IEC 60404-4:1995+AMD1:2000+AMD2:2008 CSV
(Main)Magnetic materials - Part 4: Methods of measurement of d.c. magnetic properties of magnetically soft materials
Magnetic materials - Part 4: Methods of measurement of d.c. magnetic properties of magnetically soft materials
Describes the terminology and two measuring methods, namely: the ring method and the permeameter method. Both methods use a test specimen in a closed magnetic circuit. Description of the test equipment and the electric circuits is given. This consolidated version consists of the second edition (1995) and its amendment 1 (2000). Therefore, no need to order amendment in addition to this publication.
Matériaux magnétiques - Partie 4: Méthodes de mesure en courant continu des propriétés magnétiques des matériaux magnétiquement doux
Describes the terminology and two measuring methods, namely: the ring method and the permeameter method. Both methods use a test specimen in a closed magnetic circuit. Description of the test equipment and the electric circuits is given. Cette version consolidée comprend la deuxième édition (1995) et son amendement 1 (2000). Il n'est donc pas nécessaire de commander l'amendement avec cette publication.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
IEC 60404-4
Edition 2.2 2008-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Magnetic materials –
Part 4: Methods of measurement of d.c. magnetic properties of magnetically soft
materials
Matériaux magnétiques –
Partie 4: Méthodes de mesure en courant continu des propriétés magnétiques
des matériaux magnétiquement doux
IEC 60404-4:1995+A1:2000+A2:2008
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED
Copyright © 2008 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IEC or
IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester.
If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication,
please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite
ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie
et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de la CEI ou du Comité national de la CEI du pays du demandeur.
Si vous avez des questions sur le copyright de la CEI ou si vous désirez obtenir des droits supplémentaires sur cette
publication, utilisez les coordonnées ci-après ou contactez le Comité national de la CEI de votre pays de résidence.
IEC Central Office
3, rue de Varembé
CH-1211 Geneva 20
Switzerland
Email: inmail@iec.ch
Web: www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
ƒ Catalogue of IEC publications: www.iec.ch/searchpub
The IEC on-line Catalogue enables you to search by a variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical committee,…).
It also gives information on projects, withdrawn and replaced publications.
ƒ IEC Just Published: www.iec.ch/online_news/justpub
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published details twice a month all new publications released. Available
on-line and also by email.
ƒ Electropedia: www.electropedia.org
The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and electrical terms containing more than 20 000 terms and definitions
in English and French, with equivalent terms in additional languages. Also known as the International Electrotechnical
Vocabulary online.
ƒ Customer Service Centre: www.iec.ch/webstore/custserv
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need further assistance, please visit the Customer Service
Centre FAQ or contact us:
Email: csc@iec.ch
Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
A propos de la CEI
La Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (CEI) est la première organisation mondiale qui élabore et publie des
normes internationales pour tout ce qui a trait à l'électricité, à l'électronique et aux technologies apparentées.
A propos des publications CEI
Le contenu technique des publications de la CEI est constamment revu. Veuillez vous assurer que vous possédez
l’édition la plus récente, un corrigendum ou amendement peut avoir été publié.
ƒ Catalogue des publications de la CEI: www.iec.ch/searchpub/cur_fut-f.htm
Le Catalogue en-ligne de la CEI vous permet d’effectuer des recherches en utilisant différents critères (numéro de référence,
texte, comité d’études,…). Il donne aussi des informations sur les projets et les publications retirées ou remplacées.
ƒ Just Published CEI: www.iec.ch/online_news/justpub
Restez informé sur les nouvelles publications de la CEI. Just Published détaille deux fois par mois les nouvelles
publications parues. Disponible en-ligne et aussi par email.
ƒ Electropedia: www.electropedia.org
Le premier dictionnaire en ligne au monde de termes électroniques et électriques. Il contient plus de 20 000 termes et
définitions en anglais et en français, ainsi que les termes équivalents dans les langues additionnelles. Egalement appelé
Vocabulaire Electrotechnique International en ligne.
