EN 13738:2004

Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Determination of pullout resistance in soil

The standard specifies a method for determining the resistance of geotextiles and geotextile-related products to pullout from soil using a laboratory pullout box. The procedure is to provide data relating to the development of friction on materials used primarily for soil reinforcement. The test method described is a performance test procedure to be carried out using site specific soils.

Geotextilien und geotextilverwandte Produkte - Bestimmung des Herausziehwiderstandes aus dem Boden

Dieses Dokument legt ein Prüfverfahren fest, mit dem der Widerstand von Geotextilien und geotextil-
verwandten Produkten gegen Herausziehen aus Boden in einem Labor-Herausziehkasten bestimmt werden
kann. Das Verfahren ermittelt Werte, die die Reibungsentwicklung von hauptsächlich bei der Boden-
bewehrung verwendeten Materialien beschreiben.
Das beschriebene Prüfverfahren ist ein anwendungsbezogenes Verfahren zur Prüfung der Eignung der für
eine bestimmte Anwendung vorgesehenen Geotextilien und geotextilverwandten Produkten.

Géotextiles et produits apparentés aux géotextiles - Détermination de la résistance à l'arrachement du sol

Cette partie de l’EN 746 s’applique conjointement à la Partie 1 de l'EN 746 et spécifie les prescriptions de sécurité relatives aux Equipements Thermiques Industriels à un seul brûleur et à brûleurs multiples (ci-après appelés EThI).
Le présent document traite des phénomènes, situations et événements dangereux significatifs relatifs aux équipements thermiques industriels, tels que mentionnés à l'article 4, dans le cadre d'une utilisation conforme aux recommandations du fabricant.
Pour les besoins de la présente Norme européenne, l’EThI comprend les éléments suivants :
-   corps du four ;
-   système de commande ;
-   équipements de combustion, y compris les chalumeaux ;
-   système de manutention du combustible comprenant le robinet d’isolement à commande manuel de l’équipement ainsi que la tuyauterie et les carneaux directement adjacents à l’équipement, mais situés en aval du robinet d’isolement ;
-   système d’évacuation des gaz de combustion, dans la mesure où ce système s’avère essentiel pour la sécurité relative à la combustion ;
-   système de protection.
La présente Norme européenne s’applique à tout phénomène d’oxydation avec de l’air ou d'autres gaz contenant de l’oxygène libre de combustibles gazeux, liquides et solides, ou à toute combinaison de ces combustibles en vue de dégager de la chaleur.
La présente Norme européenne fournit également les prescriptions nécessaires quant aux informations d’utilisation.
La présente Norme européenne ne couvre pas les phénomènes dangereux liés à la chaleur électrique.
La présente Norme européenne ne traite pas non plus des risques engendrés par la libération de substances inflammables dans l’équipement lui-même, dégagées par les produits traités.
La présente Norme n'est pas applicable aux :
-   machines et équipements de soudage et de brasage tendre ;
-   équipements thermiques industriels devant être placés dans des atmosphères explosives ;
-   canalisations de combustibles liquides ou gazeux en amont du robinet d’entrée

Geotekstilije in geotekstilijam sorodni izdelki – Ugotavljanje odpornosti proti izvlečenju iz zemlje

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 02-Nov-2004
• Withdrawal Date: 30-May-2005
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• ICS: 91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 189 - Geotextiles and geotextile-related products
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 189/WG 3 - Mechanical testing
• Current Stage: 9060 - Closure of 2 Year Review Enquiry - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 02-Dec-2025
• Completion Date: 02-Dec-2025
• Directive: 305/2011 - Regulation (eu) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 march 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing council directive 89/106/eec
• Directive: 89/106/EEC - Construction products
• Ref Project: SIST EN 13738:2005 - Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Determination of pullout resistance in soil

Overview - EN 13738:2004 (Geotextiles pullout resistance)

