operating parameters and system settings used during a build cycle (2.3.3)
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
production run, noun
all parts (2.6.1) produced in one build cycle (2.3.3) or sequential series of build cycles using the same
feedstock (2.5.2) batch and process conditions2.3.20
system set‐up, noun
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) for a build
2.3.21
x‐axis, noun
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs parallel to the front (2.1.7) of the machine and perpendicular to the y‐axis
(2.3.22) and z‐axis (2.3.23)Note 1 to entry: The positive x‐direction runs from left to
right as viewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
Note 2 to entry: It is common that the x‐axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build platform
(2.3.5).2.3.22
y‐axis, noun
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs perpendicular to the z‐axis (2.3.23) and x‐axis (2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in ISO
[31]841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. In the most common case of an upwards z‐positive direction, the
positive y‐direction will then run from the front to the back of the machine as viewed from the front of the
machine.Note 2 to entry: In the case of building in the downwards z‐positive direction, the positive y‐direction will then run
from the back of the machine to the front as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 3 to entry: It is common that the y‐axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build platform
(2.3.5).2.3.23
z‐axis, noun
, axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that run perpendicular to the x‐axis (2.3.21) and y‐axis (2.3.22)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in ISO
[31]841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. For processes employing planar, layerwise addition of material,
the positive z‐direction will then run normal to the layers (2.3.10).Note 2 to entry: For processes employing planar layerwise addition of material, the positive z‐direction, is the
direction from the first layer to the subsequent layers.Note 3 to entry: Where addition of material is possible from multiple directions (such as with certain directed
[3]energy deposition (2.2.2) systems), the z‐ axis may be identified according to the principles in ISO 841 (section ,
[1](4.3.3)) which addresses “swivelling or gimballing.”
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
2.4 Processing: Data
2.4.1
3D scanning, noun
3D digitizing
method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a 3‐dimensional representation by recording x, y,
z coordinates on the object’s surface and through software the collection of points is converted into
digital dataNote 1 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor,
or other device.2.4.2
Additive Manufacturing File Format
AMF, noun
file format for communicating additive manufacturing (2.1.2) model data including a description of the
3D surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and
metadata.Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a
constellation. Similar to STL (2.4.16)), the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the
triangles may also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each
[45]triangle in the mesh. ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.
2.4.3
bounding box, noun
orthogonally oriented minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of the
points on the surface of a 3D part (2.6.1)Note 1 to entry: Where the manufactured part includes the test geometry plus additional external features (for
example, labels, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test part geometry
excluding the additional external features if noted. Different varieties of bounding boxes are illustrated in
[2] [6]ISO/ASTM 52921 ..
2.4.4
arbitrarily oriented bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.3) calculated without any constraints on the resulting orientation
of the box2.4.5
machine bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.3) for which the surfaces are parallel to the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11)2.4.6
master bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.6) which encloses all of the parts (2.6.1) in a single build
2.4.7
extensible markup language, noun
XML
standard from the WorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) that provides for tagging of information content
within documents offering a means for representation of content in a format that is both human and
machine readable© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
Note 1 to entry: Through the use of customizable style sheets and schemas, information can be represented in a
uniform way, allowing for interchange of both content (data) and format (metadata).
2.4.8facet, noun
typically a three‐ or four‐sided polygon that represents an element of a 3D polygonal mesh surface or
modelNote 1 to entry: Triangular facets are used in the file formats most significant to AM (2.1.2): AMF (2.4.2) and STL
(2.4.17); however AMF files permits a triangular facet to be curved.2.4.9
geometric centre, noun
centroid
, location at the arithmetic middle of the bounding box (2.4.3) of the part (2.6.1). )
Note 1 to entry: The centre of the bounding box could lie outside the part.2.4.10
initial graphics exchange specification
IGES, noun
Initial Graphics Exchange Specification
platform neutral CAD data exchange format intended for exchange of product geometry and geometry
annotation informationNote 1 to entry: IGES is the common name for a United States National Bureau of Standards standard NBSIR 80‐–
1978, Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data, which was approved by ANSI first as
[5] [3]ANS Y14.26M‐1981 and later as ANS USPRO/IPO‐100‐–1996. IGES version 5.3 was superseded by ISO 10303 ,,
STEP (2.4.15) in 2006.2.4.11
initial build orientation, noun
orientation of the part as it is first placed in the build volume (2.3.8)
[2] [6]Note 1 to entry: Initial build orientation is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921 ..