ƒ Service Clients: www.iec.ch/webstore/custserv/custserv_entry-f.htm
Si vous désirez nous donner des commentaires sur cette publication ou si vous avez des questions, visitez le FAQ du
Service clients ou contactez-nous:
Email: csc@iec.ch
Tél.: +41 22 919 02 11
Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
IEC 60404-4
Edition 2.2 2008-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Magnetic materials –
Part 4: Methods of measurement of d.c. magnetic properties of magnetically soft
materials
Matériaux magnétiques –
Partie 4: Méthodes de mesure en courant continu des propriétés magnétiques
des matériaux magnétiquement doux
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CL
CODE PRIX
ICS 17.220.20; 29.030 ISBN 978-2-88910-188-7
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – 60404-4 © IEC:1995+A1:2000
+A2:2008
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.4
1 Scope and object.6
2 Normative references.6
3 Determination of the magnetic characteristics by the ring method.7
3.1 Object.7
3.2 General.7
3.3 Effect of temperature on the measurements .7
3.4 Test specimen.7
3.5 Windings.8
3.6 Methods of measurement by the ring method .9
3.6.1 Magnetic field strength .9
3.6.2 Magnetic flux density.9
3.6.3 Connection of apparatus.10
3.6.4 Determination of normal magnetization curve .10
3.6.5 Determination of a complete hysteresis loop.11
3.6.6 Determination of remanent flux density.12
3.6.7 Determination of coercive field strength.12
3.7 Uncertainty by the ring method.12
4 Determination of the magnetic characteristics by the permeameter method .13
4.1 Object.13
4.2 Principle of the permeameter.13
4.3 Test specimen.14
4.4 Methods of measurement by the permeameter method.14
4.4.1 Measurement of magnetic field strength .14
4.4.2 Measurement of magnetic flux density .15
4.4.3 Connection of apparatus.16
4.4.4 Determination of the normal magnetization curve .17
4.4.5 Determination of a complete hysteresis loop.17
4.4.6 Determination of remanent flux density.18
4.4.7 Determination of coercive field strength.18
4.5 Uncertainty by the permeameter method .18
5 Test report.19
Annex A (normative) Calibration of search coils .25
Annex B (informative) Methods of calibrating the flux integrator.27
Annex C (informative) Requirements for the J-compensated coil system.30
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
60404-4 © IEC:1995+A1:2000 – 3 –
+A2:2008
Figure 1 – Circuit for the determination of the magnetic characteristics
by the ring method .20
Figure 2 – Hysteresis loop .20
Figure 3 – Typical arrangement of a type A permeameter .21
Figure 4 – Typical arrangement of a type B permeameter .22
Figure 5 – Arrangement of search coils.24
Figure 6 – Circuit for the determination of the normal magnetization curve and
hysteresis loop of bar specimens using a double yoke permeameter.24
Figure A.1 – Circuit for the calibration of search-coils .26
Figure B.1 – Circuit for calibration the flux integrator by the capacitor
discharge method .29
Table 1 – Switching sequence to maintain the test specimen in a steady cyclic state.12
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
– 4 – 60404-4 © IEC:1995+A1:2000
+A2:2008
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
MAGNETIC MATERIALS –
Part 4: Methods of measurement of d.c.
magnetic properties of magnetically soft materials
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60404-4 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 68:
Magnetic alloys and steels.
This consolidation version of IEC 60404-4 consists of the second edition (1995) [documents
68(CO)95 and 68/117/RVD], its amendment 1 (2000) [documents 68/215/FDIS and 68/217/RVD]
and its amendment 2 (2008) [documents 68/363/CDV and 68/375/RVC].
The technical content is therefore identical to the base edition and its amendments and has
been prepared for user convenience.
It bears the edition number 2.2.
A vertical line in the margin shows where the base publication has been modified by
amendments 1 and 2.
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
60404-4 © IEC:1995+A1:2000 – 5 –
+A2:2008
Annex A forms an integral part of this standard.
Annexes B and C are for information only.
