ISO/TC 261 - Additive manufacturing

This document is intended to serve as a best practice for the identification and “seeding” of nondestructively detectable flaw replicas of metal alloy PBF and DED processes. Three seeding categories are described: a) process flaws through CAD design; b) build parameter manipulation; c) subtractive manufacturing. These include flaws present within as-deposited materials, post heat-treated or HIP processed material, and those flaws made detectable because of post-processing operations. Geometrical aspects or measurement are not the subjects of this document. WARNING — This document does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document provides guidance and recommendations for the qualification of polymeric materials intended for laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers (PBF-LB/P). The parameters and recommendations presented in this document relate mainly to the material polyamide 12 (PA12), but references are also made to polyamide 11 (PA11). The parameters and recommendations set forth herein cannot be applicable to other polymeric materials.

This document includes the creation of optimized data for medical additive manufacturing (MAM). These data are generated from static modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT). This document addresses improved medical image data, and medical image data acquisition processing and optimization approaches for accurate solid medical models, based on real human and animal data. Solid medical models are generally created from stacked 2D images output from medical imaging systems. The accuracy of the final model depends on the resolution and accuracy of the original image data. The main factors influencing accuracy are the resolution of the image, the amount of image noise, the contrast between the tissues of interest and artefacts inherent in the imaging system.

This document establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical three-dimensional (3D) geometries by successive addition of material. The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.

This document addresses installation qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ), and performance qualification (PQ) issues directly related to the additive manufacturing system that has a direct influence on the consolidation of material. The first three elements of process validation, process mapping, risk assessment, and validation planning, are necessary pre-conditions to machine qualification, however, they are outside the scope of this document. This document covers issues directly related to the AM equipment and does not cover feedstock qualification or post processing beyond powder removal. Physical facility, personnel, process and material issues are only included to the extent necessary to support machine qualification.

This document covers the principal considerations which apply to data exchange for additive manufacturing. It specifies terms and definitions which enable information to be exchanged describing geometries or parts such that they can be additively manufactured. The data exchange method outlines file type, data enclosed formatting of such data and what this can be used for. This document — enables a suitable format for data exchange to be specified, — describes the existing developments for additive manufacturing of 3D geometries, — outlines existing file formats used as part of the existing developments, and — enables understanding of necessary features for data exchange, for adopters of this document. This document is aimed at users and producers of additive manufacturing processes and associated software systems. It applies wherever additive processes are used, and to the following fields in particular: — producers of additive manufacturing systems and equipment including software; — software engineers involved in CAD/CAE systems; — reverse engineering systems developers; — test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.

This document specifies requirements and test methods for the qualification and re-qualification of laser beam machines for metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing for aerospace applications. It can also be used to verify machine features during periodic inspections or following maintenance and repair activities.

This document describes a method for defining requirements and assuring component integrity for plastic parts created using material extrusion based additive manufacturing processes. It relates to the process, equipment and operational parameters. Processes include all material extrusion based additive manufacturing processes. This document is intended for use by AM users and customers procuring such parts.

The use of Additive Manufacturing (AM) enables the fabrication of geometrically complex components by accurately depositing materials in a controlled way. Technological progress in AM hardware, software, as well as the opening of new markets demand for higher flexibility and greater efficiency in today's products, encouraging research into novel materials with functionally graded and high-performance capabilities. This has been termed as Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing (FGAM), a layer-by-layer fabrication technique that involves gradationally varying the ratio of the material organization within a component to meet an intended function. As research in this field has gained worldwide interest, the interpretations of the FGAM concept requires greater clarification. The objective of this document is to present a conceptual understanding of FGAM. The current-state of art and capabilities of FGAM technology will be reviewed alongside with its challenging technological obstacles and limitations. Here, data exchange formats and some of the recent application is evaluated, followed with recommendations on possible strategies in overcoming barriers and future directions for FGAM to take off.

This document specifies requirements for the qualification of operators of laser metal powder bed fusion machines and equipment for additive manufacturing in aerospace applications. This document is applicable if the operator qualification testing is required by contract or by application standards in the field of aerospace.