2.4.12
nesting, participlenoun
situation when parts (2.6.1) are made in one build cycle (2.3.3) and are located such that their bounding
boxes (2.4.3), arbitrarily oriented (2.4.4) or otherwise, will overlap2.4.13
PDES, noun
Product Data Exchange Specification or Product Data Exchange using STEP (2.4.15)
Note 1 to entry: Originally, a product data exchange specification developed in the 1980s by the IGES/PDES
Organization, a program of US Product Data Association (USPRO). It was adopted as the basis for and
[53]subsequently superseded by ISO 10303 STEP.
2.4.14
part reorientation, noun
rotation around the geometric centre (2.4.9) of the part’s bounding box (2.4.3) from the specified initial
build orientation (2.4.11) of that part (2.6.1)[6]
[2]
Note 1 to entry: Part reorientation is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921 ..
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
2.4.15
STEP, noun
standard for the exchange of product model data
Note 1 to entry: ISO standard that provides a representation of product information, along with the necessary
[5] [3]mechanisms and definitions to enable product data to be exchanged. The standard, ISO 10303 ,, applies to the
representation of product information, including components and assemblies; the exchange of product.
2.4.16STL, noun
file format for model data describing the surface geometry of an object as a tessellation of triangles used
to communicate 3D geometries to machines in order to build physical parts (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: The STL file format was originally developed as part of the CAD package for the early
STereoLithography Apparatus, thus referring to that process. It is sometimes also described as "“Standard
Triangulation Language"” or "“Standard Tessalation Language",”, though it has never been recognized as an
official standard by any standardization organization.2.4.17
surface model, noun
mathematical or digital representation of an object as a set of planar or curved surfaces, or both, that
can, but does not necessarily have to, represent a closed volume2.5 Processing: Material
2.5.1
curing, verb
chemical process which results in the ultimate properties of a finish or other material
2.5.2feedstock, noun
DEPRECATED: source material
DEPRECATED: starting material
DEPRECATED: base material
DEPRECATED: original material
bulk raw material supplied to the additive manufacturing (2.1.2) building process
Note 1 to entry: For additive manufacturing building processes, the bulk raw material is typically supplied in
various forms such as liquid, powder, suspensions, filaments, sheets, etc.2.5.3
fusion, noun
act of uniting two or more units of material into a single unit of material
2.5.4
laser sintering, noun
powder bed fusion (2.2.5) process used to produce objects from powdered materials using one or more
lasers to selectively fuse or melt the particles at the surface, layer (2.3.10) upon layer, in an enclosed
chamberNote 1 to entry: Most LS machines partially or fully melt the materials they process. The word “sintering” is a
historical term and a misnomer, as the process typically involves full or partial melting, as opposed to traditional
powdered metal sintering using a mould and heat and/or pressure.© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO 17296-1:2014(E)
2.5.5
part cake, noun
lightly bound powder
surrounding the fabricated parts (2.6.1) at the end of a build cycle (2.3.3)2.5.6
post‐processing, noun
...
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 17296-1
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2014-10-28 2015-01-28
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Part 1:
Terminology
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux —
Partie 1: Terminologie
ICS: 01.040.25;25.040.20
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 17296-1:2014(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2014
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 17296-1:2014(E)
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as
permitted under the applicable laws of the user’s country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract
from it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
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Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/CD 17296-1
Contents Page
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... v
1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 General terms ........................................................................................................................................ 1
2.2 Process categories ................................................................................................................................ 2
2.3 Processing: General .............................................................................................................................. 3
2.4 Processing: Data ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 Processing: Material ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.6 Applications ........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.7 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 10
Annex A (informative) Basic principles ........................................................................................................ 12
A.1 Additive shaping of materials ............................................................................................................ 12
A.2 Single-step and multi-step additive manufacturing processes ...................................................... 13
A.3 Additive manufacturing processing principles ................................................................................ 13
A.3.1 Overview of AM single-step processing principles ......................................................................... 14
A.3.2 Overview of AM multi-step processing principles ........................................................................... 15
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Alphabetical index ............................................................................................................................................ 18
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved iii---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/CD 17296-1
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 17296-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive Manufacturing in cooperation with
ASTM F 42 on the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to
create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing..ISO 17296 consists of the following parts, under the general title Additive manufacturing — General principles:
Part 1: Terminology Part 2: Overview of process categories and feedstock
Part 3: Main characteristics and corresponding test methods
Part 4: Overview of data processing
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/CD 17296-1
Introduction
Additive manufacturing is the general term for those technologies that based on a geometrical representation
creates physical objects by successive addition of material. These technologies are presently used for various
applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as medicine, education,
architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.During the development of additive manufacturing technology there have been numerous different terms and
definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks. This is often ambiguous
and confusing which hampers communication and wider application of this technology.