The committee has decided that the contents of the base publication and its amendments will
remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under
"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date,
the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
– 6 – 60404-4 © IEC:1995+A1:2000
+A2:2008
MAGNETIC MATERIALS –
Part 4: Methods of measurement of d.c.
magnetic properties of magnetically soft materials
1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 60404 specifies the methods of measuring the d.c. magnetic properties of
magnetically soft materials in a closed magnetic circuit using either the ring or the permea-
meter methods. The ring method is suitable for use with laminated or solid ring specimens as
well as ring specimens produced by sintering.
Two methods are used:
a) the ring method, particularly for magnetic field strengths of up to 10 kA/m;
b) the permeameter method for magnetic field strengths in the range 1 kA/m to 200 kA/m.
NOTE The measurement of coercivity in an open magnetic circuit is specified in IEC 60404-7.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60404-7:1982, Magnetic materials – Part 7: Method of measurement of the coercivity of
magnetic materials in an open magnetic circuit
IEC 60404-8-2:1985, Magnetic materials – Part 8: Specifications for individual materials –
Section Two: Specification for cold-rolled magnetic alloyed steel strip delivered in the semi-
processed state
IEC 60404-8-3:1985, Magnetic materials – Part 8: Specifications for individual materials –
Section Three: Specification for cold-rolled magnetic non-alloyed steel strip delivered in the
semi-processed state
IEC 60404-8-4:1986, Magnetic materials – Part 8: Specifications for individual materials –
Section Four: Specification for cold-rolled non-oriented magnetic steel sheet and strip
IEC 60404-8-6:1986, Magnetic materials – Part 8: Specifications for individual materials –
Section Six: Soft magnetic metallic materials
Amendment 1 (1992)
IEC 60404-8-7:1988, Magnetic materials – Part 8: Specifications for individual materials –
Section Seven: Specification for grain-oriented magnetic steel sheet and strip
Amendment 1 (1991)
IEC 60404-8-8:1991, Magnetic materials – Part 8: Specifications for individual materials –
Section 8: Specification for thin magnetic steel strip for use at medium frequencies
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
60404-4 © IEC:1995+A1:2000 – 7 –
+A2:2008
3 Determination of the magnetic characteristics by the ring method
3.1 Object
This clause describes the ring method used to obtain the normal magnetization curve and the
hysteresis loop.
3.2 General
This method is used particularly for magnetic field strengths of up to 10 kA/m. However, if
care is taken to avoid heating the test specimen, this method may be used at higher magnetic
field strengths.
3.3 Effect of temperature on the measurements
Care shall be taken to avoid unduly heating the test specimen. The measurements shall be
made at an ambient temperature of (23 ± 5) °C. The temperature of the test specimen shall
not exceed 50 °C which shall be monitored by means of a temperature sensor.
For materials which are particularly temperature sensitive, product standards may define
lower or higher test specimen temperatures.
3.4 Test specimen
The test specimen is a homogeneous unwelded ring of rectangular or circular cross-section.
The cross-sectional area of the ring is determined by the product dimensions, uniformity of
magnetic properties, instrumentation sensitivity and space required for the test windings.
2 2
Usually the cross-sectional area is in the range of 10 mm to 200 mm .
Care shall be taken in the preparation of the test specimen to avoid work hardening or heating
of the material which might affect the magnetic characteristics. The test specimen can be
prepared by turning and finished by light grinding with sufficient coolant to prevent heating the
material. The edges of the rings shall be deburred.
To reduce the effect of radial variation of the magnetic field strength, the ring shall have
dimensions such that the ratio of the outer to inner diameter shall be no greater than 1,4 and
preferably less than 1,25. If the ratio approaches the value 1,4, there will be a greater radial
variation in the magnetic field strength.
For a stack of laminations or a toroidal wound core, the cross-sectional area of the test
specimen shall be calculated from the mass, density and the value of the inner and outer
diameter of the ring. The density can be the conventional density for the material supplied by
the manufacturer. The cross-sectional area shall be calculated from the following equation:
2m
A = (1)
ρ π(D + d)
where
A is the cross-sectional area of the test specimen, in square metres;
D is the outer diameter of the test specimen, in metres;
d is the inner diameter of the test specimen, in metres;
m is the mass of the test specimen, in kilograms;
ρ is the density of the material, in kilograms per cubic metre.
