IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
(Main)Power transformers - Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
Power transformers - Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 is also available as IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 applies to dry-type and liquid-immersed transformers for wind turbine step-up application having a winding with highest voltage for equipment up to and including 72,5 kV. This document applies to the transformer used to connect the wind turbine generator to the wind farm power collection system or adjacent distribution network and not the transformer used to connect several wind turbines to a distribution or transmission network. Transformers covered by this document comply with the relevant requirements prescribed in the IEC 60076 standards or IEEE C57 standards. This second edition of IEC/IEEE 60076-16 cancels and replaces IEC 60076-16:2011, and constitutes a technical revision. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are as follows:
1) relationship between transformer rated power and the output current from the associated generator is introduced;
2) thermal correction of the effective cooling medium has been introduced;
3) testing regime has been strengthened to ensure transformers are suitable for the harsh electrical environment to which they are subjected.
Keywords: transformers for wind turbine applications
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IEC/IEEE 60076-16 ®
Edition 2.0 2018-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Power transformers –
Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing being
secured. Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either IEC at the address below or IEC’s
member National Committee in the country of the requester or from IEEE.
IEC Central Office Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
3, rue de Varembé 3 Park Avenue
CH-1211 Geneva 20 New York, NY 10016-5997
Switzerland United States of America
Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11 stds.ipr@ieee.org
info@iec.ch www.ieee.org
www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About the IEEE
IEEE is the world’s largest professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence for
the benefit of humanity. IEEE and its members inspire a global community through its highly cited publications,
conferences, technology standards, and professional and educational activities.
About IEC/IEEE publications
The technical content of IEC/IEEE publications is kept under constant review by the IEC and IEEE. Please make sure
that you have the latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
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iPad. Vocabulary (IEV) online.
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and withdrawn publications. collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and
CISPR.
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Centre: sales@iec.ch.
IEC/IEEE 60076-16 ®
Edition 2.0 2018-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Power transformers –
Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 27.180; 29.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-5807-1
– 2 – IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
2.1 IEC references . 6
2.2 IEEE references . 6
2.3 ISO references . 7
2.4 CENELEC references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Use of normative references . 8
5 Rating. 8
6 Service conditions . 8
6.1 Normal service conditions . 8
6.1.1 General . 8
6.1.2 Temperature of external cooling medium . 8
6.2 Particular service conditions for transformers installed in a tower or nacelle . 9
6.2.1 General . 9
6.2.2 Temperature rise correction . 9
6.3 Content of harmonic currents in the transformer . 10
6.4 Over-excitation . 11
6.5 Harmonic distortion of voltage . 11
6.6 Transient voltages . 11
6.7 Humidity and salinity . 11
6.8 Level of vibration . 12
6.9 Corrosion protection . 12
6.10 Consideration for hermetically sealed transformers . 12
6.11 Flammability issues with transformers mounted in the tower or nacelle . 12
6.12 Thermal cycling of transformer . 12
7 Electrical characteristics . 12
7.1 Highest voltage for equipment . 12
7.2 Tappings (tap-changer) . 12
7.3 Connection group . 13
7.4 Dimensioning of neutral connection . 13
7.5 Short-circuit impedance . 13
7.6 Insulation levels for high and low voltage windings . 13
7.7 Overload capability . 13
7.8 Inrush current . 14
7.9 Frequency of energization . 14
7.10 Ability to withstand short circuit . 14
7.11 Operation with forced cooling . 14
7.12 Over-temperature protection . 14
8 Rating plate . 14
9 Tests . 15
9.1 List and classification of tests (routine, type and special tests). 15
9.2 Additional tests for wind turbine transformers . 15
IEC/IEEE 2018
9.2.1 General . 15
9.2.2 Lightning impulse type tests. 15
9.2.3 Lightning impulse routine sample tests . 15
9.2.4 Partial discharge test for liquid-immersed transformers . 15
9.2.5 Climatic and environmental tests for dry-type transformers . 15
Annex A (informative) Effects of voltage harmonics . 16
A.1 Design and specification considerations . 16
A.2 Effects of voltage harmonics . 16
Bibliography . 19
Table 1 – Recommended minimum values of short-circuit impedance for transformers
with two separate windings . 13
Table A.1 – Example of voltage harmonic order . 17
– 4 – IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018
IEC/IEEE 2018
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
_____________
POWER TRANSFORMERS –
Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation.
IEEE Standards documents are developed within IEEE Societies and Standards Coordinating Committees of the
IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. IEEE develops its standards through a consensus
development process, approved by the American National Standards Institute, which brings together volunteers
representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are not necessarily
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terms of that agreement.
2) The formal decisions of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of
opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC
National Committees. The formal decisions of IEEE on technical matters, once consensus within IEEE Societies
and Standards Coordinating Committees has been reached, is determined by a balanced ballot of materially
interested parties who indicate interest in reviewing the proposed standard. Final approval of the IEEE
standards document is given by the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board.
