SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
(Main)Monitoring radioactive gases in effluents from facilities producing positron emitting radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals (ISO 16640:2021)
Monitoring radioactive gases in effluents from facilities producing positron emitting radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals (ISO 16640:2021)
This document focuses on monitoring the activity concentrations of radioactive gases. They allow the calculation of the activity releases, in the gaseous effluent discharge from facilities producing positron emitting radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals. Such facilities produce short-lived radionuclides used for medical purposes or research and can release gases typically including, but not limited to 18F, 11C, 15O and 13N. These facilities include accelerators, radiopharmacies, hospitals and universities. This document provides performance‑based criteria for the design and use of air monitoring equipment including probes, transport lines, sample monitoring instruments, and gas flow measuring methods. This document also provides information on monitoring program objectives, quality assurance, development of air monitoring control action levels, system optimisation and system performance verification.
The goal of achieving an unbiased measurement is accomplished either by direct (in-line) measurement on the exhaust stream or with samples extracted from the exhaust stream (bypass), provided that the radioactive gases are well mixed in the airstream. This document sets forth performance criteria and recommendations to assist in obtaining valid measurements.
NOTE 1 The criteria and recommendations of this document are aimed at monitoring which is conducted for regulatory compliance and system control. If existing air monitoring systems were not designed according to the performance criteria and recommendations of this document, an evaluation of the performance of the system is advised. If deficiencies are discovered based on a performance evaluation, a determination of the need for a system retrofit is to be made and corrective actions adopted where practicable.
NOTE 2 The criteria and recommendations of this document apply under both normal and off‑normal operating conditions, provided that these conditions do not include production of aerosols or vapours. If the normal and/or off-normal conditions produce aerosols and vapours, then the aerosol collection principles of ISO 2889 also apply.
Überwachung radioaktiver Gase in Ableitungen von Anlagen, die Positronen emittierende Radionuklide und Radiopharmaka produzieren (ISO 16640:2021)
Dieses Dokument behandelt die Überwachung der Aktivitätskonzentrationen radioaktiver Gase. Sie erlaubt die Berechnung der gasförmigen Aktivitätsableitungen mit der Fortluft aus Anlagen, die Positronen emittierende Radionuklide und Radiopharmaka herstellen. Solche Einrichtungen erzeugen kurzlebige Radionuklide für medizinische Zwecke oder für die Forschung und können Gase in die Umgebung abgeben, die üblicherweise, aber nicht ausschließlich 18F, 11C, 15O und 13N enthalten. Zu diesen Einrichtungen gehören Beschleuniger, Radiopharmaka, Kliniken und Universitäten. Dieses Dokument enthält leistungsbezogene Kriterien für die Ver¬wendung von Luftüberwachungseinrichtungen einschließlich Sonden, Transportleitungen, Probenüberwa¬chungsinstrumenten und Gasdurchfluss-Messverfahren. Es enthält auch Informationen zu den Zielen des Über¬wachungsprogramms, zur Qualitätssicherung, zur Entwicklung von Eingreifschwellenwerten bei der Steue¬rung der Luftüberwachung sowie zur Optimierung und Prüfung der Leistungsfähigkeit der Einrichtungen.
Das Ziel, eine unverfälschte Messung zu erhalten, wird entweder durch Direktmessung im Fortluftstrom (In-line) oder durch Entnahme von Luftproben aus dem Fortluftstrom (Bypass) erreicht, vorausgesetzt, dass die radioaktiven Gase im Luftstrom gut durchmischt sind. Dieses Dokument legt Leistungskriterien und Empfeh¬lungen fest, die dabei helfen, belastbare Messungen zu erhalten.
ANMERKUNG 1 Die Kriterien und Empfehlungen in diesem Dokument zielen auf eine Überwachung ab, die zur Erfüllung von Vorschriften und zur Kontrolle des Systems durchgeführt wird. Wenn bestehende Luftüberwachungseinrichtungen nicht den Leistungskriterien und Empfehlungen dieses Dokuments entsprechen, wird eine Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit der Einrichtung empfohlen. Wenn aufgrund einer Leistungsbeurteilung Mängel festgestellt werden, ist zu prüfen, ob eine Nach¬rüstung der Einrichtung erforderlich ist, und ob Korrekturmaßnahmen zu ergreifen sind, wo dies praktikabel ist.
ANMERKUNG 2 Die Kriterien und Empfehlungen dieses Dokuments gelten sowohl unter normalen als auch unter nicht normalen Betriebsbedingungen, vorausgesetzt, dass diese Bedingungen nicht die Erzeugung von Aerosolen oder Dämpfen beinhalten. Wenn im Normalbetrieb und/oder bei der Abweichung vom Normalbetrieb Aerosole und Dämpfe erzeugt wer¬den, gelten auch die Prinzipien der Aerosolsammlung nach ISO 2889.
