D20.22 - Cellular Materials - Plastics and Elastomers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for research or for quality control to characterize aromatic isocyanates and prepolymers of moderate to high acidity. Acidity correlates with performance in some polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the acidity, expressed as parts per million (ppm) of HCl, in aromatic isocyanate samples of greater than 100–ppm acidity. The test method is applicable to products derived from toluene diisocyanate and methylene-bis-(4–phenylisocyanate) (see Note 1).
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 14898, Test Method A.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are suitable for quality control, specification testing, and research. The specific gravity is necessary when converting kinematic viscosity to absolute viscosity.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure the specific gravity of polyols. Test Method A measures the specific gravity of polyols using a pycnometer and Test Method B lists a reference for measuring the specific gravity of liquids using a density meter that is applicable to polyols (see Note 1).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General Utility:  
5.1.1 It is useful to verify catalyst levels in a resin blend or a polyurethane system.  
5.1.2 This practice is suitable for research, quality control, specification testing, and process control.  
5.2 Limitations:  
5.2.1 Several of the measured parameters are subjective. Therefore, operator-to-operator variability and lab-to-lab variability can be much higher than that of a single operator.  
5.2.2 The variability of this practice is dependent on the consistency of mixing of the reactants.  
5.2.3 The estimation of precision in this practice is based on typical formulations for rigid and flexible foams. Formulations with faster reaction times will likely have greater variability, particularly cream time (initiation time). Formulations with slower reaction times will likely have greater variability in the measurement of free rise time.  
5.2.4 It is possible that low-level (ppm, ppb) ingredient contamination will not be detectable using this practice. Confirmation of such contamination will potentially require large-scale (~20 L) tests and is out of the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of cream time (initiation time), top of cup time, free rise time, free rise height, string gel time (pull time), tack free time, settle back, and free rise density of polyurethane foam formulations using a cup foam test.  
1.2 Typical definitions, terms, and techniques are described; including procedures for mixing and transferring samples to the foaming container; and data gathering and evaluation. However, agreement between the customer and the testing laboratory for all these items must be obtained prior to use.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurements of EO content correlate to polyol reactivity (as related to primary hydroxyl content), linearity of foam rise, and hydrophilicity of the polyol and final product.
SCOPE
1.1 Test Method A—Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H NMR) measures polymerized ethylene oxide (EO) content of ethylene oxide (EO) propylene oxide (PO) polyether polyols used in flexible polyurethane foams and non-foams. It is suitable for diols initiated from glycols of EO or PO containing EO percentages >5. For triols initiated with glycerol (glycerin) and trimethylolpropane, an uncorrected EO value is obtained since both initiators have protons that contribute to the EO measurement.  
1.2 Test Method B—Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C NMR) measures the polymerized EO content of EO-PO polyether polyols used in flexible polyurethane foams and non-foams. It is suitable for diols and triols made from the commonly used initiators and containing EO percentages >5.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for quality control, as a specification test, and for research. The results are measures of batch-to-batch uniformity and are useful in estimating reactivity.  
5.1.1 The percent nitrogen can be used to characterize a polyol or indicate amounts of certain components in a polyol blend.  
5.1.2 It is permissible to also express the results in equivalents of base per gram of sample, if desired.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the basic constituents in polyols that are soluble in glacial acetic acid and reactive with perchloric acid. Samples containing 0.3 % to 10 % nitrogen have been evaluated by this method. This test method is applicable to polyether polyols and polyether polyol blends that are used in urethane reactions. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 25761:08.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for quality control, as a specification test, and for research. The water content of a polyol is important since isocyanates react with water.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the water content of polyols and many other organic compounds.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 14897.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tests made on materials herein prescribed have the potential to give considerable value in comparing physical properties of different materials, in controlling manufacturing processes, and as a basis for writing specifications.  
5.2 Before proceeding with these test methods, if appropriate, make reference to the specification associated with the material or product being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the ASTM materials or product specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in these test methods. If there are no relevant ASTM specifications, then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the preparation of a standard-size test sample and basic tests for physical property determinations of microcellular urethane materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method establishes standard procedure for determining the tensile and tensile adhesion properties of rigid cellular plastics in the form of test specimens of standard shape under defined conditions of temperature, humidity, and testing machine speed. Tensile properties shall be measured using any of three types of specimens: Type A shall be the preferred specimen in those cases where enough sample material exists to form the necessary specimen; Type B shall be the preferred specimen when only smaller specimens are available, as in sandwich panels, etc.; Type C shall be the preferred specimen for the determination of tensile adhesive properties of a cellular plastic to a substrate as in a sandwich panel or the bonding strength of a cellular plastic to a single substrate. This test method requires the use of the following apparatuses: a constant-rate-of-crosshead-movement type testing machine; self-aligning type grips for holding test specimens; an extension indicator; and a lathe specimen cutter.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile and tensile adhesion properties of rigid cellular materials in the form of test specimens of standard shape under defined conditions of temperature, humidity, and testing machine speed.  