This document describes a method for defining requirements for plastic materials used in extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Materials include unfilled, filled, and reinforced plastic materials suitable for processing into parts. These materials can also contain special additives (e.g. flame retardants, stabilizers, etc.). Processes include all material extrusion-based AM processes. This document is intended for use by manufacturers of materials, feedstocks, plastic parts or any combination of the three using material extrusion-based AM. NOTE In some cases, material manufacturers can also be feedstock manufacturers. In other cases, a material manufacturer can supply materials (example: pellets) to a feedstock manufacturer (example: converter of pellets into filaments). This document does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document provides the specification for the Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF), an interchange format to address the current and future needs of additive manufacturing technology. This document specifies the requirements for the preparation, display and transmission for the AMF. When prepared in a structured electronic format, strict adherence to an extensible markup language (XML)[1] schema supports standards-compliant interoperability. NOTE A W3C XML schema definition (XSD) for the AMF is available from ISO from http://standards.iso.org/iso/52915 and from ASTM from www.astm.org/MEETINGS/images/amf.xsd. An implementation guide for such an XML schema is provided in Annex A. It is recognized that there is additional information relevant to the final part that is not covered by the current version of this document. Suggested future features are listed in Annex B. This document does not specify any explicit mechanisms for ensuring data integrity, electronic signatures and encryptions.

This document provides technical specifications for metallic powders intended to be used in additive manufacturing and covers the following aspects: — documentation and traceability; — sampling; — particle size distribution; — chemical composition; — characteristic densities; — morphology; — flowability; — contamination; — packaging and storage. This document does not deal with safety aspects. In addition, this document gives specific requirements for used metallic powders in additive manufacturing.

This document specifies the features of laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers (LB-PBF/P) and provides detailed design recommendations. Some of the fundamental principles are also applicable to other additive manufacturing (AM) processes, provided that due consideration is given to process-specific features. This document also provides a state-of-the-art review of design guidelines associated with the use of powder bed fusion (PBF) by bringing together relevant knowledge about this process and by extending the scope of ISO/ASTM 52910.

1.1 This practice describes the operation and production control of metal powder bed fusion (PBF) machines and processes to meet critical applications such as commercial aerospace components and medical implants. The requirements contained herein are applicable for production components and mechanical test specimens using powder bed fusion (PBF) with both laser and electron beams. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

This document specifies the features of laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) and provides detailed design recommendations. Some of the fundamental principles are also applicable to other additive manufacturing (AM) processes, provided that due consideration is given to process-specific features. This document also provides a state of the art review of design guidelines associated with the use of powder bed fusion (PBF) by bringing together relevant knowledge about this process and by extending the scope of ISO/ASTM 52910.

This document covers the general description of benchmarking test piece geometries along with quantitative and qualitative measurements to be taken on the benchmarking test piece(s) to assess the performance of additive manufacturing (AM) systems. This performance assessment can serve the following two purposes: — AM system capability evaluation; — AM system calibration. The benchmarking test piece(s) is (are) primarily used to quantitatively assess the geometric performance of an AM system. This document describes a suite of test geometries, each designed to investigate one or more specific performance metrics and several example configurations of these geometries into test piece(s). It prescribes quantities and qualities of the test geometries to be measured but does not dictate specific measurement methods. Various user applications can require various grades of performance. This document discusses examples of feature configurations, as well as measurement uncertainty requirements, to demonstrate low and high grade examination and performance. This document does not discuss a specific procedure or machine settings for manufacturing a test piece, which are covered by ASTM F 2971 and other relevant process specific specifications.

This document gives requirements, guidelines and recommendations for using additive manufacturing (AM) in product design. It is applicable during the design of all types of products, devices, systems, components or parts that are fabricated by any type of AM system. This document helps determine which design considerations can be utilized in a design project or to take advantage of the capabilities of an AM process. General guidance and identification of issues are supported, but specific design solutions and process-specific or material-specific data are not supported. The intended audience comprises three types of users: — designers who are designing products to be fabricated in an AM system and their managers; — students who are learning mechanical design and computer-aided design; and — developers of AM design guidelines and design guidance systems.

ISO/ASTM 52901:2017 defines and specifies requirements for purchased parts made by additive manufacturing. ISO/ASTM 52901:2017 gives guidelines for the elements to be exchanged between the customer and the part provider at the time of the order, including the customer order information, part definition data, feedstock requirements, final part characteristics and properties, inspection requirements and part acceptance methods. ISO/ASTM 52901:2017 is applicable for use as a basis to obtain parts made by additive manufacturing that meet minimum acceptance requirements. More stringent part requirements can be specified through the addition of one or more supplementary requirements at the time of the order.

