ASTM F3187-16(2023)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Directed Energy Deposition of Metals
Standard Guide for Directed Energy Deposition of Metals
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide applies to directed energy deposition (DED) systems and processes, including electron beam, laser beam, and arc plasma based systems, as well as applicable material systems.
5.2 Directed energy deposition (DED) systems have the following general collection of characteristics: ability to process large build volumes (>1000 mm3), ability to process at relatively high deposition rates, use of articulated energy sources, efficient energy utilization (electron beam and arc plasma), strong energy coupling to feedstock (electron beam and arc plasma), feedstock delivered directly to the melt pool, ability to deposit directly onto existing components, and potential to change chemical composition within a build to produce functionally graded materials. Feedstock for DED is delivered to the melt pool in coordination with the energy source, and the deposition head (typically) indexes up from the build surface with each successive layer.
5.3 Although DED systems can be used to apply a surface cladding, such use does not fit the current definition of AM. Cladding consists of applying a uniform buildup of material on a surface. To be considered AM, a computer aided design (CAD) file of the build features is converted into section cuts representing each layer of material to be deposited. The DED machine then builds up material, layer-by-layer, so material is only applied where required to produce a part, add a feature or make a repair.
5.4 DED has the ability to produce relatively large parts requiring minimal tooling and relatively little secondary processing. In addition, DED processes can be used to produce components with composition gradients, or hybrid structures consisting of multiple materials having different compositions and structures. DED processes are also commonly used for component repair and feature addition.
5.5 Fig. 1 gives a general guide as to the relative capabilities of the main DED processes compared to others currently used for meta...
SCOPE
1.1 Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is used for repair, rapid prototyping and low volume part fabrication. This document is intended to serve as a guide for defining the technology application space and limits, DED system set-up considerations, machine operation, process documentation, work practices, and available system and process monitoring technologies.
1.2 DED is an additive manufacturing process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by melting as they are being deposited.
1.3 DED Systems comprise multiple categories of machines using laser beam (LB), electron beam (EB), or arc plasma energy sources. Feedstock typically comprises either powder or wire. Deposition typically occurs either under inert gas (arc systems or laser) or in vacuum (EB systems). Although these are the predominant methods employed in practice, the use of other energy sources, feedstocks and atmospheres may also fall into this category.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. All units of measure included in this guide are accepted for use with the SI.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3187 − 16 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Guide for
1
Directed Energy Deposition of Metals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 The latest version of the specifications referenced below
1.1 Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is used for repair,
should be used, unless specifically referenced otherwise in the
rapid prototyping and low volume part fabrication. This
main document.
document is intended to serve as a guide for defining the
2
technology application space and limits, DED system set-up 2.2 ASTM Standards:
B214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal Powders
considerations, machine operation, process documentation,
C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
work practices, and available system and process monitoring
D6128 Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using
technologies.
the Jenike Shear Tester
1.2 DED is an additive manufacturing process in which
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by melting as
Sieves
they are being deposited.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1515 Test Method for Minimum Explosible Concentration
1.3 DED Systems comprise multiple categories of machines
of Combustible Dusts
using laser beam (LB), electron beam (EB), or arc plasma
F327 Practice for Sampling Gas Blow Down Systems and
energy sources. Feedstock typically comprises either powder
Components for Particulate Contamination by Automatic
or wire. Deposition typically occurs either under inert gas (arc
Particle Monitor Method
systems or laser) or in vacuum (EB systems). Although these
F2971 Practice for Reporting Data for Test Specimens Pre-
are the predominant methods employed in practice, the use of
pared by Additive Manufacturing
other energy sources, feedstocks and atmospheres may also fall
3
2.3 ISO/ASTM Standards:
into this category.
52900 Additive Manufacturing—General Principles—
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Terminology
standard. All units of measure included in this guide are 52921 Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing—
Coordinate Systems and Test Methodologies
accepted for use with the SI.
4
2.4 ASQ Standard
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ASQ C-1 Specification of General Requirement For A Qual-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ity Program
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5
2.5 AWS Standards:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
A3.0/A3.0M Standard Welding Terms and Definitions
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
A5.01/A5.01M Procurement Guidelines for Consumables—
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Welding and Allied Processes
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
A5.02/A5.02M Specification for Filler Metal—Standard
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Sizes Packaging and Physical Attributes
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on Additive Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
F42.05 on Materials and Processes. Available from American Society for Quality, P.O. Box 3005, Milwaukee, WI
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2023. Published January 2024. Originally 53201-3005.
5
approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F3187 – 16. DOI: Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 8669 NW 36 St., #130,
10.1520/F3187-16R23. Miami, FL 33166-6672, http://www.aws.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3187 − 16 (2023)
A5.14/A5.14M Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy 3.2.4.1 Discussi
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.