Standard Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents <a href="#fn00002"></a>
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D459 – 08a
Standard Terminology Relating to
,
1 2
Soaps and Other Detergents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope containingmoietiesinsolutionexpressedasoxygen(equiva-
lent weight 8.00).
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
alkaline detergent—under detergent, see inorganic alkaline
2. Referenced Documents detergent.
3
alkyl benzene sulfonate (in the context of soaps and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
detergents)—the detergent produced by sulfonating deter-
D460 TestMethodsforSamplingandChemicalAnalysisof
gent alkylate; any surface-active substance having the mo-
Soaps and Soap Products
lecular structure of a benzene sulfonic acid having as a ring
D820 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Con-
substituent(s) an alkyl group(s) sufficiently large to confer
taining Synthetic Detergents
detergent properties.
D2330 Test Method for Methylene BlueActive Substances
ampholytic surfactant or amphoteric surfactant—see surface-
D2667 Test Method for Biodegradability of Alkylbenzene
active agent.
Sulfonates
anhydrous soap—under soap, see anhydrous soap.
D2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Natu-
anionic detergent—under detergent, see anionic detergent.
rally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances
artificially soiled cloth (sometimes called “standard soiled
D4265 GuideforEvaluatingStainRemovalPerformancein
cloth”)—clothsoiledwithoneormorematerialsandusedto
Home Laundering
evaluate the effectiveness of detergents or washing equip-
D5548 Guide for Evaluating Color Transfer or Color Loss
ment.
of Dyed Fabrics in Laundering
available chlorine in cleaning compounds—the oxidizing
3. Terms and Definitions
power of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other oxidizing
chlorine moieties in solution, expressed as chlorine of
ABS—an abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate. Although
equivalent weight 35.45, and as determined by thiosulfate
strictly speaking this might apply to any such compound,
titration.
present practice is to use it for those containing branched
bathroom soil—the soil composed of water insoluble, or
chains. (See LAS).
practically insoluble, materials or a mixture of these mate-
acid-wash color—the color developed in the separated acid
rials, present on typical bathroom surfaces other than those
when a sample of detergent alkylate is agitated with sulfuric
of floors and toilets. A major component of this soil is the
acid under the conditions prescribed by the method.
insoluble precipitate, commonly referred to as “soap scum,”
active ingredient of a synthetic detergent—the organic
that is deposited when soap is used in hard water.
surface-active material present in the detergent.
blended soap—under soap, see blended soap.
active oxygen—in cleaning compounds, the oxidizing power
brightener—see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
of oxygen present as peroxide or other active oxygen-
brightening agent—see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
buffer action—the resistance of a solution to change in pH.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D12 on Soaps
builder—a material added to a soap or synthetic detergent
and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.32 on
formulation that enhances or maintains the cleaning effi-
Nomenclature and Definitions.
ciency of the surfactant, principally by inactivating water
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally
hardness either by sequestration, precipitation, or ion ex-
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D459-08. DOI:
10.1520/D0459-08A.
change. Other functions, depending on the performance
2
A “Handbook of Industry Terms” is available from the Soap and Detergent
capability of the builder compound used, include supplying
Association, 475 Park Ave. S., New York, NY 10016. This is an essentially
alkalinity, buffering to maintain alkalinity at effective clean-
nontechnical list of definitions of interest to the soap and detergent industry. It is
referenced here for information purposes only. ing levels, helping to keep removed soil in suspension, and
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
emulsifying oily soils.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
built soap—under soap, see built soap.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 459–08 Designation: D 459 – 08a
Standard Terminology Relating to
,
1 2
Soaps and Other Detergents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D460 Test Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Soaps and Soap Products
D820 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Containing Synthetic Detergents
D2330 Test Method for Methylene Blue Active Substances
D2667 Test Method for Biodegradability of Alkylbenzene Sulfonates
D2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Naturally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances
D4265 Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performance in Home Laundering
D5548 Guide for Evaluating Color Transfer or Color Loss of Dyed Fabrics in Laundering
3. Terms and Definitions
ABS—an abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate. Although strictly speaking this might apply to any such compound, present
practice is to use it for those containing branched chains. (See LAS).
acid-washcolor—thecolordevelopedintheseparatedacidwhenasampleofdetergentalkylateisagitatedwithsulfuricacidunder
the conditions prescribed by the method.
active ingredient of a synthetic detergent—the organic surface-active material present in the detergent.
active oxygen— in cleaning compounds, the oxidizing power of oxygen present as peroxide or other active oxygen-containing
moieties in solution expressed as oxygen (equivalent weight 8.00).
alkaline detergent—under detergent, see inorganic alkaline detergent.
alkyl benzene sulfonate (in the context of soaps and detergents) —the detergent produced by sulfonating detergent alkylate;
any surface-active substance having the molecular structure of a benzene sulfonic acid having as a ring substituent(s) an alkyl
group(s) sufficiently large to confer detergent properties.
ampholytic surfactant or amphoteric surfactant —see surface-active agent.
anhydrous soap— under soap, see anhydrous soap.
anionic detergent— under detergent, see anionic detergent.
artificially soiled cloth (sometimes called “standard soiled cloth”)—cloth soiled with one or more materials and used to
evaluate the effectiveness of detergents or washing equipment.
available chlorine in cleaning compounds—the oxidizing power of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other oxidizing chlorine
moieties in solution, expressed as chlorine of equivalent weight 35.45, and as determined by thiosulfate titration.
bathroom soil—the soil composed of water insoluble, or practically insoluble, materials or a mixture of these materials, present
on typical bathroom surfaces other than those of floors and toilets.Amajor component of this soil is the insoluble precipitate,
commonly referred to as “soap scum,” that is deposited when soap is used in hard water.
blended soap— under soap, see blended soap.
brightener— see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
brightening agent— see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.32on
Nomenclature and Definitions.
Current edition approved JulyOct. 15, 2008. Published SeptemberDecember 2008. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 20072008 as
D459-00(2007).D459-08.
2
A“Handbook of Industry Terms” is available from the Soap and DetergentAssociation, 475 ParkAve. S., NewYork, NY10016. This is an essentially nontechnical list
of definitions of interest to the soap and detergent industry. It is referenced here for information purposes only.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 459 – 08a
buffer action—the resistance of a solution to change in pH.
builder—a material added to a soap or synthetic detergent formulation that enhances or maintains the cleaning efficiency of the
surfactant, principally by inactivating water ha
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.