Surveillance des gaz radioactifs dans les effluents des installations produisant des radionucléides et des produits radiopharmaceutiques émetteurs de positrons (ISO 16640:2021)
Le présent document porte sur la surveillance de la concentration volumique des gaz radioactifs. Ils permettent le calcul des rejets d'activité, dans les effluents gazeux libérés par les installations produisant des radionucléides et des produits radiopharmaceutiques émetteurs de positrons. De telles installations produisent des radionucléides à courte durée de vie qui sont utilisés à des fins médicales et de recherche, et peuvent libérer des gaz incluant généralement, mais sans s'y limiter, 18F, 11C, 15O et 13N. Ces installations comprennent les accélérateurs, les radiopharmacies, les hôpitaux et les universités. Le présent document spécifie des critères de performance pour la conception et l'utilisation d'équipements de surveillance de l'air comprenant des sondes, des lignes de transport et des instruments de surveillance des échantillons, ainsi que des méthodes de mesure de débit d'air. Il fournit également des informations couvrant les objectifs des programmes de surveillance, l'assurance qualité, l'élaboration de niveaux de déclenchement d'actions de régulation liées à la surveillance de l'air, l'optimisation des systèmes et la vérification des performances des systèmes.
L'objectif de réaliser un mesurage non biaisé est atteint soit par un mesurage direct (en ligne) sur le flux de rejets, soit par extraction d'échantillons du flux de rejets (en dérivation), à condition que les gaz radioactifs soient mélangés de façon homogène dans le flux d'air. Le présent document fournit des critères de performance et des recommandations destinées à faciliter la réalisation de mesurages valides.
NOTE 1 Les critères et les recommandations du présent document concernent la surveillance réalisée aux fins de vérification de la conformité à la réglementation et de contrôle des systèmes. Si les systèmes de surveillance d'air existants n'ont pas été conçus conformément aux critères de performance et aux recommandations du présent document, une évaluation des performances du système est recommandée. Si des écarts sont constatés sur la base d'une évaluation des performances, il convient de déterminer s'il est nécessaire de procéder à une modification a posteriori du système et de prendre des mesures correctives, le cas échéant.
NOTE 2 Les critères et les recommandations du présent document s'appliquent dans des conditions opérationnelles normales et anormales, sous réserve que ces conditions n'incluent pas la production d'aérosols ou de vapeurs. Si les conditions normales et/ou anormales produisent des aérosols et des vapeurs, alors les principes de collecte des aérosols de l'ISO 2889 s'appliquent également.
Nadzorovanje radioaktivnih plinov v iztokih iz obratov, ki proizvajajo radionuklide in radiofarmacevtske izdelke, ki oddajajo pozitrone (ISO 16640:2021)
Ta dokument se osredotoča na nadzorovanje koncentracij aktivnosti radioaktivnih plinov. Te koncentracije omogočajo izračun sproščanja aktivnosti v plinskih izpustih iz obratov, ki proizvajajo radionuklide in radiofarmacevtske izdelke, ki oddajajo pozitrone. Takšni obrati proizvajajo kratkožive radionuklide, ki se uporabljajo za medicinske namene ali raziskave, ter lahko sproščajo pline, ki običajno med drugim vključujejo 18F, 11C, 15O in 13N. Sem spadajo pospeševalniki, radiofarmacevtske lekarne, bolnišnice in univerze. Ta dokument zagotavlja merila, ki temeljijo na zmogljivosti, za načrtovanje in uporabo opreme za nadzor zraka, vključno s sondami, prevoznimi linijami, instrumenti za nadzorovanje vzorcev in metodami za merjenje pretoka plina. Vsebuje tudi informacije o ciljih programa nadzora, zagotavljanju kakovosti, razvoju stopenj ukrepov za nadzor zraka, optimizaciji sistema in preverjanju delovanja sistema.
Nepristranska meritev je dosežena z neposrednim (linijskim) merjenjem v izpušnem toku ali z vzorci, pridobljenimi iz izpušnega toka (obvod), pri čemer morajo biti radioaktivni plini dobro premešani v zračnem toku. Ta dokument določa kriterije zmogljivosti in priporočila za pomoč pri pridobivanju veljavnih meritev.
OPOMBA 1: Merila in priporočila v tem dokumentu so namenjena nadzoru, ki se izvaja za zagotavljanje skladnosti s predpisi in nadzora sistema. Če obstoječi sistemi nadzora zraka niso bili načrtovani v skladu z merili glede zmogljivosti in priporočili iz tega dokumenta, je priporočljivo oceniti zmogljivost sistema. Če so na podlagi ocene zmogljivosti odkrite pomanjkljivosti, je treba določiti potrebo po rekonstrukciji sistema in sprejeti korektivne ukrepe, kjer je to izvedljivo.
