ASTM D1922-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is of value in ranking relative tearing resistance of various plastic films and thin sheeting of comparable thickness. Experience has shown the test to have its best reliability on relatively less extensible films and sheeting. Variable elongation and oblique tearing effects on the more extensible films preclude its use as a precise production-control tool for these types of plastics. This test method should be used for specification acceptance testing only after it has been demonstrated that the data for the particular material are acceptably reproducible. This test method should be used for service evaluation only after its usefulness for the particular application has been demonstrated with a number of different films.
This test method has been widely used as one index of the tearing resistance of plastic film and thin sheeting used in packaging applications. While it may not always be possible to correlate film tearing data with its other mechanical or toughness properties, the apparatus of this test method provides a controlled means for tearing specimens at straining rates approximating some of those found in actual packaging service.
Due to orientation during their manufacture, plastic films and sheeting frequently show marked anisotropy in their resistance to tearing. This is further complicated by the fact that some films elongate greatly during tearing, even at the relatively rapid rates of loading encountered in this test method. The degree of this elongation is dependent in turn on film orientation and the inherent mechanical properties of the polymer from which it is made. These factors make tear resistance of some films reproducible between sets of specimens to ±5 % of the mean value, while others may show no better reproducibility than ±50 %.
Data obtained by this test method may supplement that from Test Method D 1004, wherein the specimen is strained at a rate of 50 mm (2 in.) per minute. However, specimen geometry and testing...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average force to propagate tearing through a specified length of plastic film or nonrigid sheeting after the tear has been started, using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. Two specimens are cited, a rectangular type, and one with a constant radius testing length. The latter shall be the preferred or referee specimen.
1.2 Because of (1) difficulties in selecting uniformly identical specimens, (2) the varying degree of orientation in some plastic films, and (3) the difficulty found in testing highly extensible or highly oriented materials, or both, the reproducibility of the test results may be variable and, in some cases, not good or misleading. Provisions are made in the test method to address oblique directional tearing which may be found with some materials.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 13.1.
Note 1—This standard and ISO 6383-2 are technically equivalent.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1922–08
Standard Test Method for
Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin
1
Sheeting by Pendulum Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1922; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2 3
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
averageforcetopropagatetearingthroughaspecifiedlengthof D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
plastic film or nonrigid sheeting after the tear has been started, lation
using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. Two specimens are D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
cited, a rectangular type, and one with a constant radius testing D 689 Test Method for InternalTearing Resistance of Paper
length. The latter shall be the preferred or referee specimen. D 1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of
1.2 Because of (1) difficulties in selecting uniformly iden- Plastic Film and Sheeting
tical specimens, (2) the varying degree of orientation in some D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-
plastic films, and (3) the difficulty found in testing highly rials
extensible or highly oriented materials, or both, the reproduc- E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
ibilityofthetestresultsmaybevariableand,insomecases,not Determine the Precision of a Test Method
good or misleading. Provisions are made in the test method to 2.2 ISO Standard:
address oblique directional tearing which may be found with ISO 6383-2 Plastics—Film and Sheeting—Determination
4
some materials. of Tear Resistance—Part 2 Elmendorf Method
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3. Summary of Test Method
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. 3.1 The force in grams required to propagate tearing across
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the a film or sheeting specimen is measured using a precisely
calibrated pendulum device. Acting by gravity, the pendulum
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- swings through an arc, tearing the specimen from a precut slit.
The specimen is held on one side by the pendulum and on the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau- other side by a stationary member. The loss in energy by the
pendulum is indicated by a pointer. The scale indication is a
tionary statements are given in 13.1.
function of the force required to tear the specimen.
NOTE 1—This standard and ISO 6383-2 are technically equivalent.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method is of value in ranking relative tearing
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
resistance of various plastic films and thin sheeting of compa-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally
rable thickness. Experience has shown the test to have its best
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 1922 - 06a.
reliability on relatively less extensible films and sheeting.
2
This test method has been adapted from TAPPI Standard Method T 414M-49,
Variable elongation and oblique tearing effects on the more
Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper. In testing certain plastic films, problems of
extensiblefilmsprecludeitsuseasapreciseproduction-control
reproducibility and interpretation of results are encountered which require special
treatment to make the test method of most value. This test method is revised here
tool for these types of plastics.This test method should be used
specifically for use with plastic film and thin sheeting. For more complete
explanation of certain aspects of the equipment, its calibration and adjustment, refer
3
to TAPPI Standard Method T 414M-49. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
The following additional references may be of interest in connection with this contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
test method: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Painter,E.V.,Chu,C.C.,andMorgan,H.M.,“TestingTextilesontheElmendorf the ASTM website.
4
Tear Tester,” Textile Research Journal, Vol XX, No. 6, June 1950, pp. 410–417. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1922–06a Designation: D 1922 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin
1
Sheeting by Pendulum Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1922; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average force to propagate tearing through a specified length of plastic
film or nonrigid sheeting after the tear has been started, using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. Two specimens are cited, a
rectangular type, and one with a constant radius testing length. The latter shall be the preferred or referee specimen.
1.2 Because of (1) difficulties in selecting uniformly identical specimens, (2) the varying degree of orientation in some plastic
films, and (3) the difficulty found in testing highly extensible or highly oriented materials, or both, the reproducibility of the test
results may be variable and, in some cases, not good or misleading. Provisions are made in the test method to address oblique
directional tearing which may be found with some materials.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in bracketsparentheses are for information
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 13.1.
NOTE 1—This standard and ISO 6383-2 are technically equivalent.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insulation
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D 689 Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper
D 1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ISO Standard:
4
ISO 6383-2 Plastics—Film and Sheeting—Determination of Tear Resistance—Part 2 Elmendorf Method
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The force in grams required to propagate tearing across a film or sheeting specimen is measured using a precisely calibrated
pendulum device. Acting by gravity, the pendulum swings through an arc, tearing the specimen from a precut slit. The specimen
is held on one side by the pendulum and on the other side by a stationary member.The loss in energy by the pendulum is indicated
by a pointer. The scale indication is a function of the force required to tear the specimen.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting .
Current edition approved AprilNov. 1, 2006.2008. Published April 2006.November 2008. Originally approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as
D 1922 - 06a.
2
This test method has been adapted from TAPPI Standard Method T 414M-49, Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper. In testing certain plastic films, problems of
reproducibilityandinterpretationofresultsareencounteredwhichrequirespecialtreatmenttomakethetestmethodofmostvalue.Thistestmethodisrevisedherespecifically
for use with plastic film and thin sheeting. For more complete explanation of certain aspects of the equipment, its calibration and adjustment, refer toTAPPI Standard Method
T 414M-49.
The following additional references may be of interest in connection with this test method:
Painter, E. V., Chu, C. C., and Morgan, H. M., “Testing Textiles on the Elmendorf Tear Tester,” Textile Research Journal, Vol XX, No. 6, June 1950, pp. 410–417.
Elmendorf, A., “Strength Test for Paper,” Paper, Vol 26, April 21, 1920, p. 302.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
*A Summary of Change
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.