Paper, board and pulps -- General requirements for the competence of laboratories authorized for the issue of optical reference transfer standards of level 3

This document provides both general requirements and specific requirements (Annex A) for laboratories
seeking to become “Authorized Laboratories (ALs)” and to maintain their Authorized Laboratory status
for the issue of optical reference transfer standards of level 3. This document follows the requirements
and adopts the format of ISO/IEC 17025, with the aims of:
a) establishing and maintaining international optical reference transfer standards of level 2 (IR2)
traceable to an international optical reference primary standard of level 1 (IR1) maintained by a
standardizing laboratory;
b) distributing traceability required to achieve inter-laboratory agreement in the results of test
methods specified in International Standards for optical properties of paper, board or pulp;
c) participating in the design and development of new methods and international harmonization of
procedures.
When a laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by this document, such as
sampling and the design/development of new methods, the requirements of those clauses do not apply.
This document is for use by specified laboratories authorized to issue optical reference transfer
standards in developing their management system for quality, administrative and technical operations.
Laboratory customers, regulatory authorities and accreditation bodies can also use it in confirming or
recognizing the competence of laboratories.
NOTE It might be necessary to explain or interpret certain requirements in this document to ensure that
the requirements are applied in a consistent manner. Guidance for consistent application can be obtained from
Technical Committee ISO/TC 6.

Papiers, cartons et pâtes -- Exigences générales concernant la compétence des laboratoires autorisés pour la délivrance des étalons de référence de transfert optique de niveau 3

ISO 4094:2017 sp�cifie � la fois les exigences g�n�rales et les exigences sp�cifiques (Annexe A) pour les laboratoires souhaitant devenir des �laboratoires agr��s� (AL) et conserver leur statut de laboratoires agr��s pour la d�livrance d'�talons de r�f�rence de transfert optiques de niveau 3. Le pr�sent document suit les exigences et adopte le format de l'ISO/IEC 17025, dans le but:
a) d'�tablir et de maintenir des �talons de r�f�rence de transfert optiques internationaux de niveau 2 (IR2) pouvant �tre reli�s � un �talon primaire de r�f�rence optique international de niveau 1 (IR1) maintenu par un laboratoire de r�f�rence;
b) de diffuser la tra�abilit� requise pour obtenir une concordance interlaboratoires des r�sultats lors de l'utilisation de m�thodes d'essai sp�cifi�es dans des Normes internationales relatives aux propri�t�s optiques des papiers, cartons ou p�tes;
c) de participer � la conception et au d�veloppement de nouvelles m�thodes et � l'harmonisation des proc�dures � l'�chelle internationale.
Lorsqu'un laboratoire ne proc�de pas � une ou plusieurs des activit�s trait�es dans le pr�sent document, telles que l'�chantillonnage et la conception/le d�veloppement de nouvelles m�thodes, les exigences des articles concern�s ne s'appliquent pas.
ISO 4094:2017 est destin� � �tre utilis� par les laboratoires mandat�s autoris�s � d�livrer des �talons de r�f�rence de transfert optiques qui �laborent leur syst�me de management pour la qualit� et les activit�s administratives et techniques. Il peut �galement �tre utilis� par les clients des laboratoires, les autorit�s r�glementaires et les organismes d'accr�ditation pour confirmer ou reconna�tre la comp�tence des laboratoires.
NOTE Il pourrait se r�v�ler utile d'expliquer ou d'interpr�ter certaines exigences du pr�sent document afin d'assurer que les exigences sont appliqu�es de mani�re coh�rente. Des lignes directrices pour une application coh�rente peuvent �tre obtenues aupr�s du comit� technique ISO/TC 6.

Papir, karton, lepenka in vlaknine - Splošne zahteve za usposobljenost laboratorijev, ki so pooblaščeni za izdajanje optičnih referenčnih standardov na stopnji 3

Ta dokument podaja tako splošne zahteve kot posebne zahteve (dodatek A) za laboratorije, ki želijo postati »pooblaščeni laboratoriji (AL)« in status pooblaščenega laboratorija ohraniti za izdajanje optičnih referenčnih standardov na stopnji 3. Ta dokument upošteva zahteve in sprejema obliko standarda ISO/IEC 17025 z namenom:
a) vzpostavitve in vzdrževanja mednarodnih optičnih referenčnih standardov na stopnji 2 (IR2) s sledljivostjo do mednarodnega optičnega referenčnega standarda na stopnji 1 (IR1), ki ga vzdržuje laboratorij za standardizacijo;
b) porazdelitve sledljivosti, ki je potrebna za doseganje medlaboratorijskega sporazuma glede rezultatov preskusnih metod, določenih v mednarodnih standardih za optične lastnosti papirja, kartona, lepenke in vlaknin;
c) sodelovanja pri oblikovanju in razvoju novih metod ter mednarodnem usklajevanju postopkov.
Če laboratorij ne izvaja ene ali več dejavnosti, zajete v tem dokumentu, na primer vzorčenja in oblikovanja/razvoja novih metod, se zahteve teh točk ne uporabljajo.
Ta dokument je namenjen za določene laboratorije, pooblaščene za izdajanje optičnih referenčnih standardov pri razvijanju svojega sistema vodenja kakovosti ter upravnih in tehničnih operacij. Uporabljajo ga lahko tudi odjemalci laboratorija, zakonodajni organi in akreditacijski organi pri potrjevanju ali priznavanju usposobljenosti laboratorijev.
OPOMBA: Določene zahteve tega dokumenta bo morda treba pojasniti ali razložiti, da se zagotovi njihova dosledna uporaba. Smernice za dosledno uporabo so na voljo pri tehničnem odboru ISO/TC 6.

General Information

Status
Published
Public Enquiry End Date
19-Dec-2018
Publication Date
05-Dec-2018
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
06-Dec-2018
Due Date
10-Feb-2019
Completion Date
06-Dec-2018

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4094
Third edition
2017-12
Paper, board and pulps — General
requirements for the competence of
laboratories authorized for the issue
of optical reference transfer standards
of level 3
Papiers, cartons et pâtes — Exigences générales concernant la
compétence des laboratoires autorisés pour la délivrance des étalons
de référence de transfert optique de niveau 3
Reference number
ISO 4094:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 4094:2017(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 4094:2017(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Management requirements for Authorized Laboratories . 3
4.1 Organization . 3
4.2 Management system . 4
4.3 Document control . 5
4.3.1 General. 5
4.3.2 Document approval and issue . 5
4.3.3 Document changes . 6
4.4 Review of requests, tenders and contracts . 6
4.5 Subcontracting of calibrations. 7
4.6 Purchasing services and supplies . 7
4.7 Service to the customer . 8
4.8 Complaints . 8
4.9 Control of nonconforming testing and/or calibration work . 8
4.10 Improvement . 9
4.11 Corrective action . 9
4.11.1 General. 9
4.11.2 Cause analysis . 9
4.11.3 Selection and implementation of corrective actions . 9
4.11.4 Monitoring of corrective actions . 9
4.11.5 Additional audits. 9
4.12 Preventive action . 9
4.13 Control of records .10
4.13.1 General.10
4.13.2 Technical records.10
4.14 Internal audits .11
4.15 Management reviews .11
5 Technical requirements .12
5.1 General .12
5.2 Personnel .12
5.3 Accommodation and environmental conditions .13
5.4 Test and calibration methods and method validation .14
5.4.1 General.14
5.4.2 Selection of methods .14
5.4.3 Laboratory-developed methods .14
5.4.4 Non-standard methods .15
5.4.5 Validation of methods . .15
5.4.6 Estimation of uncertainty of measurement .16
5.4.7 Control of data .16
5.5 Equipment .17
5.6 Measurement traceability .18
5.6.1 General.18
5.6.2 Specific requirements – calibration .18
5.6.3 Reference standards and reference materials .18
5.7 Proficiency testing and inter-laboratory comparisons .19
5.8 Sampling .19
5.9 Handling of test and calibration items .19
5.10 Assuring the quality of test and calibration results .20
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii

