CEN/TS 15439:2006
(Main)Biomass gasification - Tar and particles in product gases - Sampling and analysis
Biomass gasification - Tar and particles in product gases - Sampling and analysis
This European Technical Specification gives methods for sampling and analysis of tars and particles in order to determine the load of these contaminants in flowing biomass gasification product gases. The Technical Specification is applicable to sampling and analysis of tars and particles in the concentration range typically from 1 mg/mn3 to 300 g/mn3 (tars) and from 20 mg/mn3 to 30 g/mn3 (particles) at all relevant sampling point conditions
(0 °C to 900°C and 60 kPa to 6000 kPa (0,6 bar to 60 bar) ) ), ). Particle concentrations lower than 20 mg/mn3 are outside the scope of this Technical Specification and can be measured according to EN 13284-1.
Application of this Technical Specification allows determination of five different parameters:
A. The concentration of gravimetric tar in mg/mn3;
B. The concentration of individual organic compounds in mg/mn3. This Technical Specification gives data on repeatability and reproducibility for the compounds listed in Annex B. The Technical Specification is also applicable for other organic compounds (e.g. those mentioned in Annex A), but repeatability and reproducibility have not been assessed for compounds other than those in Annex B;
C. The sum of concentrations of identified GC-detectable compounds listed in Annex B;
D. The sum of concentrations of all GC-detectable compounds with retention times in the range of benzene to coronene calculated as naphthalene (benzene excluded), given that this sum of concentrations can be determined.
E. The concentration of particles in mg/mn3.
Biomassevergasung - Teer und Staub in Produktgasen - Probenahme und analytische Bestimmung
Gazéification de biomasse - Goudron et particules dans les gaz produits - Échantillonnage et analyse
Uplinjanje biomase - Katran in delci v proizvodnih plinih - Vzorčenje in analiza
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2009
8SOLQMDQMHELRPDVH.DWUDQLQGHOFLYSURL]YRGQLKSOLQLK9]RUþHQMHLQDQDOL]D
Biomass gasification - Tar and particles in product gases - Sampling and analysis
Biomassevergasung - Teer und Staub in Produktgasen - Probenahme und analytische
Bestimmung
Gazéification de biomasse - Goudron et particules dans les gaz produits -
Échantillonnage et analyse
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 15439:2006
ICS:
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 15439
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
May 2006
ICS 13.040.40; 75.160.10
English Version
Biomass gasification - Tar and particles in product gases -
Sampling and analysis
Gazéification de biomasse - Goudron et particules dans les Biomassevergasung - Teer und Staub in Produktgasen -
gaz produits - Échantillonnage et analyse Probenahme und analytische Bestimmung
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 21 February 2006 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 15439:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword.3
Introduction.4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Symbols and abbreviations .8
5 Principle of the measurement method .8
5.1 Introduction.8
5.2 Sampling.8
5.3 Analysis .8
6 Reagents.9
6.1 Solvent for tar collection and Soxhlet extraction.9
6.2 Carrier gas in gas chromatography.9
6.3 Calibration standards.9
7 Equipment .9
7.1 Equipment for sampling.9
7.2 Equipment for sample pretreatment and analysis . 13
8 Preparation of sampling equipment . 13
8.1 Preconditioning of filter thimbles . 13
8.2 Cleaning of equipment . 14
8.3 Preparation of impinger bottles or Petersen column. 14
8.4 Sampling train leak test . 14
9 Procedure for sampling . 15
9.1 Introduction. 15
9.2 Duration of sampling. 15
9.3 Sampling procedure . 16
10 Storage of samples. 16
11 Preparation for analysis. 17
11.1 Introduction. 17
11.2 Requirements for GC calibration standards and internal standards (ISTD) . 17
12 Analysis procedures . 18
12.1 Soxhlet extraction procedure. 18
12.2 Combination of solvents. 19
12.3 Determination of particle mass . 19
12.4 Determination of gravimetric tar mass. 19
12.5 Determination of individual tar compounds by GC–MS or GC-FID. 20
13 Calculation of GC results. 21
14 Performance characteristics . 21
14.1 Introduction. 21
14.2 Performance of the analysis methods (Round Robin tests) . 22
14.3 Performance of the whole Technical Specification (parallel tests). 23
15 Test report . 24
Annex A (informative) List of most abundant individual organic compounds in biomass gasification
product gases . 25
Annex B (normative) List of organic compounds for which precision data have been collected . 26
Annex C (normative) Dimensions of the Petersen column . 27
Annex D (informative) Additional information on Round Robin analysis . 28
Annex E (informative) Additional information on parallel tests . 34
Bibliography. 41
Foreword
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS 15439:2006) has been prepared by Working Group CEN/BT/TF 143
“Measurement of organic contaminants (tar) in biomass producer gases”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this CEN Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Introduction
The main contaminants in the product gases of biomass gasification are dust and soot particles, tars, alkali
metals, acid gases and alkaline gases. Measuring techniques for these contaminants allow determination of the
functioning of the gasifier itself, of the efficiency of the gas cleaning process and of the quality of the cleaned gas
to be used in, for instance, a gas engine or gas turbine.