1.2 Tensile properties shall be measured using any of three types of specimens:  
1.2.1 Type A shall be the preferred specimen in those cases where enough sample material exists to form the necessary specimen.  
1.2.2 Type B shall be the preferred specimen when only smaller specimens are available, as in sandwich panels, etc.  
1.2.3 Type C shall be the preferred specimen for the determination of tensile adhesive properties of a cellular plastic to a substrate as in a sandwich panel (top and bottom substrate) or the bonding strength of a cellular plastic to a single substrate.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are suitable for research or as quality control or specification tests.  
4.2 Viscosity measures the resistance of a fluid to uniformly continuous flow without turbulence or other forces.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods (A and B) determine the viscosity of polyols in the range from 10 to 100 000 mPa·s(cP) at 25°C. Test Method A is a rotational procedure for determining dynamic viscosity. Test Method B is a general procedure for kinematic viscosity of transparent polyols. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other equivalent units are provided because of current common usage.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Test Method A is equivalent to ISO 3219. Test Method B is equivalent to ISO 3104.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides information regarding the behavior of cellular materials under compressive loads. Test data is obtained, and from a complete load-deformation curve it is possible to compute the compressive stress at any load (such as compressive stress at proportional-limit load or compressive strength at maximum load) and to compute the effective modulus of elasticity.  
4.2 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load - time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.3 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or a combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the compressive properties of rigid cellular materials, particularly expanded plastics.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 844 are technically equivalent.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are suitable for research and as quality control and specification tests. It is necessary to know the hydroxyl contents of polyols in order to formulate polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure the hydroxyl groups in polyester and polyether polyols containing primary and secondary hydroxyl groups. They also apply to many other hydroxyl-containing substances.  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Acetic Anhydride Pressure Bottle, recommended for polyesters.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Phthalic Anhydride Pressure Bottle, recommended for polyethers and polyesters.  
1.1.3 Test Method C—Phthalic Anhydride Reflux, recommended for polyethers and polyesters.  
1.1.4 Test Method D—Imidazole–Catalyzed Phthalic Anhydride Pressure Bottle, recommended for polyethers, polyesters, polymer polyols, and amine-initiated polyols.  
1.1.5 Test Method E—Imidazole-Catalyzed Pyromellitic Dianhydride Esterification, recommended for polyols used for flexible and rigid polyurethane foams and urethane elastomers. It is recommended for polyester polyols, polyether polyols, amine-started polyols, and polymer polyols (polyacrylonitrile/copolystyrene-based).  
1.2 Another ASTM test method for measuring hydroxyl groups is Test Method E222.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard, ISO 14900 and ISO 6796 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are suitable for research or for quality control to determine the isomer content of toluene diisocyanates.  
5.2 The isomer content of a toluene diisocyanate relates to its reactivity.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure the amount of toluene-2,6-diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) isomer or toluene–2,4–diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) isomer in mixtures of the 2,4- and 2,6-isomers of toluenediisocyanate (TDI). Two different test methods are provided to give accurate results over the broad range of isomer concentrations possible.  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Applicable to TDI samples containing 5 to 95 % of 2,6-TDI isomer (5 to 95 % 2,4-TDI isomer).  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Applicable to TDI samples containing 0 to 5 % of 2,6-TDI isomer (95 to 100 % 2,4-TDI isomer).  
Note 1: These test methods are equivalent to ISO 15064.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for research or for quality control to characterize aromatic isocyanates and low-acidity prepolymers. Acidity correlates with performance in some polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the acidity, expressed as ppm of hydrochloric acid (HCl), in aromatic isocyanate or polyurethane prepolymer samples of below 100 ppm acidity. The test method is applicable to products derived from toluene diisocyanate and methylene di(phenylisocyanate) (see Note 1). Refer to Test Method D6099 for determination of acidity in moderate- to high-acidity aromatic isocyanates.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 14898, Method B.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary hydroxyl content provides information about the relative reactivities of polyols in the urethane forming reaction with isocyanates.
SCOPE
1.1 Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C NMR) measures the primary hydroxyl content of ethylene oxide (EO)-propylene oxide (PO) polyether polyols used in preparing flexible polyurethane foams. This method is best suited for polyether polyols with primary hydroxyl contents of 10 to 90 %.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are suitable for use for research or for quality control to determine the total chlorine content of aromatic isocyanates. In some instances total chlorine content may correlate with performance in polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the total chlorine content of aromatic isocyanates used as polyurethane raw materials. The difference between the total chlorine content and the hydrolyzable chlorine content (see Test Method D4663) is a measure of the amount of chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and other ring-substituted chlorinated products that are present. Both procedures are applicable to a variety of organic compounds but the amount of sample used is varied. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard is identical to ISO 26603.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for research or for quality control to characterize isocyanates used in polyurethane products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the percent by weight of monomeric isomers and total monomer in crude or modified isocyanates. The test method is applicable to methylene di(phenylisocyanate) (MDI) and polymeric (methylene phenylisocyanate) (PMDI). (See Note 1.)  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The 25-mm [1-in.] deflection IFD method is recommended for production screening and quality control on full size cushions only.  
