SIST EN 15450:2007
Heating systems in buildings - Design of heat pump heating systems
Heating systems in buildings - Design of heat pump heating systems
This standard specifies design criteria for heating systems in buildings using electrically driven heat pumps alone or in combination with other heat generators. Heat pump systems considered include (see Table 1):
- water - water;
- water - air;
- brine - water;
- refrigerant - water (direct expansion systems);
- refrigerant - refrigerant;
- air - air;
- air - water.
This standard takes into account the heating requirements of attached systems (e.g. domestic hot water) in the design of heat supply, but does not cover the design of these systems. This standard covers only the aspects dealing with the heat pump, the interface with the heat distribution system and heat emission system (e.g. buffering system), the control of the whole system and the aspects dealing with energy source of the system.
Systems designed primarily for cooling and systems which can operate simultaneously in cooling and heating mode are not within the scope of this standard
Heizsysteme Gebäuden - Planung von Heizsystemen mit Wärmepumpen
Diese Norm legt Kriterien für die Planung von Heizungssystemen in Gebäuden fest, die entweder nur mit Wärmepumpen oder mit Wärmepumpen in Verbindung mit anderen Wärmeerzeugern arbeiten. Dazu gehören (Tabelle 1):
- Wasser/Wasser-;
- Sole/Wasser-;
- Kältemittel/Wasser- (Direktverdampfungs-);
- Luft/Luft- und
- Luft/Wasser-
Systeme, die elektrisch oder mit Gas angetrieben werden.
Diese Norm berücksichtigt die für die Planung der Wärmeerzeugung maßgeblichen Heizungsanforderungen sämtlicher verbundener Systeme (z. B. Trinkwarmwasser [en.: Domestic Hot Water, DHW], Prozesswärme), behandelt jedoch nicht die Planung dieser Systeme. Diese Norm behandelt nur die für die Wärmepumpe, die Schnittstelle mit dem Wärmeverteilungs- und Wärmeübergabesystem (z. B. Puffersystem) und die Regelung des gesamten Systems sowie die für die Energiequelle des Systems geltenden Aspekte.
Systemes de chauffage dans les bâtiments - Conception des systemes de pompes de chauffage
La présente norme spécifie les critères de conception des systèmes de chauffage dans les bâtiments qui utilisent des pompes à chaleur à moteur électrique seules ou combinées à d’autres générateurs de chaleur. Les systèmes de chauffage par pompe à chaleur suivants sont pris en compte (voir Tableau 1) :
eau eau ;
eau air ;
eau glycolée eau ;
fluide frigorigène eau (systèmes à détente directe) ;
fluide frigorigène fluide frigorigène ;
air air ;
air eau.
La présente norme tient compte des besoins en chauffage des systèmes auxiliaires (par exemple, eau chaude sanitaire) dans la conception de la production de chaleur, mais ne couvre pas la conception de ces systèmes. La présente norme couvre uniquement les aspects concernant la pompe à chaleur, l’interface avec le système de distribution de chaleur et le système d’émission de chaleur (par exemple, le système tampon) et la régulation de l’ensemble du système, ainsi que les aspects liés à la source d’énergie du système.
Les systèmes conçus principalement pour le refroidissement et les systèmes qui peuvent fonctionner soit en mode de refroidissement soit en mode de chauffage n’entrent pas dans le cadre la présente norme.