EN 13738:2004 (CEN) specifies a laboratory method to determine the pullout resistance of geotextiles and geotextile-related products when embedded in soil. The standard uses a laboratory pullout box to measure the horizontal force required to withdraw a specimen from soil under controlled conditions. It is a performance test intended to provide site‑specific data on the development of friction and interaction mechanisms for geotextiles used primarily for soil reinforcement.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Test principle: apply a horizontal pullout force to a specimen embedded between two soil layers and record pullout force versus displacement. Results expressed as pullout resistance (force per unit width).
• Specimen dimensions and sampling: cut and sample specimens per EN 963; embedded length equal to three times specimen width; specimen narrower than box by ≥100 mm on each side.
• Pullout box and apparatus:
  • Typical box minimum size: 1.5 m long × 0.6 m wide × 0.3 m deep (depth increased if large particles).
  • Use a flexible pneumatic/hydraulic diaphragm to apply uniform normal stress (design for stresses up to ~200 kPa).
  • Devices to maintain constant normal stress and minimise front-wall effects (metal sleeve at entrance).
• Loading and rates:
  • Pullout applied at a constant displacement rate; for free‑draining soils use (2.0 ± 0.2) mm/min (to avoid excess pore pressure).
  • Normal stress and pullout force measurement precision: approximately ±2%.
• Instrumentation and accuracy:
  • Displacement gauges (LVDTs or dial indicators) accurate to 0.05 mm; typically several gauges are spaced along embedded length.
  • Calibration required to correct for apparatus internal friction (calibration over 100 mm displacement).
• Conditioning and environment: specimens conditioned in standard atmosphere per ISO 554; tests report soil moisture, density, and compaction method because results are site- and condition-specific.
• Terminology: defines pullout force, pullout resistance, peak pullout resistance, wire gauge, normal stress.

Practical applications and users

• Who uses EN 13738:
  • Geotechnical engineers and designers evaluating reinforcement performance.
  • Geosynthetic manufacturers for product validation and quality control.
  • Independent testing laboratories performing site‑specific pullout tests.
• Typical applications:
  • Design and verification of reinforced soil walls, slopes, embankments and foundations where geotextile‑soil interaction is critical.
  • Material selection and performance comparison for soil reinforcement projects.
  • Research into frictional behavior of geotextiles under varying soil gradings, densities and moisture conditions.

Related standards

• EN 963 - Sampling and preparation of geotextile test specimens
• prEN ISO 10318 - Geosynthetics terminology
• ISO 554 - Conditioning atmospheres
• References in EN 13738 also cite test standards for shear and wide‑width tensile tests (e.g., EN ISO 10319, prEN ISO 12957‑1) for complementary evaluations.

Keywords: EN 13738, geotextiles, pullout resistance, pullout box, soil reinforcement, laboratory test, CEN, normal stress, displacement gauges, geosynthetics.

Standards Content (Sample)

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Geotextilien und geotextilverwandte Produkte - Bestimmung des Herausziehwiderstandes aus dem BodenGéotextiles et produits apparentés aux géotextiles - Détermination de la résistance a l'arrachement du solGeotextiles and geotextile-related products - Determination of pullout resistance in soil59.080.70GeotekstilijeGeotextilesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13738:2004SIST EN 13738:2005en01-marec-2005SIST EN 13738:2005SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 13738November 2004ICS 59.080.70; 91.100.50English versionGeotextiles and geotextile-related products - Determination ofpullout resistance in soilGéotextiles et produits apparentés aux géotextiles -Détermination de la résistance à l'arrachement du solGeotextilien und geotextilverwandte Produkte -Bestimmung des Herausziehwiderstandes aus dem BodenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 September 2004.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2004 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13738:2004: ESIST EN 13738:2005