4.2 Applicable cushion thicknesses to be tested by this test method are only those listed in this test method. Further research and development are required before this test method is applicable to other cushion thicknesses.  
4.3 This test method is designed to give a value approximating the 25 % IFD on a 100-mm [4-in.] thick piece of foam when the actual specimen thickness tested is within the ranges listed in the test method. In case of disagreement, the referee method is the IFD procedure in Test Methods D3574, Test B1. The user of this test method shall establish the correlation between this test method and the referee method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a screening type quality control test used to determine if flexible polyurethane foam cushions are within the specified grade range for firmness.  
1.2 This test method is limited to foams with thicknesses that are 75 mm [3 in.] or greater.  
1.3 This test method is based on the fact that the traditional industry standard thickness for Indentation Force Deflection (IFD) is 100 mm [4 in.], and the traditional percent deflection for IFD acceptance and product planning is 25 %. With respect, then, to these traditional industry conventions, a 25 % deflection on a 100-mm [4-in.] cushion would be 25 mm [1 in.]. Thus, deflecting standard cushions (of proper 100 mm thickness) 25 mm [1 in.] provides a quick way to determine if the flexible polyurethane foam is within the specified grade range for 25 % IFD.  
1.4 Cushion thicknesses less than 75 mm [3 in.] shall not be tested for IFD using this test method.  
1.5 This test method is intended to provide a quick and simple method to screen flexible polyurethane foams for determination of its firmness grade.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in U.S. Customary or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 2439 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General Utility:  
5.1.1 It is necessary to know the hydroxyl number of polyols in order to formulate polyurethane systems.  
5.1.2 This practice is suitable for research, quality control, specification testing, and process control.  
5.2 Limitations:  
5.2.1 Factors affecting the NIR spectra of the analyte polyols need to be determined before a calibration procedure is started. Chemical structure, interferences, any nonlinearities, the effect of temperature, and the interaction of the analyte with other sample components such as catalyst, water and other polyols needs to be understood in order to properly select samples that will model those effects which cannot be adequately controlled.  
5.2.2 Calibrations are generally considered valid only for the specific NIR instrument used to generate the calibration. Using different instruments (even when made by the same manufacturer) for calibration and analysis can seriously affect the accuracy and precision of the measured hydroxyl number. Procedures used for transferring calibrations between instruments are problematic and are to be utilized with caution following the guidelines in Section 16. These procedures generally require a completely new validation and statistical analysis of errors on the new instrument.  
5.2.3 The analytical results are statistically valid only for the range of hydroxyl numbers used in the calibration. Extrapolation to lower or higher hydroxyl values can increase the errors and degrade precision. Likewise, the analytical results are only valid for the same chemical composition as used for the calibration set. A significant change in composition or contaminants can also affect the results. Outlier detection, as discussed in Practices E1655, is a tool that can be used to detect the possibility of problems such as those mentioned above.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers a practice for the determination of hydroxyl numbers of polyols using NIR spectroscopy.  
1.2 Definitions, terms, and calibration techniques are described. Procedures for selecting samples, and collecting and treating data for developing NIR calibrations are outlined. Criteria for building, evaluating, and validating the NIR calibration model are also described. Finally, the procedure for sample handling, data gathering and evaluation are described.  
1.3 The implementation of this standard requires that the NIR spectrometer has been installed in compliance with the manufacturer's specifications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard is equivalent ISO 15063.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is suitable as a quality control or specification test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for visual inspection to determine the presence of insoluble foreign material in polyols.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flexible closed-cell or non-interconnecting cellular products, the elastomer content of which is predominantly poly(vinyl chloride) foam or copolymers thereof. Materials shall be produced in sheet, strip, molded, or simple specific shapes. Complete details about apparatuses needed, specimen preparation, and procedures for the testing of compression deflection, compression set under constant deflection, and water absorption are thoroughly itemized.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible closed-cell or non-interconnecting cellular products, the elastomer content of which is predominantly poly(vinyl chloride) or copolymers thereof.  
1.2 In the case of conflict between the provisions of this specification and those of detailed specifications or methods of test for a particular product, the latter shall take precedence.  
1.3 Reference to the methods for testing closed-cell poly(vinyl chloride) contained herein shall specifically state the particular test or tests desired and not refer to these methods of test as a whole.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portions only of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to indicate the ability of a material to recover after a 180° bend around a 12.7-mm (0.5-in.) diameter mandrel at room temperature.  