ISO 17296-2:2015 describes the process fundamentals of Additive Manufacturing (AM). It also gives an overview of existing process categories, which are not and cannot be exhaustive due to the development of new technologies. ISO 17296-2:2015 explains how different process categories make use of different types of materials to shape a product's geometry. It also describes which type of material is used in different process categories. Specification of feedstock material and requirements for the parts produced by combinations of different processes and feedstock material will be given in subsequent separate standards and are therefore not covered by ISO 17296-2:2015. ISO 17296-2:2015 describes the overreaching principles of these subsequent standards.

ISO 17296-3:2014 covers the principal requirements applied to testing of parts manufactured by additive manufacturing processes. It specifies main quality characteristics of parts, specifies appropriate test procedures, and recommends the scope and content of test and supply agreements. ISO 17296-3:2014 is aimed at machine manufacturers, feedstock suppliers, machine users, part providers, and customers to facilitate the communication on main quality characteristics. It applies wherever additive manufacturing processes are used.

ISO/ASTM 52921:2013 includes terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated with coordinate systems and testing methodologies for additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in an effort to standardize terminology used by AM users, producers, researchers, educators, press/media, and others, particularly when reporting results from testing of parts made on AM systems. Terms included cover definitions for machines/systems and their coordinate systems plus the location and orientation of parts. It is intended, where possible, to be compliant with ISO 841 and to clarify the specific adaptation of those principles to additive manufacturing.

ISO 27547-1:2010 specifies the general principles of test specimen preparation using mouldless techniques. Sometimes, these techniques are called “tool-less” methods. Common to all these techniques is the fact that the specimens are produced layer by layer. The shape and dimensions of the specimens are defined in terms of a numerical description using CAD techniques. This computer model of the specimen is “sliced” into layers by means of suitable software. The specimen-preparation process then builds up the specimens automatically, layer by layer, using the computer model and a suitable computer-controlled laser-sintering machine. The three software systems used (for CAD, slicing the specimen into layers and machine control) may be independent systems interfacing separately with the machine or they may be integrated with the machine. This part of ISO 27547 also specifies the general principles to be followed when test specimens of thermoplastic materials are prepared by laser sintering. The laser-sintering process is used to prepare specimens layer-wise by sintering the particles of a thermoplastic powder using the energy of a laser beam. This part of ISO 27547 provides a basis for establishing reproducible sintering conditions. Its purpose is to promote uniformity in describing the main parameters of the sintering process and also to establish uniform practice in reporting sintering conditions.

ISO/ASTM 52915:2016 provides the specification for the Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF), an interchange format to address the current and future needs of additive manufacturing technology. The AMF may be prepared, displayed and transmitted provided the requirements of this specification are met. When prepared in a structured electronic format, strict adherence to an extensible markup language (XML)[1] schema is required to support standards-compliant interoperability. A W3C XML schema definition (XSD) for the AMF is available from ISO from http://standards.iso.org/iso/52915 and from ASTM from www.astm.org/MEETINGS/images/amf.xsd. An implementation guide for such an XML schema is provided in Annex A. It is recognized that there is additional information relevant to the final part that is not covered by the current version of this International Standard. Suggested future features are listed in Annex B. ISO/ASTM 52915:2016 does not specify any explicit mechanisms for ensuring data integrity, electronic signatures and encryptions.

ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by successive addition of material. The terms have been classified into specific fields of application. New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 will be included in upcoming amendments and overviews of this International Standard.

ISO 17296-4:2014 covers the principal considerations which apply to data exchange for additive manufacturing. It specifies terms and definitions which enable information to be exchanged describing geometries or parts such that they can be additively manufactured. The data exchange method outlines file type, data enclosed formatting of such data and what this can be used for. ISO 17296-4:2014 enables a suitable format for data exchange to be specified, describes the existing developments for additive manufacturing of 3D geometries, outlines existing file formats used as part of the existing developments, and enables understanding of necessary features for data exchange for adopters of the International Standard. ISO 17296-4:2014 is aimed at users and producers of additive manufacturing processes and associated software systems. It applies wherever additive processes are used, and to the following fields in particular: production of additive manufacturing systems and equipment including software; software engineers involved in CAD/CAE systems; reverse engineering systems developers; test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.

ISO/ASTM 52915:2013 describes a framework for an interchange format to address the current and future needs of additive manufacturing technology. For the last three decades, the STL file format has been the industry standard for transferring information between design programs and additive manufacturing equipment. An STL file contains information only about a surface mesh and has no provisions for representing color, texture, material, substructure, and other properties of the fabricated target object. As additive manufacturing technology is quickly evolving from producing primarily single-material, homogenous shapes to producing multimaterial geometries in full colour with functionally graded materials and microstructures, there is a growing need for a standard interchange file format that can support these features.