2 Contents Page Foreword.3 1 Scope.4 2 Normative references.4 3 Terms and definitions.4 3.1 pullout force.4 3.2 pullout resistance.4 3.3 peak pullout resistance.4 3.4 wire gauge.4 3.5 normal stress (σn).4 4 Principle.4 5 Test Specimens.5 5.1 Sampling.5 5.2 Number and dimensions of test specimens.5 5.3 Conditioning.5 6 Apparatus.5 6.1 Pullout box.5 6.2 Normal stress loading device.7 6.3 Pullout force loading device.7 6.4 Displacement indicators.7 6.5 Specimen clamping devices.8 6.6 Soil preparation equipment.8 6.7 Miscellaneous equipment.8 6.8 Calibration of the apparatus.9 7 Procedure.9 7.1 Placing and compaction of the soil.9 7.2 Placement of specimen.9 7.3 Placing and compaction of the upper layer.9 7.4 Application of the normal compressive stress.9 7.5 Testing.9 8 Calculations.10 9 Report.12 Annex A (informative)
Pullout tests using a constant stress loading method.13 Bibliography.14 SIST EN 13738:2005

3 Foreword This document (EN 13738:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 189, “Geosynthetics”, the secretariat of which is held by IBN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2005. This document includes a Bibliography. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
4 1 Scope This document specifies a method for determining the resistance of geotextiles and geotextile-related products to pullout from soil using a laboratory pullout box. The goal of the procedure is to provide data relating to the development of friction on materials used primarily for soil reinforcement. The test method described is a performance test procedure to determine the fitness for use of geotextiles and geotextile-related products intended to be used in a given application. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 963, Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Sampling and preparation of test specimens
prEN ISO 10318:2000, Geosynthetics - Geotextiles, geotextile-related products, geomembranes and geosynthetic clay liners - Terms and their definitions (ISO/DIS 10318:2000) ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing - Specifications 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN ISO 10318:2000 and the following apply. 3.1 pullout force force required to pull a geotextile or a geotextile-related product out of the soil during a pullout test 3.2 pullout resistance pullout force per width of geotextile or geotextile-related product measured at a specified rate of displacement 3.3 peak pullout resistance maximum pullout resistance measured during a pullout test 3.4 wire gauge displacement gauge consisting of an inextensible wire attached to the geotextile or geotextile-related product and monitored by connection to a dial extensometer, or electronic displacement transducer 3.5 normal stress (σσσσn) vertical stress applied to the specimen 4 Principle A horizontal force is applied to a specimen embedded between two layers of soil and the force required to pull the specimen out of the soil is recorded. The pullout resistance is calculated by dividing the pullout force by the specimen width. The test can be performed while applying vertical stress to the top soil layer. SIST EN 13738:2005

5 A plot of maximum pullout resistance versus applied normal stress is obtained by conducting a series of such tests. NOTE 1 The relationship between the pullout resistance and the normal stress obtained from the test is due in part to the pullout mechanism which occurs. The pullout resistance versus normal stress plot produced using data from this test is a function of soil grading, plasticity, as-placed density, moisture content, length and surface characteristics of the specimen and other test parameters. Therefore, results are expressed in terms of the actual test conditions. The test measures the net effect of a combination of pullout mechanisms which may vary depending on type of specimen, embedment length, relative opening size, soil type, rate of displacement and normal stress. NOTE 2 For checking the type of failure (break of reinforcement or slippage) in a site specific soil, smaller boxes, e.g. a shear box (300 mm x 300 mm) according to prEN ISO 12957–1, may be used with a specimen width similar to the one defined in EN ISO 10319.
5 Test Specimens 5.1 Sampling Take specimens in accordance with EN 963. 5.2 Number and dimensions of test specimens Cut three specimens from the test sample, for each direction to be tested, the size of the specimens to suit the dimensions of the apparatus being used. The embedded length shall be equal to three times the width of the specimen. The specimens shall be narrower, by not less than 100 mm, than the inside width of the pullout box on each side and of sufficient length to facilitate clamping.
5.3 Conditioning Condition the test specimens and conduct the tests in the standard test atmosphere, defined in ISO 554. The test specimens are considered to have been conditioned when the change in mass between two successive readings made at intervals of not less than two hours does not exceed 0,25% of the mass of the test specimens. The test shall be performed in the same atmosphere. NOTE Conditioning and/or testing at a specified relative humidity may be omitted if it can be shown that the results are not affected by this omission. 6 Apparatus 6.1 Pullout box An open rigid box consisting of two smooth parallel sides, a back wall, a horizontal split removable door and a bottom plate. The door is at the front of the apparat
...