4.2 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to any specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, or dimensions, or combination thereof, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in these test methods. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
Note 2: This test method is applicable to solid urethanes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure and apparatus for measuring the flexural recovery of microcellular urethanes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for quality control, as a specification test and for research. The urethane reaction between polyols and isocyanates to form polyurethane polymers is known to be sensitive to the presence of basic substances. This is particularly important in the preparation of polyurethane prepolymers which contain isocyanate groups that are known to react in the presence of trace amounts of basic substances. Since many polyether polyols are often made with strongly basic catalysts, it is important to have an analytical method capable of detecting small quantities of residual basic substances. This test method is capable of detecting ppm levels of base (as KOH).4
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring alkalinity in low-alkalinity (  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for quality control, as a specification test, and for research. Acid numbers indicate the extent of any neutralization reaction of the polyol with acids. The results of this method measure batch-to-batch uniformity and are used as correction factors in calculating true hydroxyl numbers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the acidic constituents in polyether polyols and reports the results as acid number. The typical acid number range is 0-0.1 mg KOH/g sample. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard physical property requirements and test methods for urethane microcellular materials intended for shoe soling applications. It covers three grades of polyurethane materials that may be selected for use according to abrasion resistance, cut-growth resistance, and other physical properties. Materials shall be subjected to physical tests and shall conform to the requirements for physical properties such as density, tensile strength, ultimate elongation, tear, hardness, cut-growth resistance, and taper abrasion or wear index.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers microcellular polyurethane materials for shoe soling applications. It provides physical property requirements and identifies test methods for determining those specific properties.  
1.2 SI units are to be regarded as the preferred units of measurements for values. The inch-pound values in parentheses can be used if there is an agreement between the contractual parties.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 CIELAB is a visual-based scale that is used to specify color and set color tolerances for the polyurethane industry.  
5.2 Yellowness Index specifies the degree of departure of the sample from colorless towards yellow. This index is only suitable for clear liquids with degrees of saturation in yellow (dominant transmission wavelength in the 570 to 580 nm range). It is used to set tolerances for appropriate polyurethane raw materials.  
5.3 This test method does not include provisions for materials with fluorescence or visible haze (usually greater than 5 % haze).  
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, make reference to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters or combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides an instrumental method for measuring the CIELAB color and Yellowness Index (YI) of liquid polyurethane raw materials. The CIELAB and YI results are derived from mathematical manipulation of CIE tristimulus values in accordance with Practices E308 and E313, respectively.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers toluene diisocyanate used as an ingredient in the production of polyurethane cellular materials. The three classes of toluene diisocyanate covered in this specification are based on isomer ratio, and the three types are based on acidity and hydrolyzable chloride. Materials shall be tested and the individual grades shall conform to specified values of isomer ratio, purity, APHA color, and total chlorine.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers toluene diisocyanate used as an ingredient in the production of polyurethane materials.  
Note 1: The properties included in this specification are those required to characterize toluene diisocyanate. Other requirements are possible and will be added as the necessary test methods become available.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification applies to flexible closed-cell materials made from polyolefin plastics and blends of polyolefin plastics. Two types of flexible, closed-cell polyolefin foams are covered: type I - closed cell foams made with polyolefin plastics and either chemically or radiation crosslinked, and type II - closed cell foams made with polyolefin plastics that are non-crosslinked. Cellular polyolefin foams furnished under this specification shall be manufactured from any resin or blend of resins that are members of the polyolefin family together with added compounding materials. Unless otherwise specified, the color of cellular polyolefin foams shall be natural.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to flexible closed-cell materials made from polyolefin plastics and blends of polyolefin plastics as defined in Section 3.  
1.2 Extruded or molded shapes too small to permit the cutting of standard test specimens are difficult to classify or test by standard test methods and will usually require special testing procedures or the use of standard test sheets.  
1.3 In case of conflict between the provisions of this specification and those of detailed specifications for a particular product, the latter shall take precedence. These detailed specifications for the flexible closed-cell polyolefin plastic foams shall state the particular test or tests desired.  
1.4 In cases involving referee decisions, SI units shall be used.  
1.5 This specification does not contain test procedures or values for all the suffix letters listed in Table 1 and Table 2. Where the procedure is not described in this specification or special limits are desired, or both, the test procedures and values must be arranged between the purchaser and the supplier.    
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for quality control, as specification tests, and for research.  
5.2 Side reactions that form unsaturated compounds in polypropylene oxides produce small amounts of polymers with only one hydroxyl group per chain. These unsaturated polymers lower functionality and molecular weight, while broadening the overall molecular-weight distribution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures unsaturation in polyether polyols. (See Note 1.) It uses 2 mL of ca. 0.05 M mercuric acetate reagent in methanol and about 1 g of sample or less. This test method uses a potentiometric determination of an end point.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 17710.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used in specifications where porosity of cellular plastics has a direct bearing on their end use. For example, for thermal insulation applications, a high percentage of closed cells is necessary to prevent escape of gases and to promote low thermal conductivity. In flotation applications, high closed-cell content generally reduces water absorption.  