OPOMBA 2: Merila in priporočila v tem dokumentu se uporabljajo tako v običajnih kot neobičajnih pogojih delovanja, če taki pogoji ne zajemajo proizvodnje aerosolov ali hlapov. Če se v običajnih in/ali neobičajnih pogojih delovanja proizvajajo aerosoli in hlapi, se uporabljajo tudi načela zbiranja aerosolov iz standarda ISO 2889.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
01-marec-2023
Nadzorovanje radioaktivnih plinov v iztokih iz obratov, ki proizvajajo radionuklide
in radiofarmacevtske izdelke, ki oddajajo pozitrone (ISO 16640:2021)
Monitoring radioactive gases in effluents from facilities producing positron emitting
radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals (ISO 16640:2021)
Surveillance des gaz radioactifs dans les effluents des installations produisant des
radionucléides et des produits radiopharmaceutiques émetteurs de positrons (ISO
16640:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16640:2022
ICS:
13.030.30 Posebni odpadki Special wastes
13.060.25 Voda za industrijsko uporabo Water for industrial use
13.280 Varstvo pred sevanjem Radiation protection
SIST EN ISO 16640:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
EN ISO 16640
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.030.30; 13.280
English Version
Monitoring radioactive gases in effluents from facilities
producing positron emitting radionuclides and
radiopharmaceuticals (ISO 16640:2021)
Surveillance des gaz radioactifs dans les effluents des
installations produisant des radionucléides et des
produits radiopharmaceutiques émetteurs de
positrons (ISO 16640:2021)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 December 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16640:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
EN ISO 16640:2022 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
EN ISO 16640:2022 (E)
European foreword
The text of ISO 16640:2021 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85 "Nuclear energy,
nuclear technologies, and radiological protection” of the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 16640:2022 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 430 “Nuclear
energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2023, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16640:2021 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16640:2022 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16640
First edition
2021-01
Monitoring radioactive gases in
effluents from facilities producing
positron emitting radionuclides and
radiopharmaceuticals
Surveillance des gaz radioactifs dans les effluents des installations
produisant des radionucléides et des produits radiopharmaceutiques
émetteurs de positrons
Reference number
ISO 16640:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
ISO 16640:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
ISO 16640:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 8
5 Factors impacting the design of the monitoring system .11
6 Types of monitoring systems .11
7 General monitoring system requirements .12
7.1 General .12
7.2 Detection range .12
7.3 Detector location .12
7.3.1 Background.12
7.3.2 Ease of accessibility for maintenance .13
7.3.3 Environmental conditions .13
7.4 Emission stream flow measurement .13
8 Requirements specific to bypass systems .13
8.1 General .13
8.2 Sample extraction locations .13
8.3 Condensation .14
8.4 Maintenance .14
8.5 Leak checks .15
9 Requirements specific to in-line systems .15
9.1 General .15
9.2 Location of the probe or detector .15
9.3 Environmental conditions .15
10 Evaluation and upgrading of existing systems .15
11 Quality assurance and quality control .16
Annex A (informative) Factors impacting the monitoring system design .18
Annex B (informative) Evaluating uncertainty of effluent measurement .31
Annex C (informative) Quality assurance .41
Annex D (informative) Mixing demonstration and sampling system performance verification .45
Annex E (informative) Techniques for measurement of flow rate through a stack or duct .49
Bibliography .51
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
ISO 16640:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies,
and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
ISO 16640:2021(E)
Introduction
This document focuses on monitoring the activity concentrations of radioactive gases. They allow the
calculation of activity releases in the gaseous effluent discharge from facilities producing positron
emitting radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals. Such facilities produce short-lived radionuclides
used for medical purposes or research. They include accelerators, radiopharmacies, hospitals and
universities. This document provides performance-based criteria for the use of air monitoring
equipment including probes, transport lines, sample monitoring instruments, and gas flow measuring
methods. It also provides information covering monitoring program objectives, quality assurance,
developing air monitoring control action levels, system optimisation, and system performance
verification.
The goal of achieving an accurate measurement of radioactive gases, which are well mixed in the
airstream, is accomplished either by direct (in-line) measurement within the exhaust stream or by
extraction (bypass) from the exhaust stream for measurement remote from the duct. This document
sets forth performance criteria and recommendations to assist in obtaining valid measurements.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16640:2021(E)
Monitoring radioactive gases in effluents from facilities
producing positron emitting radionuclides and
radiopharmaceuticals
1 Scope
This document focuses on monitoring the activity concentrations of radioactive gases. They allow the
calculation of the activity releases, in the gaseous effluent discharge from facilities producing positron
emitting radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals. Such facilities produce short-lived radionuclides
18
used for medical purposes or research and can release gases typically including, but not limited to F,
11 15 13
C, O and N. These facilities include accelerators, radiopharmacies, hospitals and universities. This
document provides performance-based criteria for the design and use of air monitoring equipment
including probes, transport lines, sample monitoring instruments, and gas flow measuring methods.
This document also provides information on monitoring program objectives, quality assurance,
development of air monitoring control action levels, system optimisation and system performance
verification.