It is the intention of this international standard to provide a basic understanding of the fundamental principles
for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear definitions for terms and nomenclature
associated with additive manufacturing technology. The objective of this standardization of terminology for
additive manufacturing is to facilitate communication between people involved in this field of technology on a
world-wide basis.This international standard has been developed in close cooperation of ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F 42 on basis
of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of
ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved v
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COMMITTEE DRAFT ISO/CD 17296-1
Additive manufacturing — General principles — Part 1:
Terminology
1 Scope
This part of ISO 17296 establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which
applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by successive addition of
material.The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 will be included in upcoming amendments and
overviews of this international standard.2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1
3D printer, noun
machine used for 3D printing (2.3.1).
2.1.2
additive manufacturing, noun
process of joining materials to make parts (2.6.1) or objects from 3D model data, usually layer (2.3.10) upon
layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: historical terms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer manufacturing,
layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.Note 2 to entry: the meaning of "additive-", "subtractive-" and "formative-" manufacturing methodologies are further
discussed in Annex A.2.1.3
additive system, noun
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (2.1.2)
2.1.4
AM machine, noun
section of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) including hardware, machine control software, required
set-up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (2.3.3) for producing parts
(2.6.1)2.1.5
AM machine user, noun
operator of or entity using an AM machine (2.1.4)
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ISO/CD 17296-1
2.1.6
AM system user, noun
additive system user
operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) or any component of an additive
system2.1.7
front, noun
side of the machine that the operator
faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window, or both2.1.8
material supplier, noun
provider of material/ feedstock (2.5.2) to be processed in additive manufacturing equipment (2.1.3)
2.1.9multi-step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in two or more operations
where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates the part to the
intended basic material propertiesNote 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not considered
as a separate process step.Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step (2.1.10) and multi-step processes are further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.10single-step process, noun
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in a single operation where
the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved simultaneously
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not considered
as a separate process step.Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step and multi-step processes (2.1.9) are further discussed in Annex A.
2.2 Process categories2.2.1
binder jetting, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join powder
materials2.2.2
directed energy deposition, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by melting
as they are being depositedNote 1 to entry: "Focused thermal energy" means that an energy source (e.g., laser, electron beam, or plasma arc) is
focused to melt the materials being deposited2.2.3
material extrusion, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or orifice
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2.2.4
material jetting, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which droplets of build material are selectively deposited
Note 1 to entry: Example materials include photopolymer and wax.2.2.5
powder bed fusion, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder bed
(2.5.8)2.2.6
sheet lamination, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form an object
2.2.7vat photopolymerization, noun
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by light-
activated polymerization2.3 Processing: General
2.3.1
3D printing, noun
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another printer
technologyNote 1 to entry: Term often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (2.1.2); until
present times this term has in particular been associated with machines that are low end in price and/or overall capability.
2.3.2build chamber, noun
enclosed location within the additive manufacturingsystem (2.1.3) where the parts (2.6.1) are fabricated
2.3.3build cycle, noun
single process cycle in which one or more components are built up in layers (2.3.10) in the process chamber
of the AM machine (2.1.4)2.3.4
build envelope, noun
largest external dimensions of the x-, y-, and z-axes within the build space (2.3.6) where parts (2.6.1) can be
fabricatedNote 1 to entry: The dimensions of the build space will be larger than the build envelope.
2.3.5build platform, noun
base which provides a surface upon which the build is started and supported throughout the
build processNote 1 to entry: In some systems the parts (2.6.1) are built attached to the build platform, either directly or through a
support structure. In other systems, such as powder bed (2.5.8) systems, no direct mechanical fixture between the build
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2.3.6
build space, noun
location where the parts (2.6.1) may be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (2.3.2) or on a build
platform (2.3.5)2.3.7
build surface, noun
area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (2.3.10) which becomes the foundation
upon which the next layer is formedNote 1 to entry: For the first layer the build surface is often the build platform (2.3.5).