5.2 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, or dimensions, or both, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers cellular plastics, which are composed of membranes or walls of polymer separating small cavities or cells. These cells may be interconnecting (open cell), non-connecting (closed cell), or any combination of these types. This test method determines numerical values for open cells. It is a porosity determination, measuring the accessible cellular volume of a material. The remaining volume is that occupied by closed cells and cell walls. Since any conveniently sized specimen is typically obtained by some cutting operation, a fraction of the closed cells will be opened by specimen preparation and will be included as open cells, (see Note 2).  
1.2 This test method provides good accuracy on predominantly highly open-celled materials. By not accounting for closed cells that were opened during specimen preparation, the accuracy decreases as the closed cell content increases and as the cell size increases.  
1.3 The values as stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for reference only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 4590 use the same basic principles but are significantly different in experimental detail.
Note 2: Two procedures for correcting for cells opened during specimen preparation are described in Appendix X1.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General Utility:  
5.1.1 This practice is suitable for research, quality control, specification testing and process control.  
5.1.2 It is useful to define and verify the reactivity of non-foam polyurethane formulations.  
5.2 Limitations:  
5.2.1 Operator-to-operator variability and lab-to-lab variability can be significant.  
5.2.2 The variability of this practice is dependent on the equipment used to measure the gel time. It is recommended that the testing laboratory and the client agree on the equipment and the conditions to be used that include the following:
5.2.2.1 Gel Tester and gel point criteria,
5.2.2.2 Speed/rpm of the mixer,
5.2.2.3 Type and shape of the mix blades,
5.2.2.4 Size and type (for example, shape, lined or unlined) of container for mixing the components and for measuring the gel time, and
5.2.2.5 The volume (or height) of material to be placed in the container for measuring the gel time and the depth of the measuring wire or spindle of the gel tester from the bottom of the container.  
5.2.3 Users of this practice shall develop their own precision data to determine if these procedures meet their requirements.  
5.2.4 It is possible that low-levels (ppm, ppb) of contaminants will not be detected using this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for determining the gel times of polyurethane non-foam formulations using commercially available gel test equipment.  
1.2 Definitions, terms, and techniques are described along with procedures for calculating sample weights.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for research or for quality control to characterize TDI and MDI.  
5.2 This test method was developed to overcome problems with low-level acidity determinations that use glass electrodes in the presence of reagent alcohol solvents. Reagent alcohols contain acidic and basic species, which complicate the glass electrode methods at low levels of acidity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the hydrolyzable chlorine content of monomeric, aromatic isocyanates used as polyurethane raw materials and expresses it as HCl acidity. The test method is applicable to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and monomeric methylene di(phenylisocyanate), known as MDI. The main sources of hydrolyzable chlorine and, therefore, acidity in monomeric aromatic isocyanates are carbamyl chlorides, acid chlorides, and dissolved phosgene. All of these compounds react with alcohols and water to form hydrochloric acid.  
1.2 This test method applies only to monomeric isocyanates in which all of the acidity is derived from species that generate HCl on solvolysis.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods can be used for research, quality control, or specification tests to characterize isocyanates used in polyurethane products.  
4.2 Viscosity measures the resistance of a fluid to uniform continuous flow without turbulence or other forces.  
4.3 Some isocyanates exhibit non-Newtonian behavior under certain conditions. Whenever possible, generate results for comparison under the same conditions, that is, the same spindle/speed combination for rotational viscosity and the same tube size for kinematic viscosity.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods (A and B) determine the viscosity of crude or modified isocyanates. They are applicable to products derived from toluene diisocyanate, methylene di(phenylisocyanate), and polymeric (methylene phenylisocyanate) (see Note 1).
Note 1: Test method A includes a procedure for measuring dynamic viscosity using a rotational instrument. Test method B is a general procedure for kinematic viscosity of isocyanate.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statement, see Warning at the end of 5.1.
Note 2: Test Method A is equivalent to ISO 3219, Test Method B is equivalent to ISO 3104.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Several physical properties of rigid cellular plastics are dependent on cell size and cell orientation. Measuring water absorption and open-cell content in accordance with Test Method D2842 and Test Method D6226 requires knowledge of surface cell volume, which uses cell size values in the calculations.  
5.2 This test method provides an apparent cell size because it assumes that there is no measurable edge to edge or top to bottom variation in average cell size and that the cell size distribution about the average cell size is normal. If the analyst is concerned there may be significant variation in either the average cell size or the cell size distribution more detailed analysis may be required.  
5.3 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or a combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
FIG. 1 Razor Blade Cell Size Specimen Slicer
FIG. 2 Cell Size Scale Slide Assembly
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent cell size of rigid cellular plastics by counting the number of cell-wall intersections in a specified distance.  