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
– 8 – 60404-4 © IEC:1995+A1:2000
+A2:2008
The dimensions of the test specimen shall be determined by measuring the outside and inside
diameters of the ring together with the height or diameter using a suitable micrometer
or vernier gauge. The mean cross-sectional area shall be calculated with an uncertainty
of ±0,5 % or better.
The mean magnetic path length of the test specimen shall also be calculated with an
uncertainty of ±0,5 % or better from the relationship:
D + d
l = π (2)
2
where
l is the mean magnetic path length of test specimen, in metres.
3.5 Windings
Before winding, a connection shall be made to the core in order to check subsequently the
insulation of the windings, a temperature sensor shall be attached to the test specimen and
then the ring shall be overlaid with a thin layer of insulating material.
Firstly, a secondary winding of insulated copper wire shall be wound evenly round the core.
The dimensions of the secondary winding shall be determined and the mean cross-sectional
area, A , of the secondary winding shall be calculated.
c
A magnetizing winding of wire capable of carrying the maximum magnetizing current and of a
sufficient number of turns to produce the maximum required magnetic field strength shall be
evenly wound in one or more layers on the core. The magnetizing winding can consist of:
a) a large number of turns of a single conductor applied closely and uniformly round the
whole ring, or
b) a smaller number of turns of a multicore cable applied closely and uniformly round the
whole ring, the ends of the conductor in the individual cores being interconnected to give
the effect of one multilayer winding, or
c) an arrangement of rigid, or part rigid and part flexible, conductors which can be opened to
admit the ring (carrying the secondary winding and insulation) and then closed to form a
uniformly wound toroid round the ring.
If necessary, the wound ring is immersed in an oil bath or subjected to an air blast in order to
cool it.
NOTE If the above arrangements are used with a uniformly distributed secondary winding, an error, which may be
present in any ring test, is liable to be magnified and to become of considerable importance. This error arises
because, in winding a ring specimen toroidally, an effective circular turn of diameter equal to the mean diameter of
the ring is produced.
The flux between the effective mutually inductive circular turns of the magnetizing winding and secondary winding,
associated with flux parallel to the axis of the ring, is added to, or subtracted from the circumferential flux. When a
multiconductor cable is used for the magnetizing winding, the number of turns in the primary of the supplementary
mutual inductance is increased in proportion to the number of cores, and the error from this source, particularly at
high field-strengths where the permeability of the test specimen is reduced, may amount to several per cent. To
eliminate this error a turn should be wound back on the secondary winding along the mean circumference of the
ring, or, preferably, the magnetizing cable should be wound in pairs of layers, alternate layers being wound
clockwise and anti-clockwise around the ring.
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
60404-4 © IEC:1995+A1:2000 – 9 –
+A2:2008
3.6 Methods of measurement by the ring method
3.6.1 Magnetic field strength
The magnetizing current shall be measured with an uncertainty of ±0,5 % or better. The
magnetic field strength shall be calculated from the following relationship:
N I
1
H = (3)
l
where
H is the magnetic field strength, in amperes per metre;
N is the number of turns of magnetizing winding of the ring;
1
l is the mean magnetic path length, in metres;
I is the magnetizing current, in amperes.
3.6.2 Magnetic flux density
The secondary winding N (B coil) shall be connected to a flux integrator (electronic
2
integrator, ballistic galvanometer or fluxmeter) the calibration of which shall be established in
accordance with one of the procedures given in annex B with an uncertainty of ±1 % or better.
The changes of the magnetic flux density shall be calculated from the following relationship:
K α
b b
ΔB = (4)
N A
2
where
ΔB is the measured change of the magnetic flux density, in teslas;
K is the flux integrator calibration constant, in volts seconds;
B
α is the reading of the flux integrator;
B
N is the number of turns on the secondary winding of the ring;
2
A is the cross-sectional area of the ring, in square metres.