Note 2 to entry: In the case of direct energy deposition process, the build surface can be an existing part onto which
material is added.Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means, or both, is variable, it may be defined
relative to the build surface.2.3.8
build volume, noun
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (2.6.1)
2.3.9
feed region, noun
location/s in the machine where feedstock (2.5.2) is stored and from which a
portion of the feedstock is repeatedly conveyed to the part bed during the build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.10layer, noun
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
2.3.11
machine coordinate system, noun
three-dimensional coordinate system as defined by a fixed point on the build platform (2.3.5) with the three
principal axes labelled x-, y-, and z-, with rotary axis about each of these axis labelled A, B, and C,
respectively, where the angles between x-, y- and z- can be Cartesian or defined by the machine
manufacturer2.3.12
manufacturing lot, noun
set of manufactured components having commonality between powder, production run (2.3.19), machine, and
post-processing (2.5.6) steps (if required) as recorded on a single manufacturing work order
2.3.13origin, noun
zero point
(0, 0, 0)
designated universal reference point at which the three primary axes in a coordinate system intersect
Note 1 to entry: Coordinate system can be Cartesian or as defined by the machine manufacturer.
2.3.14build origin, noun
origin (2.3.13) most commonly located at the centre of the build platform (2.3.5) and fixed on the build facing
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2.3.15
machine origin, noun
machine home
machine zero point
origin (2.3.13) as defined by the machine manufacturer
2.3.16
overflow region, noun
location/s in the machine where excess powder is stored during a
build cycle (2.3.3)Note 1 to entry: For certain machine types the overflow region may consist of one or more dedicated chambers or a
powder recycling system.2.3.17
part location, noun
location of the part (2.6.1) within the build volume (2.3.8)
Note 1 to entry: The part location is normally specified by the x-, y- and z-coordinates for the position of the geometric
centre (2.4.9) of the part's bounding box (2.4.3) with respect to the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
2.3.18process parameters, noun
set of operating parameters and system settings used during a single build operation
2.3.19production run, noun
all components produced in one build cycle (2.3.3) or sequential series of build cycles using the same powder
lot (2.5.10) and process conditions2.3.20
system set-up, noun
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) for a build
2.3.21
x-axis, noun
axis in the machine coordinate system
(2.3.11) that runs parallel to the front (2.1.7) of the machine and perpendicular to the y-axis (2.3.22) and z-axis
(2.3.23)Note 1 to entry: The positive x-direction runs from left to right as
viewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13)
Note 2 to entry: It is common that the x-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build platform (2.3.5).
2.3.22y-axis, noun
axis in the machine coordinate system
(2.3.11) that runs perpendicular to the z-axis (2.3.23) and x-axis (2.3.21)[3]
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in ISO 841 to
make a right hand set of coordinates. In the most common case of an upwards z-positive direction, the positive y-direction
will then run from the front to the back of the machine as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of building in the downwards z-positive direction the positive y-direction will then run from the
back of the machine to the front as viewed from the front of the machine.Note 3 to entry: It is common that the y-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build platform (2.3.5).
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2.3.23
z-axis, noun
, axis in the machine coordinate system
(2.3.11) that run perpendicular to the x-axis (2.3.21) and y-axis (2.3.22)[3]
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in ISO 841 to
make a right hand set of coordinates. For processes employing planar, layerwise addition of material, the positive z-
direction will then run normal to the layers (2.3.10).Note 2 to entry: For processes employing planar layerwise addition of material, the positive z-direction, is the direction
from the first layer to the subsequent layers.Note 3 to entry: Where addition of material is possible from multiple directions (such as with certain directed energy
[3]deposition (2.2.2) systems), the z- axis may be identified according to the principles in ISO 841 (section 4.3.3) which
addresses “swivelling or gimballing.”[3]
[SOURCE: ISO 841 .]
2.4 Processing: Data
2.4.1
3D scanning, noun
3D digitizing
method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a 3-dimensional representation by recording x,y,z
coordinates on the object’s surface and through software the collection of points is converted into digital data
Note to entry Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor, or other
device.2.4.2
AMF, noun
file format for communicating additive manufacturing (2.1.2) model data including a description of the 3D
surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and metadata.
Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a
constellation. Similar to STL (2.4.16) the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the triangles
may also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each triangle in the
mesh.[4]
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52915 .]
2.4.3
bounding box, noun
orthogonally oriented minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of the points
on the surface of a 3D part (2.6.1)Note 1 to entry: Where the manufactured part includes the test geometry plus additional external features (for example,
labels, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test pa
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