1.2 Procedure A requires the preparation of a thin slice, not more than one half the average cell diameter in thickness, that is mechanically stable. For most rigid cellular plastics this limits the test method to materials with an average cell size of at least 0.2 mm.  
1.3 Procedure B is intended for use with materials whose friable nature makes it difficult to obtain a thin slice for viewing.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The annex to ISO 2896 is technically equivalent to this test method.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Because of the wide variety of potential uses of rigid cellular plastics, artificial exposure to estimate the effective behavior of these materials must be based, to a great extent, on the intended application. Toward this end, this test method is intended to recommend a variety of conditions from which one or more of the desired exposure conditions can be selected. (Note 3)  
4.2 The conditions recommended in this test method have been widely used in artificially exposing rigid cellular plastics and in determining the effects of various temperatures and humidities on these materials. Final test measurements are determined after the specimens return to room temperature. Where specified, the specimens will be tested at the exposure condition, but must be reported as such.  
4.3 Dimensional changes measured by this test method can be used to compare the performance of materials in a particular environment, to assess the relative stability of two or more cellular plastics, or to specify an acceptance criterion for a particular material. The results of this test method are not suitable for predicting end-use product performance or characteristics, nor are they adequate for engineering or design calculations.
Note 3: Where thermal shock is known or suspected to occur due to rapid heating to (or cooling from) a particular temperature, guidance on the permissible heating or cooling rates, or both, shall be obtained from the manufacturer of the material concerned.
Note 4: The dimensional change of a specimen can vary depending upon the age of the sample or the length of time between specimen preparation and the beginning of the test, or both.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters covered in the materials specification, or combination thereof, shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test metho...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the thermal and humid exposure of rigid cellular plastics. Conditions used shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.  
Note 1: A list of commonly used exposure conditions is found in Table 1.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: This test method is equivalent to ISO 2796 in the sampling and calculation sections. It is not equivalent to ISO 2796 in the procedure section.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flexible cellular rubber products known as sponge rubber and expanded rubber, but does not apply to latex foam rubber or ebonite cellular rubber. The base material for an open/closed cellular product may be made of synthetic, natural, or reclaimed rubber, or a mixture, and may contain other polymers or chemicals, or both, which may be modified by organic or inorganic additives. The cellular rubber shall be categorized by types, classes, suffixes, and grades: Types 1 and 2; Classes A, B, C, and D; Grades 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The various grades of cellular rubber shall conform to the requirements as to physical properties specified. The following test methods shall be performed: accelerated aging tests; compression-deflection tests; oil-immersion test (open-cell sponge); fluid immersion tests (closed cell); water absorption test; density tests; and low-temperature flex test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible cellular rubber products known as sponge rubber and expanded rubber, but does not apply to latex foam rubber or ebonite cellular rubber. The base material for an open/closed cellular product may be made of synthetic, natural, or reclaimed rubber, or a mixture, and may contain other polymers or chemicals, or both, which may be modified by organic or inorganic additives. These elastomeric materials have properties similar to those of vulcanized rubber, namely (1) the ability to be converted from a thermoplastic to a thermosetting state by crosslinking (vulcanization) or (2) the substantial recovery of their original shapes when strained or elongated, or both.  
1.2 Extruded or molded shapes of sizes too small for cutting standard test specimens are difficult to classify or test by these methods and will usually require special testing procedures.  
1.3 In case of conflict between the provisions of this general specification and those of detailed specifications or test methods for a particular product, the latter shall take precedence. Reference to the test methods in this specification should specifically state the particular test or tests desired.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portions of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: ISO 6916-1 is similar to this specification.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flexible cellular urethane materials intended for such uses as inserts for furniture cushions, mattresses, and similar applications. The material and dimensional requirements and methods of tests for specific properties of load bearing, compression set, humid age resistance, pounding fatigue resistance, support factor and resilience are prescribed. This specification covers eight grades of flexible cellular material that may be selected for use in accordance with load bearing and general physical properties, four grades based on pounding-fatigue properties, and three grades based on cushioning performance properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible cellular urethane materials intended for such uses as inserts for furniture cushions, mattresses, and similar applications.  
1.2 This specification provides material and dimensional requirements and methods of tests for specific properties of load bearing, compression set, humid age resistance, pounding fatigue resistance, support factor and resilience.  
1.3 This specification includes references to government regulations for burning characteristics of flexible cellular material used in specified applications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no equivalent ISO standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 If the material to be tested includes forming skins, the apparent overall density, or the apparent core density, or both, shall be determined. If the material does not have forming skins, the term overall density is not applicable.  
4.2 This test method is also applicable to spray foam materials.  
4.3 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications, then the default conditions in this method apply.  
4.4 When density or apparent density is used in reference to a cellular plastic, without further qualification, it shall be interpreted as follows:  
4.4.1 density—shall be interpreted as being the apparent overall density if the material is to be used with forming skins intact.  