The development of this Technical Specification started out of the need for a reliable method for the
measurement of tars. For most contaminants in product gases of biomass gasification, well-developed
measurement techniques exist that are similar to techniques used for related technologies, such as coal
combustion and coal gasification. For tars, however, no well-developed and widely used measurement
techniques existed in these related technology fields. As some of the tars were (and are) seen as the major
problem causing contaminants in biomass gasification, manufacturers and other workers in this field used a
number of different sampling and analysis methods to determine the level of tars. As a result, comparison of data
and definition of clear maximum allowable concentrations for tars was problematic. This formed an obstacle for
market introduction of biomass gasification systems, as tars can cause damage or require an unacceptable level
of maintenance.
This Technical Specification gives methods for sampling and analysis of tars and particles in product gases from
biomass gasifiers operating under atmospheric or pressurised conditions. The sampling and analysis methods in
this Technical Specification differ from most of the methods used for sampling organic compounds present in the
gaseous emissions from various industrial processes such as flue gases or automobile exhaust gases. The
differences are related to the fact that the levels of the organic compounds present in the gasification product
gases exceed the levels found in flue gases generally by more than three orders of magnitude. Hence the
methods described in this Technical Specification are not intended to be applicable for sampling organic
compounds in trace concentrations (sub-ppm range).
The tar-containing biomass gasification product gas is formed by thermal decomposition of biomass at sub
stoichiometric conditions (pyrolysis, gasification) and is typically used to produce electricity, heat, or gaseous or
liquid biofuels. As tars from pyrolysis or gasification of coal are similar in nature compared to (high temperature)
biomass gasification tars, coal tars can also be sampled and analysed with this Technical Specification.
Biomass in this Technical Specification is defined as material of biological origin excluding material embedded in
)
geological formations and transformed to fossil . The Technical Specification is developed for uncontaminated
biomass, a term being defined in Clause 3 "Terms and definitions". Tests on accuracy and repeatability of the
Technical Specification have been performed with uncontaminated biomass. The Technical Specification may
also be used for tars produced from gasification of contaminated biomass and for tars produced from gasification
of fossil fuels, however, in this case it is up to the user to assess to what extent the concentration and
composition of the tars differ from gasification of uncontaminated biomass. Biomass gasifiers, as referred to in
this Technical Specification, can be updraft fixed bed gasifiers, downdraft fixed bed gasifiers, stage divided
gasifiers, fluidised bed gasifiers, entrained flow gasifiers and other types of gasifiers. Updraft and downdraft fixed
bed, fluidised bed and entrained flow gasifiers are described in more detail in a background Technical Report [1].
1)
This definition is the same as the definition of biomass in CEN TC 335 Solid Biofuels
1 Scope
This Technical Specification gives methods for sampling and analysis of tars and particles in order to determine
the load of these contaminants in flowing bi
...
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