The goal of achieving an unbiased measurement is accomplished either by direct (in-line) measurement
on the exhaust stream or with samples extracted from the exhaust stream (bypass), provided that the
radioactive gases are well mixed in the airstream. This document sets forth performance criteria and
recommendations to assist in obtaining valid measurements.
NOTE 1 The criteria and recommendations of this document are aimed at monitoring which is conducted for
regulatory compliance and system control. If existing air monitoring systems were not designed according to the
performance criteria and recommendations of this document, an evaluation of the performance of the system
is advised. If deficiencies are discovered based on a performance evaluation, a determination of the need for a
system retrofit is to be made and corrective actions adopted where practicable.
NOTE 2 The criteria and recommendations of this document apply under both normal and off-normal
operating conditions, provided that these conditions do not include production of aerosols or vapours. If the
normal and/or off-normal conditions produce aerosols and vapours, then the aerosol collection principles of
ISO 2889 also apply.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abatement equipment
apparatus used to reduce contaminant concentration in the airflow exhausted through a stack or duct
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.1]
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
ISO 16640:2021(E)
3.2
accident (conditions)
any unintended event, including operating errors, equipment failures and other mishaps, the
consequences or potential consequences of which are not negligible from the point of view of protection
and safety
3.3
accuracy
closeness of agreement between a measured quantity and the true quantity of the measurand
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.4]
3.4
action level
threshold concentration of an effluent contaminant at which it is necessary to perform an
appropriate action
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.5]
3.5
aerosol
dispersion of solid or liquid particles in air or other gas
Note 1 to entry: An aerosol is not only the aerosol particles.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.8]
3.6
analyser
device that provides for near real-time data on radiological characteristics of the gas (air) flow in a
sampling system or duct
Note 1 to entry: Usually, an analyser evaluates the concentration of radionuclides in a sampled air stream;
however, some analysers are mounted directly within or just outside a stack or duct.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.12]
3.7
bend
gradual change in direction of a sample (3.38) transport line
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.14]
3.8
bulk stream
air flow in a stack or duct, as opposed to the sample (3.38) flow rate
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.15]
3.9
bypass system
system whereby a sample (3.38) is withdrawn from the effluent stream and analysed at a location that
is remote from the region where the extraction takes place
3.10
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step establishes a relation between the quantity
values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding
indications with associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this information to
establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
ISO 16640:2021(E)
3.11
coefficient of variation
C
V
quantity that is the ratio of the standard deviation of a variable to the mean value of that variable
Note 1 to entry: It is usually expressed as a percentage.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.18]
3.12
continuous air monitor
CAM
near real-time sampler and associated detector that provide data on radionuclides (e.g. concentration
of alpha-emitting aerosol particles) in a sample stream
Note 1 to entry: A CAM is used for monitoring and detecting radioactive gases.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.21]
3.13
continuous monitoring
continuous near real-time measurements of one or more sampling characteristics
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.22]
3.14
coverage interval
interval containing the set of true quantity values of a measurand with a stated probability, based on
the information available
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.4]
3.15
cyclotron
particle accelerator that is commonly used in nuclear medicine to produce positron emitting
radionuclides
Note 1 to entry: Charged particles (e.g. protons or deuterons) are accelerated along a spiral path from the centre
outward to an appropriate target.
3.16
decision threshold
value of the estimator of the measurand, which, when exceeded by the result of an actual measurement
using a given measurement procedure of a measurand quantifying a physical effect, is used to decide
that the physical effect is present
Note 1 to entry: The decision threshold is defined such that in cases where the measurement result exceeds the
decision threshold, the probability of a wrong decision, namely that the true value of the measurand is not zero if
in fact it is zero, is less or equal to a chosen probability α.
Note 2 to entry: If the result is below the decision threshold, it is decided to conclude that the result cannot be
attributed to the physical effect; nevertheless, it cannot be concluded that it is absent.
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.12]
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
ISO 16640:2021(E)
3.17
detection limit
smallest true value of the measurand which ensures a specified probability of being detectable by the
measurement procedure
Note 1 to entry: With the decision threshold, the detection limit is the smallest true value of the measurand for
which the probability of wrongly deciding that the true value of the measurand is zero is equal to a specified value,
β, when, in fact, the true value of the measurand is not zero. The probability of being detectable is consequently
(1 − β).
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.13]
3.18
effluent
waste stream flowing away from a process, plant, or facility to the environment
Note 1 to entry: In this document, the focus is on effluent air that is discharged to the atmosphere through stacks,
vents and ducts.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.29]
3.19
emission
contaminants that are discharged into the environment
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.30]
3.20
emit
discharge contaminants into the environment
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.31]
3.21
flow rate
rate at which a mass or volume of gas (air) crosses an imaginary cross-sectional area in either a
sampling system tube or a stack or duct
Note 1 to entry: The rate at which the volume crosses the imaginary area is called the volumetric flow rate; and
the rate at which the mass crosses the imaginary area is called either the mass flow rate or the volumetric flow
rate at standard conditions.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.33]
3.22
hydraulic diameter
type of equivalent duct diameter for ducts that do not have a round cross section
Note 1 to entry: Generally, it is four times the cross-sectional area divided by the perimeter.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.38]
3.23
in-line system
system where the detector assembly is adjacent to, or immersed in, the effluent (3.18)
3.24
limits of the coverage interval
values which define a coverage interval
Note 1 to entry: It is characterized in this document by a specified probability (1 − γ), e.g., 95 %, and (1 − γ)
represents the probability for the coverage interval of the measurand.