4.4.2 density—shall be interpreted as the apparent core density if the forming skins have been, or will be, removed before the material is used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the density of a cellular plastic. Density can be evaluated as the apparent overall density (includes forming skins) or by apparent core density (forming skins removed).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 845.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to indicate the potential tendency of microcellular materials to deform during paint application in an assembly plant operation. Since a standard specimen is used, do not assume heat sag measurements to be exactly those which will occur on a part during or after the paint application and baking operation of an assembly process.  
4.2 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, or dimensions, or combination thereof, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in these test methods. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
Note 2: This test method is applicable to solid urethanes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure and apparatus for measuring high-temperature sag of microcellular urethane materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are suitable for quality control, as specification tests, and for research. The acid and alkalinity numbers indicate the extent of a reaction with acids. The results are measures of batch-to-batch uniformity and are typically used as correction factors in calculating hydroxyl number.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure the acidic and basic constituents in polyols and other materials of high acidity or alkalinity that are soluble in mixtures of toluene and ethyl alcohol. These test methods do not apply to polyethers. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes requirements for chemically blown cellular rubber. Cellular rubber may be classified into two types: Type I which is open cell or sponge rubber and Type II which is closed cell or expanded rubber. Both types are divided into three grades: Grade A which is oil-and flame-resistant, Grade B which has no requirements for oil ,flame resistance, or low temperature, and Grade C which is low-temperature resistant. Each type and class has been divided into three different conditions. Each condition is based on a specific range of firmness as expressed by compression deflection as follows: super soft, soft, soft-medium, medium, medium-firm, and firm conditions. Several tests shall be performed in order to determine the following physical properties of cellular rubber: compression deflection, low-temperature resistance, accelerated aging, recovery, flame resistance, shrinkage, water absorption, oil aging, and color.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for chemically blown cellular rubber.  
1.2 In the case of conflict between the provisions of this specification and those of detailed specifications or test methods for a particular product, the latter shall take precedence.  
1.3 Unless specifically stated otherwise, by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, all test methods shall be performed in accordance with the test methods specified in this specification.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 There is no known ISO equivalent to this specification.
Note 1: This specification was revised using the updated test methods and specifications in the latest version of Specification D1056.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for research or for quality control to characterize toluene diisocyanates. Hydrolyzable chlorine correlates with performance in some polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the hydrolyzable chlorine content of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, toluene-2,6-diisocyanate, or mixtures of the two. It is acceptable to apply this test method to other isocyanates of suitable solubility. (See Note 1.) The main sources of hydrolyzable chlorine in the isocyanates are carbamoyl chloride and dissolved phosgene. Both of these compounds react with alcohols and water, forming ureas, carbamates, carbon dioxide, and hydrochloric acid. (See Note 2.)  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: It is possible that this test method is applicable to crude polymeric isocyanates. However, the precision with crude polymeric isocyanates has not been established.
Note 2: This standard is identical to ISO 15028.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test procedures provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance and rejection under specifications, and special purposes.  
5.2 The data obtained by these test methods are applicable to the material under conditions of the particular test and are not necessarily the same as obtained in other environments or use conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods apply to flexible closed cell materials made from olefin polymers or blends of olefin polymers with other polymers as defined in Section 3.  
1.2 These test methods cover test procedures only. Product requirements are outlined in Specification D4819.  
1.3 Unless specifically stated otherwise, by agreement between the purchaser and supplier, all tests shall be performed in accordance with the test methods specified in this standard.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 7214 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods can be used for research or for quality control to characterize isocyanates used in polyurethane products.  
4.2 A general test method for specific gravity using a digital density meter, which applies to isocyanates as well as other liquids is published in Test Method D4052.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the specific gravity of toluenediisocyanate, polymeric (methylene phenylisocyanate), and liquid methylene di(phenylisocyanate). These test methods also are applicable to many other liquids. (See Note 1.)  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Specific gravity by pycnometer, for high-accuracy determination.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Specific gravity by hydrometer, for a less accurate, but rapid, determination.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are to be used for research or for quality control to characterize isocyanates used in polyurethane products.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are used to measure the isocyanate content of aromatic isocyanates used as polyurethane raw materials.  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Unheated toluene-dibutylamine determines the toluene diisocyanate content, the amine equivalent and the isocyanate content of refined toluene-2,4-diisocyanate and toluene-2,6-diisocyanate, or mixtures of the two. Other isomers, if present, will be included in the determination. This test method is also applicable to other isocyanates of suitable reactivity and solubility.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Heated toluene-dibutylamine determines the amine equivalent and the isocyanate content of crude or modified isocyanates derived from toluene diisocyanate, methylene di-(4-phenylisocyanate) and polymeric (methylene phenylisocyanate).  