Grelni sistemi v stavbah - Načrtovanje toplotno črpalnih ogrevalnih sistemov
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Heating systems in buildings - Design of heat pump heating systemsSystemes de chauffage dans les bâtiments - Conception des systemes de pompes de chauffageHeizsysteme Gebäuden - Planung von Heizsystemen mit WärmepumpenTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15450:2007SIST EN 15450:2007en,de91.140.10Sistemi centralnega ogrevanjaCentral heating systems27.080Heat pumpsICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 15450:200701-december-2007
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 15450October 2007ICS 27.080 English VersionHeating systems in buildings - Design of heat pump heatingsystemsSystèmes de chauffage dans les bâtiments - Conceptiondes systèmes de chauffage par pompe à chaleurHeizungsanlagen in Gebäuden - Planung vonHeizungsanlagen mit WärmepumpenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 August 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15450:2007: E
EN 15450:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.4 Introduction.5 1 Scope.6 2 Normative references.7 3 Terms, definitions and symbols.7 3.1 Terms and definitions.7 3.2 Symbols, units and abbreviations.9 4 System design requirements.10 4.1 General.10 4.1.1 Basic consideration.10 4.1.2 Heat source.10 4.1.3 Electrical supply.13 4.1.4 Strategy.13 4.1.5 Positioning.14 4.1.6 Noise level.14 4.2 Heat supply.15 4.3 Additional backup heater.15 4.4 Domestic hot water production or other attached systems.16 4.4.1 Hot water demand.16 4.4.2 Heat pump data.16 4.4.3 Sizing (heat pump capacity, DHW storage volume, auxiliary source capacity).16 4.4.4 Specific control requirement for DHW production.19 4.4.5 Other specifications.19 4.5 Hydraulic integration.20 4.6 Control of the system.20 4.7 Safety arrangements.20 4.8 Operational requirements.20 4.8.1 General.20 4.8.2 Provisions for monitoring operational conditions (e.g. temperature, power consumption).20 5 Installation requirements.21 6 Commissioning of the system.21 6.1 Overview.21 6.2 Preparation of commissioning.22 6.2.1 Heat distribution circuit.22 6.2.2 Ground loop.22 6.2.3 Filling and venting.22 6.2.4 Switch box and electrical wiring.22 6.3 Commissioning.23 6.3.1 Functional performance tests.23 6.3.2 Operation performance tests.23 6.3.3 Balancing.24 6.4 Handing over.24 Annex A (informative)
Guidelines for determining design parameters.25 A.1 Design parameters for heat pumps using water as a heat source.25 A.1.1 Water quality.25 A.1.2 Water temperature.25 A.1.3 Water quantity.25 A.2 Design parameters for heat pumps using ground as a heat source.25
EN 15450:2007 (E) 3 A.2.1 General.25 A.2.2 Ground temperature.26 A.2.3 Heat extraction rates.26 A.2.4 Vertical bore heat exchanger.27 Annex B (informative)
Standard hydraulic circuits.30 Annex C (normative)
Calculation and requirements for Seasonal Performance Factors (SPF).36 C.1 Definitions.36 C.2 Calculations.36 C.3 Minimum and target SPF-values for heat pumps.37 Annex D (informative)
Noise levels in the vicinity.39 Annex E (informative)
Average daily tapping patterns for domestic hot water production.40 E.1 Average daily tapping patterns.40 E.2 Example calculation.44 Annex F (informative)
Capacity control.45 F.1 General control strategy.45 F.2 Capacity control of the heat pump.45 F.3 Enhanced Cycle Systems.46 Bibliography.47
EN 15450:2007 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 15450:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 228 “Heating systems in buildings”, the secretariat of which is held by DS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2008. The subjects covered by CEN/TC 228 are the following: - design of heating systems (water based, electrical etc.); - installation of heating systems; - commissioning of heating systems; - instructions for operation, maintenance and use of heating systems; - methods for calculation of the design heat loss and heat loads; - methods for calculation of the energy performance of heating systems. Heating systems also include the effect of attached systems such as hot water production systems. All these standards are systems standards, i.e. they are based on requirements addressed to the system as a whole and not dealing with requirements to the products within the system.
Where possible, reference is made to other European or International Standards, a.o. product standards. However, use of products complying with relevant product standards is no guarantee of compliance with the system requirements. The requirements are mainly expressed as functional requirements, i.e. requirements dealing with the function of the system and not specifying shape, material, dimensions or the like.
The guidelines describe ways to meet the requirements, but other ways to fulfil the functional requirements might be used if fulfilment can be proved. Heating systems differ among the member countries due to climate, traditions and national regulations. In some cases requirements are given as classes so national or individual needs may be accommodated. In cases where the standards contradict with national regulations, the latter should be followed. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EN 15450:2007 (E) 5 Introduction This standard provides design criteria for heating systems with integrated heat pump systems with respect to: heat source; electrical supply; strategy; positioning; noise level; heat supply; sizing. Energy performance design criteria are dealt with in another document of this technical committee.