4 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
ISO 16640:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: The definition of a coverage interval is ambiguous without further stipulations. In ISO 11929-1
two alternatives, namely the probabilistically symmetric and the shortest coverage interval, are used. In this
document only the probabilistically symmetric is used.
Note 3 to entry: The probabilistically symmetric coverage interval is the coverage interval for a quantity such
that the probability that the quantity is less than the smallest value in the interval is equal to the probability that
the quantity is greater than the largest value in the interval
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.16]
3.25
mixing element
device placed in a stack or duct that is used to augment mixing of both contaminant mass and fluid
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.47]
3.26
monitoring
continual measurement of a quantity (e.g. activity concentration) of the airborne radioactive constituent
or the gross content of radioactive material continuously, at a frequency that permits an evaluation of
the value of that quantity in near real-time, or at intervals that comply with regulatory requirements
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.48]
3.27
normal conditions
limits (or range) of use or operation under which a program or activity is able to meet its objectives and
without significant changes that would impair this ability
3.28
nozzle
device used to extract a sample (3.38) from a stream of the gaseous effluent (3.18) and to transfer the
sample to a transport line or a collector
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.49]
3.29
off-normal conditions
conditions that are unplanned and which present a gap with normal conditions
Note 1 to entry: Examples are accidents and equipment failure.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.54]
3.30
positron emission tomography
PET
imaging technique that uses radioactive substances to reveal the operating function and metabolism of
tissues and organs and allows the observation of malignant tissues
Note 1 to entry: The technic involves injection of a radioactive drug with the radionuclide being a positron
emitter. Upon annihilation of the positron, two 511 keV photons are produced at 180° angle. These photons are
used in the scanner to determine the point of annihilation and to develop an image.
3.31
probe
sometimes used colloquially to refer to the equipment inserted into a stack or duct for measurement of
volumetric flow or amount of activity present
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SIST EN ISO 16640:2023
ISO 16640:2021(E)
3.32
profile
distribution of gas velocity over the cross-sectional area of the stack or duct
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.62]
3.33
quality assurance
planned and systematic actions necessary to provide confidence that a system or component performs
satisfactorily in service and that the results are both correct and traceable
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.63]
3.34
radionuclide
unstable isotope of an element that decays or converts spontaneously into another isotope or different
energy state, emitting radiation
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.64]
3.35
reference method
apparatus and instructions for providing results against which other approaches may be compared
Note 1 to entry: Application of a reference method is assumed to define correct results.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.66]
3.36
representative sample
sample (3.38) with the same quality and characteristics for the material of interest as that of its source
at the time of sampling
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.67]
3.37
response time
time required after a step variation in the measured quantity for the output signal variation to reach a
given percentage for the first time, usually 90 %, of its final value
[SOURCE: IEC 60761-1:2002, 3.15]
3.38
sample
portion of an air stream of interest, or one or more separated constituents from a portion of an air stream
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.68]
3.39
sample extraction location
location of extraction of a sample (3.38) from the bulk st
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
01-oktober-2022
Nadzorovanje radioaktivnih plinov v odpadnih vodah iz obratov, ki proizvajajo
pozitronske radionuklide in radiofarmacevtske izdelke (ISO 16640:2021)
Monitoring radioactive gases in effluents from facilities producing positron emitting
radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals (ISO 16640:2021)
Surveillance des gaz radioactifs dans les effluents des installations produisant des
radionucléides et des produits radiopharmaceutiques émetteurs de positrons (ISO
16640:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 16640
ICS:
13.030.30 Posebni odpadki Special wastes
13.060.25 Voda za industrijsko uporabo Water for industrial use
13.280 Varstvo pred sevanjem Radiation protection
oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16640
First edition
2021-01
Monitoring radioactive gases in
effluents from facilities producing
positron emitting radionuclides and
radiopharmaceuticals
Surveillance des gaz radioactifs dans les effluents des installations
produisant des radionucléides et des produits radiopharmaceutiques
émetteurs de positrons
Reference number
ISO 16640:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
ISO 16640:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
ISO 16640:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 8
5 Factors impacting the design of the monitoring system .11
6 Types of monitoring systems .11
7 General monitoring system requirements .12
7.1 General .12
7.2 Detection range .12
7.3 Detector location .12
7.3.1 Background.12
7.3.2 Ease of accessibility for maintenance .13
7.3.3 Environmental conditions .13
7.4 Emission stream flow measurement .13
8 Requirements specific to bypass systems .13
8.1 General .13
8.2 Sample extraction locations .13
8.3 Condensation .14
8.4 Maintenance .14
8.5 Leak checks .15
9 Requirements specific to in-line systems .15
9.1 General .15
9.2 Location of the probe or detector .15
9.3 Environmental conditions .15
10 Evaluation and upgrading of existing systems .15
11 Quality assurance and quality control .16
Annex A (informative) Factors impacting the monitoring system design .18
Annex B (informative) Evaluating uncertainty of effluent measurement .31
Annex C (informative) Quality assurance .41
Annex D (informative) Mixing demonstration and sampling system performance verification .45
Annex E (informative) Techniques for measurement of flow rate through a stack or duct .49
Bibliography .51
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
ISO 16640:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies,
and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
ISO 16640:2021(E)
Introduction