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ISO 4094:2017(E)

5.11 Reporting the results .20
5.11.1 General.20
5.11.2 Test reports and calibration certificates .21
5.11.3 Test reports.21
5.11.4 Calibration certificates.22
5.11.5 Opinions and interpretations . .22
5.11.6 Electronic transmission of results .22
5.11.7 Format of reports and certificates .22
5.11.8 Amendments to test reports and calibration certificates .23
Annex A (normative) Specific requirements for laboratories authorized to issue optical
property reference transfer standards of level 3 .24
Annex B (informative) ISO/TC 6 measurement quantities and standards included in the
scope of this standard .28
Annex C (informative) Example of certificate of compliance as an Authorized Laboratory
meeting the requirements of this document .29
Annex D (informative) Table of contents for Authorized Laboratory biennial report .30
Bibliography .32
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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ISO 4094:2017(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4094:2005). This version underwent
major changes and now follows the requirements and adopts the format of ISO/IEC 17025.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v

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ISO 4094:2017(E)

Introduction
The main objectives of standardization of testing methods are to create the means by which comparable
results can be obtained on different occasions, with different instruments and in different laboratories,
and to control the processes that determine the acceptability of a product. Most testing methods for
paper, board and pulps are linked by some type of reference standards to which the numerical results
are to be related. In many cases, the comparison is made by means of readily available instruments of
appropriate accuracy: for example, a balance with certified weights, a chronometer, a calibrated length-
measuring device such as a micrometer, etc. However, in certain instances, the relation to the reference
standard may not be obvious, or there may be practical problems in measuring particular properties;
the test method should therefore include additional instructions for ensuring reasonable accuracy of the
results. This may be accomplished with the aid of transfer standards, when the results are related either
to certain properties of a unique reference standard, or to results obtained at specified laboratories
entrusted with the performance of certain delicate measurements. Standardizing Laboratories and
Authorized Laboratories act as links in supplying the transfer standards required.
The acceptance of testing and calibration results between countries will be facilitated if specified
laboratories authorized to issue optical reference transfer standards comply with this document or if
they obtain accreditation from bodies which have entered into mutual recognition agreements with
equivalent bodies in other countries using this document.
The use of this document will facilitate cooperation between specified laboratories authorized to issue
optical reference transfer standards and other bodies, and assist in the exchange of information and
experience, and in the harmonization of calibration standards and procedures.
A laboratory’s fulfilment of the requirements of this document means the laboratory meets both the
general and specific technical competence requirements, and the management system requirements
that are necessary for it to consistently deliver technically valid results.
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4094:2017(E)
Paper, board and pulps — General requirements for the
competence of laboratories authorized for the issue of
optical reference transfer standards of level 3
1 Scope
This document provides both general requirements and specific requirements (Annex A) for laboratories
seeking to become “Authorized Laboratories (ALs)” and to maintain their Authorized Laboratory status
for the issue of optical reference transfer standards of level 3. This document follows the requirements
and adopts the format of ISO/IEC 17025, with the aims of:
a) establishing and maintaining international optical reference transfer standards of level 2 (IR2)
traceable to an international optical reference primary standard of level 1 (IR1) maintained by a
standardizing laboratory;
b) distributing traceability required to achieve inter-laboratory agreement in the results of test
methods specified in International Standards for optical properties of paper, board or pulp;
c) participating in the design and development of new methods and international harmonization of
procedures.
When a laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by this document, such as
sampling and the design/development of new methods, the requirements of those clauses do not apply.
This document is for use by specified laboratories authorized to issue optical reference transfer
standards in developing their management system for quality, administrative and technical operations.
Laboratory customers, regulatory authorities and accreditation bodies can also use it in confirming or
recognizing the competence of laboratories.
NOTE It might be necessary to explain or interpret certain requirements in this document to ensure that
the requirements are applied in a consistent manner. Guidance for consistent application can be obtained from
Technical Committee ISO/TC 6.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 17000, Conformity assessment — Vocabulary and general principles
ISO 2469, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse radiance factor (diffuse reflectance factor)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 17000 and ISO 2469 and
the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 1

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ISO 4094:2017(E)

3.1
Standardizing Laboratory
laboratory of a national metrology institute (NMI) or designated institute (DI) that complies with the
requirements of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) Mutual Recognition
Arrangement (MRA) for international recognition of its capabilities to maintain in safe custody, or
otherwise realize the international reference standard of level 1 (notation IR1) (3.4), to transfer the
traceability of IR1 (3.4) to level 2 (notation IR2) (3.5)
Note 1 to entry: These internationally recognized calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) of NMIs
and DIs that are signatories to the CIPM MRA are published in the key comparison database, maintained by the
Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM).
3.2
Authorized Laboratory
AL
laboratory complying with the general requirements of this document and other specific requirements
(Annex A) that transfers the traceability of international reference standards of level 2 (notation IR2)
(3.5) to level 3 (notation IR3) (3.6)
3.3
Authorized Laboratory requirements
set of specified requirements to be fulfilled in order to establish or maintain authorized status
3.4
international reference standard level 1
IR1
primary optical reference standard, the perfect reflecting diffuser, the ideal diffuser exhibiting isotropic
diffuse reflection with a reflectance equal to 1, used for calibration of optical transfer standards
Note 1 to entry: Reflectance is defined as the ratio of the reflected to the incident radiation.
3.5
international reference standard level 2
IR2
secondary optical reference transfer standard for the certification of level 3 (IR3) (3.6) standards or
for the calibration of instruments, consisting of a material certified against an international reference
standard of level 1 (3.4) by a Standardizing Laboratory (3.1), as specified in the relevant International
Standard
Note 1 to entry: This document refers to two types of IR2: a non-fluorescent IR2, whose spectral reflectance
factors have been determined by a Standardizing Laboratory in relation to the IR1; and a fluorescent IR2,
whose total spectral radiance factors corresponding to a specified CIE illuminant have been determined by a
Standardizing Laboratory. A non-fluorescent IR2 is used to calibrate the photometric scale of an Authorized
Laboratory’s reference instrument, and a fluorescent IR2 standard is used to adjust the UV level of an Authorized
Laboratory’s reference instrument.
3.6
international reference standard level 3
IR3
tertiary optical reference transfer standard consisting of a material certified against an international
reference standard of level 2 (3.5) by an Authorized Laboratory (3.2), as specified in the relevant
International Standard, and used by a testing laboratory for the calibration of instruments
Note 1 to entry: This document refers to two types of IR3: a non-fluorescent IR3, whose spectral reflectance factors
have been determined by an Authorized Laboratory in relation to the non-fluorescent IR2; and a fluorescent IR3,
whose calibration values have been determined by an Authorized Laboratory in relation to the fluorescent IR2.
A non-fluorescent IR3 is used to calibrate the photometric scale of a testing laboratory’s instrument. A testing
laboratory uses a fluorescent IR3 to adjust the UV level of the testing laboratory’s instrument.
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 4094:2017(E)