EN 15450:2007 (E) 6 1 Scope This standard specifies design criteria for heating systems in buildings using electrically driven heat pumps alone or in combination with other heat generators. Heat pump systems considered include (see Table 1): water – water; water – air; brine – water; refrigerant – water (direct expansion systems); refrigerant – refrigerant; air – air; air – water. This standard takes into account the heating requirements of attached systems (e.g. domestic hot water) in the design of heat supply, but does not cover the design of these systems. This standard covers only the aspects dealing with the heat pump, the interface with the heat distribution system and heat emission system (e.g. buffering system), the control of the whole system and the aspects dealing with energy source of the system. Systems designed primarily for cooling and systems which can operate simultaneously in cooling and heating mode are not within the scope of this standard. Table 1 — Heat pump systems (within the scope)
source-system (energy extraction)
sink-system (energy rejection)
energy source a medium b medium energy sink c air indoor air exhaust air
outdoor air air water indoor air water water indoor air water surface water ground water
water air indoor air air indoor air brine (water) water indoor air water water indoor air water ground refrigerant refrigerant indoor air a Energy source is the location where the energy is extracted. b Medium is the fluid transported in the corresponding distribution system. c Energy sink is the location where the energy is used; this can be the heated space or water in case of domestic hot water production.
EN 15450:2007 (E) 7 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 378-1, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps – Safety and environmental requirements – Part 1: Basic requirements, definitions, classification and selection criteria EN 12828:2003, Heating systems in buildings – Design for water-based heating systems EN 12831, Heating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of the design heat load EN 14336, Heating systems in buildings – Installation and commissioning of water based heating systems EN 14511-1:2004, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling – Part 1: Terms and definitions prEN 15316-4-2, Heating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies - Part 4-2: Space heating generation systems, heat pump systems
3 Terms, definitions and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12828:2003 and the following apply. 3.1.1 coefficient of performance (COP) ratio of the heating capacity to the effective power input of the unit, expressed in Watt/Watt [EN 14511-1:2004] 3.1.2 seasonal performance factor (SPF) ratio of the total annual energy QHP delivered by the heat pump to the distribution subsystem for space heating and/or other attached systems (e.g. domestic hot water) to the total annual input of electrical energy consumed, including the total annual input of auxiliary energy NOTE See also Annex C. 3.1.3 balance point temperature lowest design external air temperature at which the heat pump output capacity and the building heating demand (heat load) are equal NOTE At lower external air temperatures, a second heat generator is employed to cover the entire or part of the building heating demand. 3.1.4 bivalent-alternative mode operational mode in which a second heat generator (e.g. gas boiler) completely accounts for the heat demand of the heating system if the external temperature falls below the balance point temperature
EN 15450:2007 (E) 8 3.1.5 bivalent-parallel mode operational mode in which a second heat generator (e.g. gas boiler) accounts for the remaining heat demand of the heating system, which cannot be supplied by the heat pump when the external temperature falls below the balance point temperature 3.1.6 monovalent mode operational mode in which the heat pump is designed to cover the entire heat demand of the heating system alone NOTE The heat pump output capacity is at least equal to the design heat load calculated according to EN 12831.