This document focuses on monitoring the activity concentrations of radioactive gases. They allow the
calculation of activity releases in the gaseous effluent discharge from facilities producing positron
emitting radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals. Such facilities produce short-lived radionuclides
used for medical purposes or research. They include accelerators, radiopharmacies, hospitals and
universities. This document provides performance-based criteria for the use of air monitoring
equipment including probes, transport lines, sample monitoring instruments, and gas flow measuring
methods. It also provides information covering monitoring program objectives, quality assurance,
developing air monitoring control action levels, system optimisation, and system performance
verification.
The goal of achieving an accurate measurement of radioactive gases, which are well mixed in the
airstream, is accomplished either by direct (in-line) measurement within the exhaust stream or by
extraction (bypass) from the exhaust stream for measurement remote from the duct. This document
sets forth performance criteria and recommendations to assist in obtaining valid measurements.
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16640:2021(E)
Monitoring radioactive gases in effluents from facilities
producing positron emitting radionuclides and
radiopharmaceuticals
1 Scope
This document focuses on monitoring the activity concentrations of radioactive gases. They allow the
calculation of the activity releases, in the gaseous effluent discharge from facilities producing positron
emitting radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals. Such facilities produce short-lived radionuclides
18
used for medical purposes or research and can release gases typically including, but not limited to F,
11 15 13
C, O and N. These facilities include accelerators, radiopharmacies, hospitals and universities. This
document provides performance-based criteria for the design and use of air monitoring equipment
including probes, transport lines, sample monitoring instruments, and gas flow measuring methods.
This document also provides information on monitoring program objectives, quality assurance,
development of air monitoring control action levels, system optimisation and system performance
verification.
The goal of achieving an unbiased measurement is accomplished either by direct (in-line) measurement
on the exhaust stream or with samples extracted from the exhaust stream (bypass), provided that the
radioactive gases are well mixed in the airstream. This document sets forth performance criteria and
recommendations to assist in obtaining valid measurements.
NOTE 1 The criteria and recommendations of this document are aimed at monitoring which is conducted for
regulatory compliance and system control. If existing air monitoring systems were not designed according to the
performance criteria and recommendations of this document, an evaluation of the performance of the system
is advised. If deficiencies are discovered based on a performance evaluation, a determination of the need for a
system retrofit is to be made and corrective actions adopted where practicable.
NOTE 2 The criteria and recommendations of this document apply under both normal and off-normal
operating conditions, provided that these conditions do not include production of aerosols or vapours. If the
normal and/or off-normal conditions produce aerosols and vapours, then the aerosol collection principles of
ISO 2889 also apply.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abatement equipment
apparatus used to reduce contaminant concentration in the airflow exhausted through a stack or duct
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.1]
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
ISO 16640:2021(E)
3.2
accident (conditions)
any unintended event, including operating errors, equipment failures and other mishaps, the
consequences or potential consequences of which are not negligible from the point of view of protection
and safety
3.3
accuracy
closeness of agreement between a measured quantity and the true quantity of the measurand
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.4]
3.4
action level
threshold concentration of an effluent contaminant at which it is necessary to perform an
appropriate action
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.5]
3.5
aerosol
dispersion of solid or liquid particles in air or other gas
Note 1 to entry: An aerosol is not only the aerosol particles.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.8]
3.6
analyser
device that provides for near real-time data on radiological characteristics of the gas (air) flow in a
sampling system or duct
Note 1 to entry: Usually, an analyser evaluates the concentration of radionuclides in a sampled air stream;
however, some analysers are mounted directly within or just outside a stack or duct.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.12]
3.7
bend
gradual change in direction of a sample (3.38) transport line
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.14]
3.8
bulk stream
air flow in a stack or duct, as opposed to the sample (3.38) flow rate
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.15]
3.9
bypass system
system whereby a sample (3.38) is withdrawn from the effluent stream and analysed at a location that
is remote from the region where the extraction takes place
3.10
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step establishes a relation between the quantity
values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding
indications with associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this information to
establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
ISO 16640:2021(E)
3.11
coefficient of variation
C
V
quantity that is the ratio of the standard deviation of a variable to the mean value of that variable
Note 1 to entry: It is usually expressed as a percentage.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.18]
3.12
continuous air monitor
CAM
near real-time sampler and associated detector that provide data on radionuclides (e.g. concentration
of alpha-emitting aerosol particles) in a sample stream
Note 1 to entry: A CAM is used for monitoring and detecting radioactive gases.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.21]
3.13
continuous monitoring
continuous near real-time measurements of one or more sampling characteristics
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.22]
3.14
coverage interval
interval containing the set of true quantity values of a measurand with a stated probability, based on
the information available
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.4]
3.15
cyclotron
particle accelerator that is commonly used in nuclear medicine to produce positron emitting
radionuclides
Note 1 to entry: Charged particles (e.g. protons or deuterons) are accelerated along a spiral path from the centre
outward to an appropriate target.