1.1.3 Test Method C—Unheated trichlorobenzene-toluene-dibutylamine determines the amine equivalent and the isocyanate content of crude or modified isocyanates derived from toluene diisocyanate, methylene-di-(4-phenylisocyanate) and polymeric (methylene phenylisocyanate).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Method C of this test method is equivalent to Method B of ISO 14896.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for research or for quality control to characterize isocyanates used in polyurethane products.  
5.2 For toluene diisocyanate, results from this test method can relate to reactivity or performance in polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the color of clear liquids. It is applicable only to materials whose color-producing bodies have light-absorption characteristics similar to those of the platinum cobalt color standards used.2 (See Test Method D1209 and Note 1.) Suitable isocyanates include toluene diisocyanate, and pure or modified monomeric methylene di(phenylisocyanate).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 6271-1 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a means for comparing relative water absorption tendencies between different cellular plastics. It is intended for use in specifications, product evaluation, and quality control. It is applicable to specific end-use design requirements only to the extent that the end-use conditions are similar to the immersion period (normally 96 h) and 5.1-cm (2-in.) head requirements of the test method.
Note 2: Studies by ASTM Subcommittee D20.22 show that some cellular plastics, particularly those with open cells or natural interstices, continue to absorb additional significant amounts of water beyond the 96-h immersion period. It was also found that water absorption of some cellular plastics is significantly higher when exposed to a greater pressure head, as might be encountered in certain underwater installations.  
5.2 This test method provides a means for measuring absorption as a result of direct contact exposure to free water. Results by this test method cannot be used to compare the resistance of cellular plastics to water vapor transmission and subsequent condensation within the cells. To determine resistance to water vapor transmission, see Test Methods E96.  
5.3 Water absorption testing is subject to several important variables, which if not considered, prohibit sufficient agreement among testing laboratories. Development of this test method has taken into account the most serious of the possible sources of error. See Notes 3-6, below, for some possible sources of error.
Note 3: In some methods, an error is encountered due to a rapid absorption of water before an accurate initial weight can be obtained. This test method accounts for that potential error by providing Procedure A for use with materials that behave in this manner. In this procedure the only submerged measurement required is a final weighing taken after the 96-h immersion period.
Note 4: The increase in volume that occurs with some foams when immers...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water absorption of rigid cellular plastics by measuring the change in buoyant force resulting from immersion under a 5.1-cm (2-in.) head of water for the specified immersion period of 96 h.  
1.2 This test method describes two procedures that shall be used to measure the change in buoyant force. Procedure A shall be used for materials that either experience rapid water absorption or that show an increase in volume during the exposure period, or both. Materials that do not exhibit either of these characteristics shall be evaluated by Procedure B.  
1.3 For specific applications, immersion periods varying from the normal 96-h test requirement shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 2896.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the basic test procedures for the determination of the physical properties and the reporting of data for high-density rigid cellular plastics. Samples shall be prepared by either processing samples directly into proper size specimens, or by preparing samples from larger sections as specified in each individual test. Since cellular plastics are often nonuniform in density distribution, a minimum of five specimens shall, therefore, be tested per testing method to obtain representative values. The test methods covered here are to examine the following material properties: apparent density; compressive strength; tensile properties; coefficient of linear thermal expansion; apparent flexural properties; deflection temperature; dielectric breakdown voltage and dielectric strength; thermal conductivity; and water absorption rate.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic test procedures for determination of the physical properties and reporting of data for high-density rigid cellular plastics.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 9054 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers material and dimensional requirements for high-density rubber cellular cushion adhered to carpet, rugs, or various substrates intended for use as a separate underlay. However, this specification does not include requirements for burning characteristics. Material covered in this specification comprises Class A and Class B flexible, cellular, high-density rubber. Tests for compression set, compression resistance or compression force deflection, delaminations strength, tensile strength, and accelerated aging shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this specification is to provide meaningful tests for rubber cellular cushion used for carpet or rug underlay.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high-density cellular rubber adhered to carpet and rugs. This specification can also be applied to various substrates, such as blown sponge rubber, used independently as carpet underlay.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are suitable for quality control, as specification tests, and for research. Color is an important property of urethane products.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure visually the color of clear polyester and polyether liquids. They apply only to materials whose colors have light-absorption characteristics similar to those of the standards. An alternative method is Test Method D1209 (see Note 1).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1: Test Method A of this standard is equivalent to ISO 6271-1. Test Method B of this standard is equivalent to ISO 4630-1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test procedures provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance and rejection under specifications, and special purposes.  
5.2 The data obtained by these test methods are applicable to the material under conditions of the particular test and are not necessarily the same as obtained in other environments in use.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods apply to slab, bonded, and molded flexible cellular products known as urethane foams. Urethane foam is generally defined as an expanded cellular product produced by the interaction of active hydrogen compounds, water, and isocyanates.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard, however certain test methods in this standard have similar or equivalent ISO standards and are listed in the scope of the individual test method sections.