3.1.7 backup heater supplementary heating which is used to supply heat when the capacity of the heat pump is inadequate
EN 15450:2007 (E) 9 3.2 Symbols, units and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and units (Table 2) and abbreviations (Table 3) apply. Table 2 — Symbols and units Symbol Description Unit Cih
Effective internal heating capacity of the building elements
Wh/m³K COPθset coefficient of performance of the heat pump for domestic hot water demand at the set buffer storage temperature θset – fAS
design factor for attached systems – fDHW
design factor for domestic hot water systems – fHL
design factor for the heat load – Φhp,el,θset electrical power of the heat pump for domestic hot water demand at θset kW Pel effective electrical power input kW Q energy kWh Qdaily total hot water energy demand per day kWh QS energy stored in the buffer storage kWh QDP energy demand during the defined period kWh Ql,s heat losses of the buffer storage in a defined time period kWh Qs,eff effective (useful) amount of energy in the buffer storage
kWh ql,s specific daily thermal losses of the buffer storage
kWh/(24hÜl) tDP duration of the defined period h tEnergy,HP duration of period when energy is available for the heat pump h VS volume of buffer storage l VDP60 volume delivered during the defined period at 60 °C l Vl,s volume amounting to the thermal losses of the buffer storage l Vset volume of hot water at θset that has the same enthalpy as QDP L AS heating capacity of attached systems kW DHW heating capacity of the heat pump for domestic hot water use kW HL heat load capacity kW hp,set heating capacity of the heat pump at θset kW hp heating capacity of the heat pump
kW SU heating capacity of the heat supply system
kW λ thermal conductivity W/(mK)
θCW inlet temperature (cold water)
°C θDPset set point for temperature in the buffer storage
°C θe design external air temperature °C θm,e local mean external air temperature °C θmin minimum value for domestic hot water draught off °C θset set temperature °C
EN 15450:2007 (E) 10 Table 3 — Abbreviations
Abbreviation Description COP coefficient of performance DHW domestic hot water GWP global warming potential
ODP ozone depletion potential SPF seasonal performance factor 4 System design requirements 4.1 General 4.1.1 Basic consideration The heating system shall be designed according to the requirements stated in 4.1 of EN 12828:2003. The following additional aspects shall be taken into account. 4.1.2 Heat source 4.1.2.1 General design aspects For each type of heat source, the following design aspects shall be taken into consideration: availability of the heat source; temperature level of the heat source; available heat extraction rate; quality of the heat source. 4.1.2.2 Air as heat source The minimum air flow declared by the manufacturer has to be taken into account when designing the system. The efficiency and the capacity of the heat pump increases with increasing external air temperature. For monovalent systems, the required capacity of the heat pump shall be determined by using the design external air temperature θe in the heat load calculation according to EN 12831. For bivalent systems, a suitable balance point temperature shall be set depending on the selected operational mode (bivalent-alternative or bivalent-parallel mode). The air entering the evaporator of the heat pump (outdoor air or exhaust air), shall be clean according to the manufacturer’s specifications. 4.1.2.3 Water as heat source (e.g. groundwater, seawater, lake, river)
The required water flow rate for the heat pump unit shall be made available, taking into account local regulations which may place limits on availability and flow rates. The average groundwater temperature can be obtained from local authorities, a test borehole or (in the case of dwellings) by qualified assumption (i.e. the annual mean external temperature at the location).
The water source shall enable a continuous extraction of the design flow rate of the attached heat pumps. The possible extraction flow rate is dependant on local geological factors and can be ascertained by continuously
EN 15450:2007 (E) 11 extracting the nominal flow rate in a test run of sufficient duration to attain quasi-steady-state conditions. For larger systems, hydrogeological investigations (e.g. well test) may be necessary. The water should be free of impurities and aggressive substances so as to prevent clogging of the injection well. Care should be taken not to allow oxygen to enter the system, in particular in case iron and manganese are present in the water. The manufacturer’s specifications shall be adhered to. If no manufacturer’s specifications are available, guidance values for the water quality are given in Annex A. If the above requirements cannot be achieved (e.g. in case of sea-water), a secondary circuit or a water treatment shall be considered. The water shall be returned to the environment as clean as possible and in accordance with local regulations. Provisions for returning the water shall be provided for. The direction of the ground water flow shall be taken into account when selecting the position of the injection well. The extraction well shall be situated upstream of the injection well if the heat pump is only used for heating purposes (see Figure 1).
The heat extraction system shall be designed and controlled so as to avoid the risk of freezing.