3.7
peer review
name given to judgement of scientific merit by other scientists working in, or close to, the field in
question
Note 1 to entry: For a laboratory to be formally authorized for the dissemination of international reference
standards of level 3 (IR3) (3.6), the assessment of its compliance with the requirements of this document and
other relevant ISO TC6 standards is carried out by peer review by one or more technical managers of the existing
Authorized Laboratories or their designates.
3.8
testing laboratory
laboratory that calibrates testing instrumentation with an IR3
Note 1 to entry: A testing laboratory cannot issue international reference standards.
Table 1 — Organization of laboratories
Laboratory Activity Standard issued
Standardizing Laboratory Maintains IR1 (level 1 standard) Level 2 standard (IR2)
Evaluates IR2 against IR1
Authorized Laboratory Evaluates IR3 against IR2 Level 3 standard (IR3)
Testing Laboratory Calibrates test instrumentation with IR3 No international reference standard issued
4 Management requirements for Authorized Laboratories
4.1 Organization
4.1.1 It is the responsibility of the Authorized Laboratory to carry out its testing and calibration
activities in such a way as to meet the requirements of this document and to satisfy the needs of the
customer to continue to maintain its status as an “Authorized Laboratory”.
4.1.2 The management system shall cover work carried out in the laboratory’s facilities.
4.1.3 If the Authorized Laboratory is part of an organization performing activities other than testing
and/or calibration, the responsibilities of key personnel in the organization that have an involvement
or influence on the testing and/or calibration activities of the Authorized Laboratory shall be defined in
order to identify potential conflicts of interest.
4.1.3.1 Where an Authorized Laboratory is part of a larger organization, the organizational
arrangements shall be such that departments having conflicting interests, such as production, commercial
marketing or financing, do not adversely influence the laboratory's compliance with the requirements of
this document.
4.1.3.2 If the Authorized Laboratory wishes to be recognized as a third-party laboratory, it shall be
able to demonstrate that it is impartial and that it and its personnel are free from any undue commercial,
financial and other pressures which might influence their technical judgement. The third-party testing or
calibration laboratory shall not engage in any activities that may endanger the trust in its independence
of judgement and integrity in relation to its testing or calibration activities.
4.1.4 The Authorized Laboratory shall
a) have managerial and technical personnel who, irrespective of other responsibilities, have
the authority and resources needed to carry out their duties, including the implementation,
maintenance and improvement of the management system, and to identify the occurrence of
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 4094:2017(E)

departures from the management system or from the procedures for performing tests and/or
calibrations, and to initiate actions to prevent or minimize such departures (see also 5.2);
b) have arrangements to ensure that its management and personnel are free from any undue internal
and external commercial, financial and other pressures and influences that may adversely affect
the quality of their work;
c) have policies and procedures to ensure the protection of its customers' confidential information
and proprietary rights, including procedures for protecting the electronic storage and transmission
of results;
d) have policies and procedures to avoid involvement in any activities that would diminish confidence
in its competence, impartiality, judgement or operational integrity;
e) define the organization and management structure of the Authorized Laboratory, its place in any
parent organization, and the relationships between quality management, technical operations and
support services;
f) specify the responsibility, authority and interrelationships of all personnel who manage, perform
or verify work affecting the quality of the tests and/or calibrations;
g) provide adequate supervision of testing and calibration staff, including trainees, by persons
familiar with methods and procedures, the purpose of each test and/or calibration, and with the
assessment of the test or calibration results;
h) have technical management which has overall responsibility for the technical operations and the
provision of the resources needed to ensure the required quality of laboratory operations;
i) appoint a member of staff as quality manager (however named) who, irrespective of other duties and
responsibilities, shall have defined responsibility and authority for ensuring that the management
system related to quality is implemented and followed at all times; the quality manager shall have
direct access to the highest level of management at which decisions are made on laboratory policy
or resources;
j) appoint deputies for key managerial personnel (s
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 4094:2019
01-januar-2019
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 4094:2011
3DSLUNDUWRQOHSHQNDLQYODNQLQH6SORãQH]DKWHYH]DXVSRVREOMHQRVW
ODERUDWRULMHYNLVRSRREODãþHQL]DL]GDMDQMHRSWLþQLKUHIHUHQþQLKVWDQGDUGRYQD
VWRSQML
Paper, board and pulps -- General requirements for the competence of laboratories
authorized for the issue of optical reference transfer standards of level 3
Papiers, cartons et pâtes -- Exigences générales concernant la compétence des
laboratoires autorisés pour la délivrance des étalons de référence de transfert optique de
niveau 3
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 4094:2017
ICS:
85.020 Postopki v proizvodnji papirja Paper production processes
SIST ISO 4094:2019 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------

SIST ISO 4094:2019

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SIST ISO 4094:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4094
Third edition
2017-12
Paper, board and pulps — General
requirements for the competence of
laboratories authorized for the issue
of optical reference transfer standards
of level 3
Papiers, cartons et pâtes — Exigences générales concernant la
compétence des laboratoires autorisés pour la délivrance des étalons
de référence de transfert optique de niveau 3
Reference number
ISO 4094:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------

SIST ISO 4094:2019
ISO 4094:2017(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------

SIST ISO 4094:2019
ISO 4094:2017(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Management requirements for Authorized Laboratories . 3
4.1 Organization . 3
4.2 Management system . 4
4.3 Document control . 5
4.3.1 General. 5
4.3.2 Document approval and issue . 5
4.3.3 Document changes . 6
4.4 Review of requests, tenders and contracts . 6
4.5 Subcontracting of calibrations. 7
4.6 Purchasing services and supplies . 7
4.7 Service to the customer . 8
4.8 Complaints . 8
4.9 Control of nonconforming testing and/or calibration work . 8
4.10 Improvement . 9
4.11 Corrective action . 9
4.11.1 General. 9
4.11.2 Cause analysis . 9
4.11.3 Selection and implementation of corrective actions . 9
4.11.4 Monitoring of corrective actions . 9
4.11.5 Additional audits. 9
4.12 Preventive action . 9
4.13 Control of records .10
4.13.1 General.10
4.13.2 Technical records.10
4.14 Internal audits .11
4.15 Management reviews .11
5 Technical requirements .12
5.1 General .12
5.2 Personnel .12
5.3 Accommodation and environmental conditions .13
5.4 Test and calibration methods and method validation .14
5.4.1 General.14
5.4.2 Selection of methods .14
5.4.3 Laboratory-developed methods .14
5.4.4 Non-standard methods .15
5.4.5 Validation of methods . .15
5.4.6 Estimation of uncertainty of measurement .16
5.4.7 Control of data .16
5.5 Equipment .17
5.6 Measurement traceability .18
5.6.1 General.18
5.6.2 Specific requirements – calibration .18
5.6.3 Reference standards and reference materials .18
5.7 Proficiency testing and inter-laboratory comparisons .19
5.8 Sampling .19
5.9 Handling of test and calibration items .19
5.10 Assuring the quality of test and calibration results .20
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii

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SIST ISO 4094:2019
ISO 4094:2017(E)