3.16
decision threshold
value of the estimator of the measurand, which, when exceeded by the result of an actual measurement
using a given measurement procedure of a measurand quantifying a physical effect, is used to decide
that the physical effect is present
Note 1 to entry: The decision threshold is defined such that in cases where the measurement result exceeds the
decision threshold, the probability of a wrong decision, namely that the true value of the measurand is not zero if
in fact it is zero, is less or equal to a chosen probability α.
Note 2 to entry: If the result is below the decision threshold, it is decided to conclude that the result cannot be
attributed to the physical effect; nevertheless, it cannot be concluded that it is absent.
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.12]
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
ISO 16640:2021(E)
3.17
detection limit
smallest true value of the measurand which ensures a specified probability of being detectable by the
measurement procedure
Note 1 to entry: With the decision threshold, the detection limit is the smallest true value of the measurand for
which the probability of wrongly deciding that the true value of the measurand is zero is equal to a specified value,
β, when, in fact, the true value of the measurand is not zero. The probability of being detectable is consequently
(1 − β).
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.13]
3.18
effluent
waste stream flowing away from a process, plant, or facility to the environment
Note 1 to entry: In this document, the focus is on effluent air that is discharged to the atmosphere through stacks,
vents and ducts.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.29]
3.19
emission
contaminants that are discharged into the environment
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.30]
3.20
emit
discharge contaminants into the environment
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.31]
3.21
flow rate
rate at which a mass or volume of gas (air) crosses an imaginary cross-sectional area in either a
sampling system tube or a stack or duct
Note 1 to entry: The rate at which the volume crosses the imaginary area is called the volumetric flow rate; and
the rate at which the mass crosses the imaginary area is called either the mass flow rate or the volumetric flow
rate at standard conditions.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.33]
3.22
hydraulic diameter
type of equivalent duct diameter for ducts that do not have a round cross section
Note 1 to entry: Generally, it is four times the cross-sectional area divided by the perimeter.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.38]
3.23
in-line system
system where the detector assembly is adjacent to, or immersed in, the effluent (3.18)
3.24
limits of the coverage interval
values which define a coverage interval
Note 1 to entry: It is characterized in this document by a specified probability (1 − γ), e.g., 95 %, and (1 − γ)
represents the probability for the coverage interval of the measurand.
4 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
ISO 16640:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: The definition of a coverage interval is ambiguous without further stipulations. In ISO 11929-1
two alternatives, namely the probabilistically symmetric and the shortest coverage interval, are used. In this
document only the probabilistically symmetric is used.
Note 3 to entry: The probabilistically symmetric coverage interval is the coverage interval for a quantity such
that the probability that the quantity is less than the smallest value in the interval is equal to the probability that
the quantity is greater than the largest value in the interval
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.16]
3.25
mixing element
device placed in a stack or duct that is used to augment mixing of both contaminant mass and fluid
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.47]
3.26
monitoring
continual measurement of a quantity (e.g. activity concentration) of the airborne radioactive constituent
or the gross content of radioactive material continuously, at a frequency that permits an evaluation of
the value of that quantity in near real-time, or at intervals that comply with regulatory requirements
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.48]
3.27
normal conditions
limits (or range) of use or operation under which a program or activity is able to meet its objectives and
without significant changes that would impair this ability
3.28
nozzle
device used to extract a sample (3.38) from a stream of the gaseous effluent (3.18) and to transfer the
sample to a transport line or a collector
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.49]
3.29
off-normal conditions
conditions that are unplanned and which present a gap with normal conditions
Note 1 to entry: Examples are accidents and equipment failure.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.54]
3.30
positron emission tomography
PET
imaging technique that uses radioactive substances to reveal the operating function and metabolism of
tissues and organs and allows the observation of malignant tissues
Note 1 to entry: The technic involves injection of a radioactive drug with the radionuclide being a positron
emitter. Upon annihilation of the positron, two 511 keV photons are produced at 180° angle. These photons are
used in the scanner to determine the point of annihilation and to develop an image.