EN 15450:2007 (E) 12
Key 1 living room, 2 bathroom, 3 cellar, 4 heat exchanger, 5 heat pump, 6 storage water heater, 7 buffer storage, 8 injection well, 9 extraction well, 10 ground water flow direction Figure 1 — Arrangement of a heat pump heating system with ground water flow 4.1.2.4 Ground as heat source The heat supply from the ground can be obtained by using either horizontal ground heat exchangers situated below the surface (horizontal loops) or vertical borehole heat exchangers (vertical loops). The minimum temperature of the ground at the appropriate depth shall be taken into account when designing the heat pump system. Information on typical temperature profiles is given in Annex A.
EN 15450:2007 (E) 13 The temperature reduction of the ground, as a result of heat extraction over the heating period, as well as the long term temperature drop, due to consecutive years of heat pump operation, shall be taken into account so as never to jeopardize the operation of the heat pump and also to ensure economical - as well as reasonable environmental operating conditions.
Local thermal properties of the ground, undisturbed ground temperature and system design have to be considered in the design of the heat exchanger. Information on neighbouring drillings, where available, shall be considered. Local regulations may limit the availability of ground as a heat source (e.g. drilling depths, presence of ground water). 4.1.3 Electrical supply Availability of a suitable electrical supply shall be ensured (power and amperage). National regulations may require that the local energy supplier shall be informed prior to installation. The operation time, the tariff and the cut-out time have to be taken into account. Maximum current drawn during start-up phase shall be considered. 4.1.4 Strategy The strategy for the design of a heat pump system shall consider the following aspects: The heat pump system shall be designed so as to achieve the highest seasonal performance factor (SPF) with respect to the selected heat source. The SPF increases with decreasing temperature difference between the source temperature and the sink temperature. High source temperatures and low sink temperatures are desirable (reducing the sink temperature by 1 K leads to an increase in the COP of about 2 %).
The heat pump system shall be designed so that its seasonal performance factor is equal to or higher than the minimum values given in an according national annex. In case no national annex has been published, default minimum values are given in Annex C. NOTE Additionally, target-values for the seasonal performance factor are given in an according national annex. In case no national annex has been published, default target-values are given in Annex C. The heat pump system shall be designed and controlled so as to avoid excessive start-up cycles (e.g. three start-up cycles per hour). The maximum number of start-up cycles per hour (or other time unit) shall comply with the regulations stated by the local utility and shall be in accordance with specifications by the manufacturer of the heat pump. The environmental impact due to heat pump operation shall be minimised. The selected refrigerant of the heat pump shall have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero and a low global warming potential (GWP) (see also EN 378-1). Care shall be taken not to emit the refrigerant into the atmosphere due to leakages during operation as well as during maintenance. The heat pump system shall be designed so as to be user-friendly and require limited maintenance.
EN 15450:2007 (E) 14 4.1.5 Positioning When positioning the heat pump, the following should be considered: location of the heat pump, e.g. outside the building, within the heated space or in an unheated space; allowable temperature range of the environment surrounding the heat pump (given by the manufacturer); possibility of damaging the unit or the components due to freezing;
accessibility for installation and maintenance purposes. 4.1.6 Noise level
Noise immission (i.e. sound pressure) caused by the heat pump unit and its auxiliary components shall not exceed the maximum values required by national authorities. Recommended maximum noise-levels are given in Annex D. Heat pumps using air as a heat source are prone to cause noise problems resulting from sound conducted through solids and transmitted through air. Figure 2 shows critical sound transmission points of such heat pump installations. Care should be taken to acoustically insulate these points when designing and installing the heat pump system.
Key 1 sound conducted through solids; 2 channel for air intake or air extraction; 3 heating pipes; 4 air shaft; 5 grid cover; 6 sound conducted through air; 7 heat pump. Figure 2 — Critical sound transmission points in air-source heat pumps The room acoustics also have an important impact on the noise propagation and the noise level. This should be taken into consideration in the design phase.
EN 15450:2007 (E) 15 4.2 Heat supply The heat supply system shall be designed to satisfy the design heat load of the building and the requirements of any attached system (e.g. domestic hot water production). The design heat load shall be calculated in accordance with EN 12831.
NOTE The he
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