5.11 Reporting the results .20
5.11.1 General.20
5.11.2 Test reports and calibration certificates .21
5.11.3 Test reports.21
5.11.4 Calibration certificates.22
5.11.5 Opinions and interpretations . .22
5.11.6 Electronic transmission of results .22
5.11.7 Format of reports and certificates .22
5.11.8 Amendments to test reports and calibration certificates .23
Annex A (normative) Specific requirements for laboratories authorized to issue optical
property reference transfer standards of level 3 .24
Annex B (informative) ISO/TC 6 measurement quantities and standards included in the
scope of this standard .28
Annex C (informative) Example of certificate of compliance as an Authorized Laboratory
meeting the requirements of this document .29
Annex D (informative) Table of contents for Authorized Laboratory biennial report .30
Bibliography .32
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SIST ISO 4094:2019
ISO 4094:2017(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4094:2005). This version underwent
major changes and now follows the requirements and adopts the format of ISO/IEC 17025.
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SIST ISO 4094:2019
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Introduction
The main objectives of standardization of testing methods are to create the means by which comparable
results can be obtained on different occasions, with different instruments and in different laboratories,
and to control the processes that determine the acceptability of a product. Most testing methods for
paper, board and pulps are linked by some type of reference standards to which the numerical results
are to be related. In many cases, the comparison is made by means of readily available instruments of
appropriate accuracy: for example, a balance with certified weights, a chronometer, a calibrated length-
measuring device such as a micrometer, etc. However, in certain instances, the relation to the reference
standard may not be obvious, or there may be practical problems in measuring particular properties;
the test method should therefore include additional instructions for ensuring reasonable accuracy of the
results. This may be accomplished with the aid of transfer standards, when the results are related either
to certain properties of a unique reference standard, or to results obtained at specified laboratories
entrusted with the performance of certain delicate measurements. Standardizing Laboratories and
Authorized Laboratories act as links in supplying the transfer standards required.
The acceptance of testing and calibration results between countries will be facilitated if specified
laboratories authorized to issue optical reference transfer standards comply with this document or if
they obtain accreditation from bodies which have entered into mutual recognition agreements with
equivalent bodies in other countries using this document.
The use of this document will facilitate cooperation between specified laboratories authorized to issue
optical reference transfer standards and other bodies, and assist in the exchange of information and
experience, and in the harmonization of calibration standards and procedures.
A laboratory’s fulfilment of the requirements of this document means the laboratory meets both the
general and specific technical competence requirements, and the management system requirements
that are necessary for it to consistently deliver technically valid results.
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SIST ISO 4094:2019
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4094:2017(E)
Paper, board and pulps — General requirements for the
competence of laboratories authorized for the issue of
optical reference transfer standards of level 3
1 Scope
This document provides both general requirements and specific requirements (Annex A) for laboratories
seeking to become “Authorized Laboratories (ALs)” and to maintain their Authorized Laboratory status
for the issue of optical reference transfer standards of level 3. This document follows the requirements
and adopts the format of ISO/IEC 17025, with the aims of:
a) establishing and maintaining international optical reference transfer standards of level 2 (IR2)
traceable to an international optical reference primary standard of level 1 (IR1) maintained by a
standardizing laboratory;
b) distributing traceability required to achieve inter-laboratory agreement in the results of test
methods specified in International Standards for optical properties of paper, board or pulp;
c) participating in the design and development of new methods and international harmonization of
procedures.
When a laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by this document, such as
sampling and the design/development of new methods, the requirements of those clauses do not apply.
This document is for use by specified laboratories authorized to issue optical reference transfer
standards in developing their management system for quality, administrative and technical operations.
Laboratory customers, regulatory authorities and accreditation bodies can also use it in confirming or
recognizing the competence of laboratories.
NOTE It might be necessary to explain or interpret certain requirements in this document to ensure that
the requirements are applied in a consistent manner. Guidance for consistent application can be obtained from
Technical Committee ISO/TC 6.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 17000, Conformity assessment — Vocabulary and general principles
ISO 2469, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse radiance factor (diffuse reflectance factor)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 17000 and ISO 2469 and
the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
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SIST ISO 4094:2019
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3.1
Standardizing Laboratory
laboratory of a national metrology institute (NMI) or designated institute (DI) that complies with the
requirements of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) Mutual Recognition
Arrangement (MRA) for international recognition of its capabilities to maintain in safe custody, or
otherwise realize the international reference standard of level 1 (notation IR1) (3.4), to transfer the
traceability of IR1 (3.4) to level 2 (notation IR2) (3.5)
Note 1 to entry: These internationally recognized calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) of NMIs
and DIs that are signatories to the CIPM MRA are published in the key comparison database, maintained by the
Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM).
3.2
Authorized Laboratory
AL
laboratory complying with the general requirements of this document and other specific requirements
(Annex A) that transfers the traceability of international reference standards of level 2 (notation IR2)
(3.5) to level 3 (notation IR3) (3.6)
3.3
Authorized Laboratory requirements
set of specified requirements to be fulfilled in order to establish or maintain authorized status
3.4
international reference standard level 1
IR1
primary optical reference standard, the perfect reflecting diffuser, the ideal diffuser exhibiting isotropic
diffuse reflection with a reflectance equal to 1, used for calibration of optical transfer standards
Note 1 to entry: Reflectance is defined as the ratio of the reflected to the incident radiation.
3.5
international reference standard level 2
IR2
secondary optical reference transfer standard for the certification of level 3 (IR3) (3.6) standards or
for the calibration of instruments, consisting of a material certified against an international reference
standard of level 1 (3.4) by a Standardizing Laboratory (3.1), as specified in the relevant International
Standard
Note 1 to entry: This document refers to two types of IR2: a non-fluorescent IR2, whose spectral reflectance
factors have been determined by a Standardizing Laboratory in relation to the IR1; and a fluorescent IR2,
whose total spectral radiance factors corresponding to a specified CIE illuminant have been determined by a
Standardizing Laboratory. A non-fluorescent IR2 is used to calibrate the photometric scale of an Authorized
Laboratory’s reference instrument, and a fluorescent IR2 standard is used to adjust the UV level of an Authorized
Laboratory’s reference instrument.
3.6
international reference standard level 3
IR3
tertiary optical reference transfer standard consisting of a material certified against an international
reference standard of level 2 (3.5) by an Authorized Laboratory (3.2), as specified in the relevant
International Standard, and used by a testing laboratory for the calibration of instruments
Note 1 to entry: This document refers to two types of IR3: a non-fluorescent IR3, whose spectral reflectance factors
have been determined by an Authorized Laboratory in relation to the non-fluorescent IR2; and a fluorescent IR3,
whose calibration values have been determined by an Authorized Laboratory in relation to the fluorescent IR2.
A non-fluorescent IR3 is used to calibrate the photometric scale of a testing laboratory’s instrument. A testing
laboratory uses a fluorescent IR3 to adjust the UV level of the testing laboratory’s instrument.
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SIST ISO 4094:2019
ISO 4094:2017(E)

3.7
peer review
name given to judgement of scientific merit by other scientists working in, or close to, the field in
question
Note 1 to entry: For a laboratory to be formally authorized for the dissemination of international reference
standards of level 3 (IR3) (3.6), the assessment of its compliance with the requirements of this document and
other relevant ISO TC6 standards is carried out by peer review by one or more technical managers of the existing
Authorized Laboratories or their designates.
3.8
testing laboratory
laboratory that calibrates testing instrumentation with an IR3
Note 1 to entry: A testing laboratory cannot issue international reference standards.
Table 1 — Organization of laboratories
Laboratory Activity Standard issued
Standardizing Laboratory Maintains IR1 (level 1 standard) Level 2 standard (IR2)
Evaluates IR2 against IR1
Authorized Laboratory Evaluates IR3 against IR2 Level 3 standard (IR3)
Testing Laboratory Calibrates test instrumentation with IR3 No international reference standard issued
4 Management requirements for Authorized Laboratories
4.1 Organization
4.1.1 It is the responsibility of the Authorized Laboratory to carry out its testing and calibration
activities in such a way as to meet the requirements of this document and to satisfy the needs of the
customer to continue to maintain its status as an “Authorized Laboratory”.
4.1.2 The management system shall cover work carried out in the laboratory’s facilities.
4.1.3 If the Authorized Laboratory is part of an organization performing activities other than testing
and/or calibration, the responsibilities of key personnel in the organization that have an involvement
or influence on the testing and/or calibration activities of the Authorized Laboratory shall be defined in
order to identify potential conflicts of interest.
4.1.3.1 Where an Authorized Laboratory is part of a larger organization, the organizational
arrangements shall be such that departments having conflicting interests, such as production, commercial
marketing or financing, do not adversely influence the laboratory's compliance with the requirements of
this document.
4.1.3.2 If the Authorized Laboratory wishes to be recognized as a third-party laboratory, it shall be
able to demonstrate that it is impartial and that it and its personnel are free from any undue commercial,
financial and other pressures which might influence their technical judgement. The third-party testing or
calibration laboratory shall not engage in any activities that may endanger the trust in its independence
of judgement and integrity in relation to its testing or calibration activities.
4.1.4 The Authorized Laboratory shall
a) have managerial and technical personnel who, irrespective of other responsibilities, have
the authority and resources needed to carry out their duties, including the implementation,
maintenance and improvement of the management system, and to identify the occurrence of
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SIST ISO 4094:2019
ISO 4094:2017(E)