3) IEC/IEEE Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach t
...
IEC/IEEE 60076-16 ®
Edition 2.0 2018-09
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Power transformers –
Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing being
secured. Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either IEC at the address below or IEC’s
member National Committee in the country of the requester or from IEEE.
IEC Central Office Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
3, rue de Varembé 3 Park Avenue
CH-1211 Geneva 20 New York, NY 10016-5997
Switzerland United States of America
Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11 stds.ipr@ieee.org
info@iec.ch www.ieee.org
www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About the IEEE
IEEE is the world’s largest professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence for
the benefit of humanity. IEEE and its members inspire a global community through its highly cited publications,
conferences, technology standards, and professional and educational activities.
About IEC/IEEE publications
The technical content of IEC/IEEE publications is kept under constant review by the IEC and IEEE. Please make sure
that you have the latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing 21 000 terms and definitions in
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other English and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and languages. Also known as the International Electrotechnical
iPad. Vocabulary (IEV) online.
IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a 67 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
and withdrawn publications. collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and
CISPR.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
details all new publications released. Available online and If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
also once a month by email. need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
IEC/IEEE 60076-16 ®
Edition 2.0 2018-09
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Power transformers –
Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 27.180; 29.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-6094-4
– 2 – IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 RLV
IEC/IEEE 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION .
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references. 8
2.1 IEC references . 8
2.2 IEEE references . 9
2.3 ISO references . 9
2.4 CENELEC references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Use of normative references . 10
5 Rating . 10
6 Service conditions . 11
6.1 Normal service conditions . 11
6.1.1 General . 11
Altitude .
6.1.2 Temperature of external cooling air medium . 11
6.2 Particular service conditions for transformers installed in a tower or nacelle . 11
6.2.1 General . 11
6.2.2 Temperature rise correction . 12
6.3 Content of harmonic currents in the transformer . 13
Wave-shape of supply voltage .
6.4 Over-excitation . 14
6.5 Harmonic distortion of voltage . 14
6.6 Transient over and under voltages . 14
6.7 Humidity and salinity . 15
Special electrical and environmental conditions around the transformer . 0
6.8 Level of vibration . 16
Provision for unusual service conditions for transformers for wind turbine
applications.
Transportation and storage conditions .
6.9 Corrosion protection . 17
6.10 Consideration for hermetically sealed transformers . 17
6.11 Flammability issues with transformers mounted in the tower or nacelle . 17
6.12 Thermal cycling of transformer . 17
7 Electrical characteristics . 17
Rated power .
7.1 Highest voltage for equipment . 18
7.2 Tappings (tap-changer) . 18
7.3 Connection group . 18
7.4 Dimensioning of neutral terminal connection . 18
7.5 Short-circuit impedance . 18
7.6 Insulation levels for high voltage and low voltage windings . 19
Temperature rise guaranteed at rated conditions .
7.7 Overload capability . 19
7.8 Inrush current . 20
IEC/IEEE 2018
7.9 Frequency of energization . 20
7.10 Ability to withstand short circuit . 20
7.11 Operation with forced cooling . 20
7.12 Over-temperature protection . 21
8 Rating plate . 21
9 Tests . 21
9.1 List and classification of tests (routine, type and special tests) . 21
Routine tests .
Type tests .
Special tests .
General .
Chopped wave test .
Electrical resonance frequency test .
Climatic tests .
Environmental test E3 .
Fire behavior test .
9.2 Additional tests for wind turbine transformers . 23
9.2.1 General . 23
9.2.2 Lightning impulse type tests . 23
9.2.3 Lightning impulse routine sample tests . 23
9.2.4 Partial discharge test for liquid-immersed transformers . 23
9.2.5 Climatic and environmental tests for dry-type transformers . 23
Annex A (informative) Calculation method and tables .
Annex A (informative) Effects of voltage harmonics . 44
A.1 Design and specification considerations . 44
A.2 Effects of voltage harmonics . 44
Bibliography . 47
Figure – Heat dissipation in a natural ventilated room .
Figure – Schematic diagram of power frequency current injection apparatus .
Figure – Switched transformer winding voltage responses with capacitor injection .
Figure – HV Injection test figure .
Figure – Example of measurement device .
Table – Insulation levels .
Table 1 – Recommended minimum values of short-circuit impedance for transformers
with two separate windings . 19
Table – Impact of harmonics content on liquid-immersed transformer losses .
Table – Impact of harmonics content on dry type transformers losses .
Table A.1 – Example of voltage harmonic order . 45
– 4 – IEC/IEEE 60076-16:2018 RLV
IEC/IEEE 2018
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
_____________
POWER TRANSFORMERS –
Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizatio
...
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