For direct reading of the ΔB, the flux integrator may be adjusted so that K /(N A) becomes a
B 2
power of 10.
Provided that the secondary winding is wound closely on the test specimen, the air flux
included in the secondary winding over the range of magnetic field strength 0 to 4 kA/m will
be insignificant and no correction need be applied. At higher values of magnetic field strength,
an air flux correction shall be applied in accordance with equation (8).
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
– 10 – 60404-4 © IEC:1995+A1:2000
+A2:2008
3.6.3 Connection of apparatus
The apparatus is connected as shown in figure 1.
A source of direct current E (stabilized d.c. supply with a ripple content of less than 0,1 %, or
a battery) is connected through a current-measuring device A and a reversing switch S to the
1
magnetizing winding N on the ring specimen. If a bipolar current source is used, reversing
1
switch S is not required. With switch S closed, the current in the magnetizing circuit is
1 2
controlled by resistor R . If a stabilized supply with a continuously controllable output is used,
1
resistor R is not required. This is the arrangement of the magnetizing circuit for the
1
determination of the normal magnetization curve and for the measurement of the tip points of
hysteresis loops. Switch S , together with resistor R are necessary in some arrangements for
2 2
the determination of the complete hysteresis loop. The secondary circuit comprises the
secondary winding N (B coil) connected to the flux integrator.
2
3.6.4 Determination of normal magnetization curve
The test specimen shall be carefully demagnetized from a magnetic field strength of not less
than 5 kA/m by the repeated reversals of a gradually reducing demagnetizing field. Test
specimens which have been subjected to a higher magnetic field strength shall be
demagnetized from a suitably high field before test (for example, when machined using a
magnetic chuck).
NOTE In order that the magnetic field may completely penetrate the test specimen, the dwell time after each
reversal should be greater than 2 s for a cross-section 10 mm × 10 mm, and 10 s for a cross-section 20 mm × 20 mm.
The flux integrator shall be calibrated by one of the methods described in annex B. With S
2
closed, the normal magnetization curve shall then be determined by one of the following
methods.
Method A: continuous recording method
To utilize this method, the output from the flux integrator shall be connected to the Y axis of
an X-Y recorder, plotter or computer interface. A low value (e.g. 0,1 Ω or 1 Ω) calibrated
resistor with two current and two voltage terminals shall be connected in series with the
magnetizing winding. The potential terminals of this resistor shall be connected to the X axis
of the recorder, plotter or computer interface. The system can be calibrated overall to give
direct readings of magnetic flux density and magnetic field strength on the recorder, plotter or
computer interface.
The magnetizing current shall be steadily increased from zero to the value to produce the
required maximum magnetic field strength. The magnetization curve is then produced on the
X-Y recorder, plotter or computer interface.
Method B: point-by-point method
A low current corresponding to a low magnetic field strength (see equation 3) shall be passed
through the magnetizing winding N . The current shall be reversed about 10 times by means
1
of reversing switch S to bring the material into a steady cyclic state. Switch S shall be
1 3
closed during this operation to maintain the flux integrator at zero. With switch S open, the
3
flux integrator reading corresponding to the reversal of the magnetizing field shall be recorded
and the corresponding magnetic flux density calculated.
By successively increasing the magnetizing current and repeating this procedure,
corresponding values of magnetic field strength and magnetic flux density are obtained from
which the normal magnetization curve can be plotted.
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
60404-4 © IEC:1995+A1:2000 – 11 –
+A2:2008
The magnetizing current shall never be decreased during the measurements, otherwise the
test specimen shall be demagnetized before resuming measurements.
3.6.5 Determination of a complete hysteresis loop
The test specimen shall be demagnetized in accordance with 3.6.4 and the hysteresis loop
shall be determined by one of the following methods.
Method A: continuous recording method
The additional equipment specified in method A of 3.6.4 is required. The flux integrator shall
be zeroed an
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.