departures from the management system or from the procedures for performing tests and/or
calibrations, and to initiate actions to prevent or minimize such departures (see also 5.2);
b) have arrangements to ensure that its management and personnel are free from any undue internal
and external commercial, financial and other pressures and influences that may adversely affect
the quality of their work;
c) have policies and procedures to ensure the protection of its customers' confidential information
and proprietary rights, including procedures for protecting the electronic storage and transmission
of results;
d) have policies and procedures to avoid involvement in any activities that would diminish confidence
in its competence, impartiality, judgement or operational integrity;
e) define the organization and management structure of the Authorized Laboratory, its place in any
par
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 4094
Troisième édition
2017-12
Papiers, cartons et pâtes — Exigences
générales concernant la compétence
des laboratoires autorisés pour la
délivrance des étalons de référence de
transfert optique de niveau 3
Paper, board and pulps — General requirements for the competence
of laboratories authorized for the issue of optical reference transfer
standards of level 3
Numéro de référence
ISO 4094:2017(F)
©
ISO 2017

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ISO 4094:2017(F)

DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2017, Publié en Suisse
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie, l’affichage sur
l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
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ISO 4094:2017(F)

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction .vi
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Exigences relatives au management des laboratoires agréés . 3
4.1 Organisation . 3
4.2 Système de management . 5
4.3 Maîtrise de la documentation . 6
4.3.1 Généralités . 6
4.3.2 Approbation et diffusion des documents . 6
4.3.3 Modifications des documents . 6
4.4 Revue des demandes, appels d'offres et contrats . 7
4.5 Sous-traitance des étalonnages . 8
4.6 Achats de services et de fournitures . 8
4.7 Services au client . 8
4.8 Réclamations . 9
4.9 Maîtrise des travaux d'essai et/ou d'étalonnage non conformes . 9
4.10 Amélioration . 9
4.11 Action corrective . 9
4.11.1 Généralités . 9
4.11.2 Analyse des causes .10
4.11.3 Choix et mise en œuvre d'actions correctives .10
4.11.4 Surveillance des actions correctives .10
4.11.5 Audits complémentaires .10
4.12 Action préventive .10
4.13 Maîtrise des enregistrements.11
4.13.1 Généralités .11
4.13.2 Enregistrements techniques .11
4.14 Audits internes .12
4.15 Revues de direction .12
5 Exigences techniques .13
5.1 Généralités .13
5.2 Personnel .13
5.3 Installations et conditions ambiantes .14
5.4 Méthodes d'essai et d'étalonnage et validation des méthodes .15
5.4.1 Généralités .15
5.4.2 Choix des méthodes .15
5.4.3 Méthodes développées par le laboratoire .16
5.4.4 Méthodes non normalisées .16
5.4.5 Validation des méthodes .16
5.4.6 Estimation de l'incertitude de mesure .17
5.4.7 Maîtrise des données .18
5.5 Équipements .18
5.6 Traçabilité de la mesure .20
5.6.1 Généralités .20
5.6.2 Exigences spécifiques – Étalonnage .20
5.6.3 Étalons de référence et matériaux de référence .20
5.7 Essais d'aptitude et comparaisons interlaboratoires .20
5.8 Échantillonnage .21
5.9 Manutention des objets d'essai et d'étalonnage .21
5.10 Assurer la qualité des résultats d'essai et d'étalonnage .22
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ISO 4094:2017(F)

5.11 Rapport sur les résultats .22
5.11.1 Généralités .22
5.11.2 Rapports d'essai et certificats d'étalonnage .22
5.11.3 Rapports d'essai .23
5.11.4 Certificats d'étalonnage .23
5.11.5 Avis et interprétations .24
5.11.6 Transmission électronique des résultats .24
5.11.7 Présentation des rapports et des certificats .24
5.11.8 Amendements aux rapports d'essai et aux certificats d'étalonnage .25
Annexe A (normative) Exigences spécifiques pour les laboratoires agréés autorisés à
délivrer des étalons de référence de transfert des propriétés optiques de niveau 3 .26
Annexe B (informative) Grandeurs et normes de mesurage de l'ISO/TC 6 incluses dans le
domaine d'application de la présente norme .30
Annexe C (informative) Exemple de certificat de conformité en tant que laboratoire agréé
satisfaisant aux exigences du présent document .31
Annexe D (informative) Sommaire d'un rapport biennal de laboratoire agréé .32
Bibliographie .34
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ISO 4094:2017(F)

Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www.
iso.org/directives).
L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 6, Papiers, cartons et pâtes.
Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition (ISO 4094:2005). La présente
version a subi des modifications importantes et, à présent, suit les exigences et adopte le format de
l’ISO/IEC 17025.
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ISO 4094:2017(F)

Introduction
Les principaux objectifs de la normalisation des méthodes d'essai sont de créer les moyens permettant
l'obtention de résultats comparables à des moments différents, en utilisant des instruments différents
et dans des laboratoires différents, et de contrôler les procédés qui déterminent l'acceptabilité d'un
produit. La plupart des méthodes d'essai pour le papier, le carton et les pâtes sont liées à un type d'étalons
de référence auquel les résultats numériques sont reliés. Dans de nombreux cas, la comparaison est
effectuée à l'aide d'instruments aisément disponibles et d'une exactitude appropriée: par exemple
une balance pourvue de masses certifiées, un chronomètre, un appareil étalonné destiné à mesurer
la longueur tel qu'un micromètre, etc. Cependant, dans certains cas, la relation à l'étalon de référence
est peu évidente ou il peut y avoir des problèmes pratiques lors du mesurage de certaines propriétés.
Il convient que la méthode d'essai inclue des instructions additionnelles afin d'assurer une exactitude
raisonnable des résultats. Cela peut être accompli à l'aide d'étalons de transfert, lorsque les résultats
sont liés soit à certaines propriétés d'un étalon de référence unique, soit à des résultats obtenus dans
des laboratoires expressément mandatés à veiller à la performance de certains mesurages délicats. Les
laboratoires de référence et les laboratoires agréés agissent comme maillons pour fournir les étalons de
transfert requis.
L'acceptation des résultats d'essai et d'étalonnage d'un pays à l'autre se trouvera facilitée si les
laboratoires mandatés autorisés à délivrer des étalons de référence de transfert optiques se conforment
au présent document ou s'ils obtiennent l'accréditation auprès d'organismes prenant part à des accords
de reconnaissance mutuelle avec des organismes équivalents utilisant le présent document dans
d'autres pays.
L'usage du présent document favorise la collaboration entre les laboratoires mandatés autorisés à
délivrer des étalons de référence de transfert optiques et d'autres organismes et contribue à l'échange
d'informations et d'expérience, ainsi qu'à l'harmonisation des normes et procédures d'étalonnage.
Le respect des exigences du présent document par un laboratoire signifie que ce dernier satisfait à
la fois aux exigences générales et spécifiques de compétence technique et aux exigences relatives
aux systèmes de management qui sont nécessaires pour qu'il délivre en permanence des résultats
techniquement valides.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 4094:2017(F)
Papiers, cartons et pâtes — Exigences générales
concernant la compétence des laboratoires autorisés pour
la délivrance des étalons de référence de transfert optique
de niveau 3
1 Domaine d'application
Le présent document spécifie à la fois les exigences générales et les exigences spécifiques (Annexe A)
pour les laboratoires souhaitant devenir des «laboratoires agréés» (AL) et conserver leur statut de
laboratoires agréés pour la délivrance d'étalons de référence de transfert optiques de niveau 3. Le
présent document suit les exigences et adopte le format de l'ISO/IEC 17025, dans le but:
a) d'établir et de maintenir des étalons de référence de transfert optiques internationaux de niveau 2
(IR2) pouvant être reliés à un étalon primaire de référence optique international de niveau 1 (IR1)
maintenu par un laboratoire de référence;
b) de diffuser la traçabilité requise pour obtenir une concordance interlaboratoires des résultats
lors de l'utilisation de méthodes d'essai spécifiées dans des Normes internationales relatives aux
propriétés optiques des papiers, cartons ou pâtes;
c) de participer à la conception et au développement de nouvelles méthodes et à l'harmonisation des
procédures à l'échelle internationale.
Lorsqu'un laboratoire ne procède pas à une ou plusieurs des activités traitées dans le présent document,
telles que l'échantillonnage et la conception/le développement de nouvelles méthodes, les exigences des
articles concernés ne s'appliquent pas.
Le présent document est destiné à être utilisé par les laboratoires mandatés autorisés à délivrer des
étalons de référence de transfert optiques qui élaborent leur système de management pour la qualité et
les activités administratives et techniques. Il peut également être utilisé par les clients des laboratoires,
les autorités réglementaires et les organismes d'accréditation pour confirmer ou reconnaître la
compétence des laboratoires.
NOTE Il pourrait se révéler utile d'expliquer ou d'interpréter certaines exigences du présent document afin
d'assurer que les exigences sont appliquées de manière cohérente. Des lignes directrices pour une application
cohérente peuvent être obtenues auprès du comité technique ISO/TC 6.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants cités dans le texte constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur contenu, des
exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s'applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO/IEC 17000, Évaluation de la conformité — Vocabulaire et principes généraux
ISO 2469, Papier, carton et pâtes — Mesurage du facteur de luminance énergétique diffuse (facteur de
réflectance diffuse)
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO/IEC 17000 et
l'ISO 2469 ainsi que les suivants s'appliquent.
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ISO 4094:2017(F)