3.31
probe
sometimes used colloquially to refer to the equipment inserted into a stack or duct for measurement of
volumetric flow or amount of activity present
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oSIST prEN ISO 16640:2022
ISO 16640:2021(E)
3.32
profile
distribution of gas velocity over the cross-sectional area of the stack or duct
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.62]
3.33
quality assurance
planned and systematic actions necessary to provide confidence that a system or component performs
satisfactorily in service and that the results are both correct and traceable
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.63]
3.34
radionuclide
unstable isotope of an element that decays or converts spontaneously into another isotope or different
energy state, emitting radiation
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.64]
3.35
reference method
apparatus and instructions for providing results against which other approaches may be compared
Note 1 to entry: Application of a reference method is assumed to define correct results.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.66]
3.36
representative sample
sample (3.38) with the same quality and characteristics for the material of interest as that of its source
at the time of sampling
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.67]
3.37
response time
time required after a step variation in the measured quantity for the output signal variation to reach a
given percentage for the first time, usually 90 %, of its final value
[SOURCE: IEC 60761-1:2002, 3.15]
3.38
sample
portion of an air stream of interest, or one or more separated constituents from a portion of an air stream
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.68]
3.39
sample extraction location
location of extraction of a sample (3.38) from the bulk stream (3.8), also known as sampling location
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.69, modified — definition was reworded.]
3.40
sampling
process of removing a sample (3.38) from the bulk stream (3.8) and transporting it to a monitor
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.72]
6 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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3.41
sampling plane
cross sectional area where the sample (3.38) is extracted from the airflow
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.75]
3.42
sampling system
system consisting of an inlet, a transport line, a flow monitoring system and a monitor
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.76]
3.43
sensitivity
change in indication of a mechanical, nuclear, optical or electronic instrument as affected by changes in
the variable quantity being sensed by the instrument
Note 1 to entry: The slope of a calibration curve of an instrument, where a calibration curve shows output values
of an instrument as a function of input values.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.78]
3.44
standard conditions
temperature of 25 °C and pressure of 101 325 Pa
Note 1 to entry: Used to convert air densities to a common basis. Other temperature and pressure conditions may
be used and should be applied consistently.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.82]
3.45
transport line
part of a bypass system (3.9) between the outlet plane of the nozzle (3.28) and the inlet plane of a
detector chamber or a vessel
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.84]
3.46
turbulent flow
flow regime characterized by bulk mixing of fluid properties
Note 1 to entry: For example, in a tube, the flow is turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater than about 3 000
and laminar if the Reynolds number is below about 2 200. There is little mixing in the laminar flow regime.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.86]
3.47
uncertainty
non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the quantity values being attributed to a
measurand, based on the information used
Note 1 to entry: An analysis of uncertainty is a procedure for estimating the overall impact of estimated
uncertainties in independent variables on the accuracy or precision of a dependent variable.
[SOURCE: ISO 11929-1:2019, 3.10]
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3.48
vapour
gaseous form of materials that are liquid or solids at room temperature, as distinguished from
non-condensable gases
Note 1 to entry: Vapours are gases but carry the connotation of having been released or volatilised from liquids
or solids.
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.89]
3.49
velocity profile
distribution of the velocity values at a given cross section in a stack or duct
[SOURCE: ISO 2889:2010, 3.90]
4 Symbols
Symbols that are used in formulae in this document are defined below:
2
A Cross sectional area of the stack or duct, in m ;
A Activity released over a period Δt , in Bq per time;
R R
*
Decision threshold of the activity released over a period Δt , in Bq per time;
A
R
R
#
Detection limit of the activity released over a period Δt , in Bq per time;
A
R
R
Lower limit of the coverage interval of the released activity over a period Δt for a given
A
R
R
probability (1 – γ), in Bq per time;
Upper limit of the coverage interval of the released activity over a period Δt for a given
A
R
R
probability (1 – γ), in Bq per time;
C Velocity-averaging correction factor for determining the flow rate in a stack or duct with a
pt
Pitot tube from a single point reading, dimensionless;
-3
*
Decision threshold of the activity concentration, in Bq·m ;
c
-3
#
Detection limit of the activity concentration, in Bq·m ;
c
-3
c Gross primary measurement of the activity concentration at a time ti+⋅Δt , in Bq·m ;
g,i 0
Calculated gross average activity concentration over a time interval mt⋅Δ at time ti+⋅mt⋅Δ ,
c
0
g
mi,m
-3
in Bq·m ;
-3
Calculated gross average activity concentration over a time interval ΔΔtn=⋅mt⋅ , in Bq m ;
c R
g
Δt
R
-3
c Activity concentration at a time ti+⋅Δt , in Bq·m ;
i 0
-3
Average value of n number of c , in Bq·m ;
c
c 0,j
0
0
-3
Average value of n number of c , in Bq·m ;
c
0
...
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