L'ISO et l'IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l'adresse http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l'adresse http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
laboratoire de référence
laboratoire d'un institut national de métrologie (INM) ou d'un institut désigné (ID) satisfaisant aux
exigences de l'Accord de reconnaissance mutuelle (ARM) du Comité international des poids et mesures
(CIPM) pour la reconnaissance internationale de ses aptitudes à conserver ou préparer l'étalon de
référence international de niveau 1 (notation IR1) (3.4), afin de transférer la traçabilité de IR1 (3.4) au
niveau 2 (notation IR2) (3.5)
Note 1 à l'article: Les aptitudes en matière de mesures et d'étalonnages (CMC) reconnues à l'échelle internationale
des instituts nationaux de métrologie (INM) et des instituts désignés (ID) signataires de l'ARM du CIPM, sont
publiées dans une base de données sur les comparaisons clés, tenue à jour par le Bureau International des Poids
et Mesures (BIPM).
3.2
laboratoire agréé
AL
laboratoire satisfaisant aux exigences générales du présent document et à d'autres exigences
spécifiques (Annexe A) qui transfère la traçabilité des étalons de référence internationaux de niveau 2
(notation IR2) (3.5) au niveau 3 (notation IR3) (3.6)
3.3
exigences relatives à un laboratoire agréé
ensemble d'exigences devant être satisfaites pour établir ou conserver le statut «agréé»
3.4
étalon de référence international de niveau 1
IR1
étalon primaire de référence optique (diffuseur parfait par réflexion), diffuseur idéal présentant une
réflexion diffuse isotrope dont la réflectance est égale à 1 et utilisé pour l'étalonnage des étalons de
transfert optique
Note 1 à l'article: La réflectance est définie comme le rapport du rayonnement réfléchi au rayonnement incident.
3.5
étalon de référence international de niveau 2
IR2
étalon secondaire de référence de transfert optique pour la certification des étalons de niveau 3 (IR3)
(3.6) ou pour l'étalonnage des appareils, consistant en un matériau certifié par rapport à un étalon de
référence international de niveau 1 (3.4) par un laboratoire de référence (3.1), comme spécifié dans la
Norme internationale pertinente
Note 1 à l'article: Le présent document fait référence à deux types d'IR2: un IR2 non fluorescent dont les
facteurs de réflectance spectrale ont été déterminés par un laboratoire de référence par rapport à l'IR1; et un
IR2 fluorescent dont les facteurs de luminance énergétique totale spectrale, correspondant à un illuminant
CIE spécifié, ont été déterminés par un laboratoire de référence. Un étalon IR2 non fluorescent est utilisé pour
étalonner l'échelle photométrique d'un appareil de référence de laboratoire agréé et un étalon IR2 fluorescent est
utilisé pour régler la teneur en UV d'un appareil de référence de laboratoire agréé.
2 © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 4094:2017(F)

3.6
étalon de référence international de niveau 3
IR3
étalon tertiaire de référence de transfert optique consistant en un matériau certifié par rapport à un
étalon de référence international de niveau 2 (3.5) par un laboratoire agréé (3.2), comme spécifié dans la
Norme internationale pertinente, et utilisé par un laboratoire d'essai pour étalonner ses appareils
Note 1 à l'article: Le présent document fait référence à deux types d'IR3: un IR3 non fluorescent dont les facteurs
de réflectance spectrale ont été déterminés par un laboratoire agréé par rapport à l'IR2 non fluorescent, et un
IR3 fluorescent IR3 dont les valeurs d'étalonnage ont été déterminées par un laboratoire agréé par rapport à
l'IR2 fluorescent. Un IR3 non fluorescent est utilisé pour étalonner l'échelle photométrique d'un appareil de
laboratoire d'essai. Un laboratoire d'essai utilise un IR3 fluorescent pour régler la teneur en UV d'un appareil de
laboratoire d'essai.
3.7
examen par des pairs
nom attribué au jugement de la valeur scientifique par d'autres scientifiques travaillant dans le domaine
considéré ou dans un domaine proche
Note 1 à l'article: Pour qu'un laboratoire soit formellement autorisé à diffuser des étalons de référence
internationaux de niveau 3 (IR3) (3.6), sa conformité aux exigences du présent document et d'autres normes
pertinentes élaborées par le comité technique TC 6 de l'ISO est évaluée par le biais d'un examen par des pairs
réalisé par un ou plusieurs responsables techniques, ou leurs représentants, des laboratoires agréés existants
3.8
laboratoire d'essai
laboratoire d'essai qui étalonne les appareils d'essai avec un IR3
Note 1 à l'article: Un laboratoire d'essai ne peut pas délivrer d'étalons de référence internationaux.
Tableau 1 — Organisation des laboratoires
Laboratoire Activité Étalon émis
Laboratoire de référence Maintient l'IR1 (étalon de niveau 1) Étalon de niveau 2 (IR2)
Évalue l'IR2 par rapport à l'IR1
Laboratoire agréé Évalue l'IR3 par rapport à l'IR2 Étalon de niveau 3 (IR3)
Laboratoire d'essai Étalonne les appareils d'essai avec l'IR3 Aucun étalon de référence international
émis
4 Exigences relatives au management des laboratoires agréés
4.1 Organisation
4.1.1 Il incombe au laboratoire agréé d'exécuter ses activités d'essai et d'étalonnage de façon à
satisfaire aux exigences du présent document et à répondre aux besoins de la clientèle, pour conserver
son statut de «laboratoire agréé».
4.1.2 Le système de management doit couvrir les travaux réalisés dans les installations du laboratoire.
4.1.3 Si le laboratoire agréé fait partie d'une organisation ayant des activités autres que celles relatives
aux essais et/ou étalonnages, les responsabilités du personnel clé de l'organisation qui participe aux
activités d'essai et/ou d'étalonnage du laboratoire agréé, ou qui a une influence sur ces activités, doivent
être définies afin d'identifier d'éventuels conflits d'intérêt.
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ISO 4094:2017(F)

4.1.3.1 Lorsqu'un laboratoire agréé fait partie d'une organisation plus grande, les dispositions
organisationnelles doivent être telles que les départements ayant des intérêts divergents, tels que les
départements de production, de marketing commercial ou des finances, n'aient pas d'influence négative
sur la conformité du laboratoire aux exigences du présent document.
4.1.3.2 Si le laboratoire agréé souhaite être reconnu comme laboratoire tierce partie, il doit être
à même de démontrer son impartialité et de démontrer que lui et son personnel sont libres de toutes
pressions indues, commerciales, financières et autres, susceptibles d'avoir une répercussion sur leur
jugement technique. Le laboratoire d'essais ou d'étalonnages tierce partie ne doit pas s'engager dans une
activité quelconque susceptible de compromettre la confiance en son indépendance de jugement et son
intégrité vis-à-vis de ses activités d'essai et d'étalonnage.
4.1.4 Le laboratoire agréé doit
a) avoir un personnel d'encadrement et technique qui, indépendamment de toute autre responsabilité,
dispose de l'autorité et des ressources nécessaires pour accomplir ses fonctions, y compris la mise
en œuvre, le maintien et l'amélioration du système de management, pour identifier les écarts
survenant par rapport au système de management ou aux procédures d'exécution des essais
et/ou étalonnages et pour engager des actions visant à prévenir ou à minimiser de tels écarts (voir
aussi 5.2);
b) avoir des dispositions permettant d'assurer que sa direction et son personnel ne sont sujets à aucune
pression ou influence commerciale, financière ou autre indue, interne ou externe, susceptible de
mettre en cause la qualité de leurs travaux;
c) avoir des politiques et des procédures permettant d'assurer la protection des informations
confidentielles et des droits de propriété de ses clients, y compris des procédures visant à protéger
la transmission et le stockage électroniques des résultats;
d) avoi
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO 4094:2018
01-december-2018
3DSLUNDUWRQOHSHQNDLQYODNQLQH6SORãQH]DKWHYH]DXVSRVREOMHQRVW
ODERUDWRULMHYNLVRSRREODãþHQL]DL]GDMDQMHRSWLþQLKUHIHUHQþQLKVWDQGDUGRYQD
VWRSQML
Paper, board and pulps -- General requirements for the competence of laboratories
authorized for the issue of optical reference transfer standards of level 3
Papiers, cartons et pâtes -- Exigences générales concernant la compétence des
laboratoires autorisés pour la délivrance des étalons de référence de transfert optique de
niveau 3
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 4094:2017
ICS:
85.020 Postopki v proizvodnji papirja Paper production processes
oSIST ISO 4094:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST ISO 4094:2018

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oSIST ISO 4094:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4094
Third edition
2017-12
Paper, board and pulps — General
requirements for the competence of
laboratories authorized for the issue
of optical reference transfer standards
of level 3
Papiers, cartons et pâtes — Exigences générales concernant la
compétence des laboratoires autorisés pour la délivrance des étalons
de référence de transfert optique de niveau 3
Reference number
ISO 4094:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017

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oSIST ISO 4094:2018
ISO 4094:2017(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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oSIST ISO 4094:2018
ISO 4094:2017(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Management requirements for Authorized Laboratories . 3
4.1 Organization . 3
4.2 Management system . 4
4.3 Document control . 5
4.3.1 General. 5
4.3.2 Document approval and issue . 5
4.3.3 Document changes . 6
4.4 Review of requests, tenders and contracts . 6
4.5 Subcontracting of calibrations. 7
4.6 Purchasing services and supplies . 7
4.7 Service to the customer . 8
4.8 Complaints . 8
4.9 Control of nonconforming testing and/or calibration work . 8
4.10 Improvement . 9
4.11 Corrective action . 9
4.11.1 General. 9
4.11.2 Cause analysis . 9
4.11.3 Selection and implementation of corrective actions . 9
4.11.4 Monitoring of corrective actions . 9
4.11.5 Additional audits. 9
4.12 Preventive action . 9
4.13 Control of records .10
4.13.1 General.10
4.13.2 Technical records.10
4.14 Internal audits .11
4.15 Management reviews .11
5 Technical requirements .12
5.1 General .12
5.2 Personnel .12
5.3 Accommodation and environmental conditions .13
5.4 Test and calibration methods and method validation .14
5.4.1 General.14
5.4.2 Selection of methods .14
5.4.3 Laboratory-developed methods .14
5.4.4 Non-standard methods .15
5.4.5 Validation of methods . .15
5.4.6 Estimation of uncertainty of measurement .16
5.4.7 Control of data .16
5.5 Equipment .17
5.6 Measurement traceability .18
5.6.1 General.18
5.6.2 Specific requirements – calibration .18
5.6.3 Reference standards and reference materials .18
5.7 Proficiency testing and inter-laboratory comparisons .19
5.8 Sampling .19
5.9 Handling of test and calibration items .19
5.10 Assuring the quality of test and calibration results .20
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oSIST ISO 4094:2018
ISO 4094:2017(E)

5.11 Reporting the results .20
5.11.1 General.20
5.11.2 Test reports and calibration certificates .21
5.11.3 Test reports.21
5.11.4 Calibration certificates.22
5.11.5 Opinions and interpretations . .22
5.11.6 Electronic transmission of results .22
5.11.7 Format of reports and certificates .22
5.11.8 Amendments to test reports and calibration certificates .23
Annex A (normative) Specific requirements for laboratories authorized to issue optical
property reference transfer standards of level 3 .24
Annex B (informative) ISO/TC 6 measurement quantities and standards included in the
scope of this standard .28
Annex C (informative) Example of certificate of compliance as an Authorized Laboratory
meeting the requirements of this document .29
Annex D (informative) Table of contents for Authorized Laboratory biennial report .30
Bibliography .32
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oSIST ISO 4094:2018
ISO 4094:2017(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4094:2005). This version underwent
major changes and now follows the requirements and adopts the format of ISO/IEC 17025.
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oSIST ISO 4094:2018
ISO 4094:2017(E)

Introduction
The main objectives of standardization of testing methods are to create the means by which comparable
results can be obtained on different occasions, with different instruments and in different laboratories,
and to control the processes that determine the acceptability of a product. Most testing methods for
paper, board and pulps are linked by some type of reference standards to which the numerical results
are to be related. In many cases, the comparison is made by means of readily available instruments of
appropriate accuracy: for example, a balance with certified weights, a chronometer, a calibrated length-
measuring device such as a micrometer, etc. However, in certain instances, the relation to the reference
standard may not be obvious, or there may be practical problems in measuring particular properties;
the test method should therefore include additional instructions for ensuring reasonable accuracy of the
results. This may be accomplished with the aid of transfer standards, when the results are related either
to certain properties of a unique reference standard, or to results obtained at specified laboratories
entrusted with the performance of certain delicate measurements. Standardizing Laboratories and
Authorized Laboratories act as links in supplying the transfer standards required.
The acceptance of testing and calibration results between countries will be facilitated if specified
laboratories authorized to issue optical reference transfer standards comply with this document or if
they obtain accreditation from bodies which have entered into mutual recognition agreements with
equivalent bodies in other countries using this document.
The use of this document will facilitate cooperation between specified laboratories authorized to issue
optical reference transfer standards and other bodies, and assist in the exchange of information and
experience, and in the harmonization of calibration standards and procedures.
A laboratory’s fulfilment of the requirements of this document means the laboratory meets both the
general and specific technical competence requirements, and the management system requirements
that are necessary for it to consistently deliver technically valid results.
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oSIST ISO 4094:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4094:2017(E)
Paper, board and pulps — General requirements for the
competence of laboratories authorized for the issue of
optical reference transfer standards of level 3
1 Scope
This document provides both general requirements and specific requirements (Annex A) for laboratories
seeking to become “Authorized Laboratories (ALs)” and to maintain their Authorized Laboratory status
for the issue of optical reference transfer standards of level 3. This document follows the requirements
and adopts the format of ISO/IEC 17025, with the aims of:
a) establishing and maintaining international optical reference transfer standards of level 2 (IR2)
traceable to an international optical reference primary standard of level 1 (IR1) maintained by a
standardizing laboratory;
b) distributing traceability required to achieve inter-laboratory agreement in the results of test
methods specified in International Standards for optical properties of paper, board or pulp;
c) participating in the design and development of new methods and international harmonization of
procedures.
When a laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by this document, such as
sampling and the design/development of new methods, the requirements of those clauses do not apply.
This document is for use by specified laboratories authorized to issue optical reference transfer
standards in developing their management system for quality, administrative and technical operations.
Laboratory customers, regulatory authorities and accreditation bodies can also use it in confirming or
recognizing the competence of laboratories.
NOTE It might be necessary to explain or interpret certain requirements in this document to ensure that
the requirements are applied in a consistent manner. Guidance for consistent application can be obtained from
Technical Committee ISO/TC 6.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 17000, Conformity assessment — Vocabulary and general principles
ISO 2469, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse radiance factor (diffuse reflectance factor)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 17000 and ISO 2469 and
the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 1

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oSIST ISO 4094:2018
ISO 4094:2017(E)

3.1
Standardizing Laboratory
laboratory of a national metrology institute (NMI) or designated institute (DI) that complies with the
requirements of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) Mutual Recognition
Arrangement (MRA) for international recognition of its capabilities to maintain in safe custody, or
otherwise realize the international reference standard of level 1 (notation IR1) (3.4), to transfer the
traceability of IR1 (3.4) to level 2 (notation IR2) (3.5)
Note 1 to entry: These internationally recognized calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) of NMIs
and DIs that are signatories to the CIPM MRA are published in the key comparison database, maintained by the
Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM).
3.2
Authorized Laboratory
AL
laboratory complying with the general requirements of this document and other specific requirements
(Annex A) that transfers the traceability of international reference standards of level 2 (notation IR2)
(3.5) to level 3 (notation IR3) (3.6)
3.3
Authorized Laboratory requirements
set of specified requirements to be fulfilled in order to establish or maintain authorized status
3.4
international reference standard level 1
IR1
primary optical reference standard, the perfect reflecting diffuser, the ideal diffuser exhibiting isotropic
diffuse reflection with a reflectance equal to 1, used for calibration of optical transfer standards
Note 1 to entry: Reflectance is defined as the ratio of the reflected to the incident radiation.
3.5
international reference standard level 2
IR2
secondary optical reference transfer standard for the certification of level 3 (IR3) (3.6) standards or
for the calibration of instruments, consisting of a material certified against an international reference
standard of level 1 (3.4) by a Standardizing Laboratory (3.1), as specified in the relevant International
Standard
Note 1 to entry: This document refers to two types of IR2: a non-fluorescent IR2, whose spectral reflectance
factors have been determined by a Standardizing Laboratory in relation to the IR1; and a fluorescent IR2,
whose total spectral radiance factors corresponding to a specified CIE illuminant have been determined by a
Standardizing Laboratory. A non-fluorescent IR2 is used to calibrate the photometric scale of an Authorized
Laboratory’s reference instrument, and a fluorescent IR2 standard is used to adjust the UV level of an Authorized
Laboratory’s reference instrument.
3.6
international reference standard level 3
IR3
tertiary optical reference transfer standard consisting of a material certified against an international
reference standard of level 2 (3.5) by an Authorized Laboratory (3.2), as specified in the relevant
International Standard, and used by a testing laboratory for the calibration of instruments
Note 1 to entry: This document refers to two types of IR3: a non-fluorescent IR3, whose spectral reflectance factors
have been determined by an Authorized Laboratory in relation to the non-fluorescent IR2; and a fluorescent IR3,
whose calibration values have been determined by an Authorized Laboratory in relation to the fluorescent IR2.
A non-fluorescent IR3 is used to calibrate the photometric scale of a testing laboratory’s instrument. A testing
laboratory uses a fluorescent IR3 to adjust the UV level of the testing laboratory’s instrument.
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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oSIST ISO 4094:2018
ISO 4094:2017(E)

3.7
peer review
name given to judgement of scientific merit by other scientists working in, or close to, the field in
question
Note 1 to entry: For a laboratory to be formally authorized for the dissemination of international reference
standards of level 3 (IR3) (3.6), the assessment of its compliance with the requirements of this document and
other relevant ISO TC6 standards is carried out by peer review by one or more technical managers of the existing
Authorized Laboratories or their designates.
3.8
testing laboratory
laboratory that calibrates testing instrumentation with an IR3
Note 1 to entry: A testing laboratory cannot issue international reference standards.
Table 1 — Organization of laboratories
Laboratory Activity Standard issued
Standardizing Laboratory Maintains IR1 (level 1 standard) Level 2 standard (IR2)
Evaluates IR2 against IR1
Authorized Laboratory Evaluates IR3 against IR2 Level 3 standard (IR3)
Testing Laboratory Calibrates test instrumentation with IR3 No international reference standard issued
4 Management requirements for Authorized Laboratories
4.1 Organization
4.1.1 It is the responsibility of the Authorized Laboratory to carry out its testing and calibration
activities in such a way as to meet the requirements of this document and to satisfy the needs of the
customer to continue to maintain its status as an “Authorized Laboratory”.
4.1.2 The management system shall cover work carried out in the laboratory’s facilities.
4.1.3 If the Authorized Laboratory is part of an organization performing activities other than testing
and/or calibration, the responsibilities of key personnel in the organization that have an involvement
or influence on the testing and/or calibration activities of the Authorized Laboratory shall be defined in
order to identify potential conflicts of interest.
4.1.3.1 Where an Authorized Laboratory is part of a larger organization, the organizational
arrangements shall be such that departments having conflicting interests, such as production, commercial
marketing or financing, do not adversely influence the laboratory's compliance with the requirements of
this document.
4.1.3.2 If the Authorized Laboratory wishes to be recognized as a third-party laboratory, it shall be
able to demonstrate that it is impartial and that it and its personnel are free from any undue commercial,
financial and other pressures which might influence their technical judgement. The third-party testing or
calibration laboratory shall not engage in any activities that may endanger the trust in its independence
of judgement and integrity in relation to its testing or calibration activities.
4.1.4 The Authorized Laboratory shall
a) have managerial and technical personnel who, irrespective of other responsibilities, have
the authority and resources needed to carry out their duties, including the implementation,
maintenance and improvement of the management system, and to identify the occurrence of
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departures from the management system or from the procedures for performing tests and/or
calibrations, and to initiate actions to prevent or minimize such departures (see also 5.2);
b) have arrangements to ensure that its management and personnel are free from any undue internal
and external commercial, financial and other pressures and influences that may adversely affect
the quality of their work;
c) have policies and procedures to ensure the protection of its customers' confidential information
and proprietary rights, including procedures for protecting the electronic storage and transmission
of results;
d) have policies and procedures to avoid involvement in any activities that would diminish confidence
in its competence, impartiality, judgement or operational integrity;
e) define the organization and management structure of the Authorized Laboratory, its place in any
parent organization, and the relationshi
...

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