IEC 60505:2011
(Main)Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulation systems
Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulation systems
IEC 60505:2011 establishes the basis for estimating the ageing of electrical insulation systems (EIS) under conditions of either electrical, thermal, mechanical, environmental stresses or combinations of these (multifactor stresses). It specifies the principles and procedures that shall be followed, during the development of EIS functional test and evaluation procedures, to establish the estimated service life for a specific EIS. This standard should be used by all IEC technical committees responsible for equipment having an EIS. The contents of the corrigendum of March 2017 have been included in this copy.
Evaluation et qualification des systèmes d'isolation électrique
La CEI 60505:2011 établit les bases de l'estimation du vieillissement des systèmes d'isolation électrique (SIE) dans des conditions de contraintes électriques, thermiques, mécaniques, environnementales ou de combinaisons de ces contraintes (contraintes multifactorielles). Elle spécifie les principes et les procédures qui doivent être suivis, au cours du développement d'essais fonctionnels ou de procédures d'évaluation des SIE, pour établir la durée de vie estimée d'un SIE spécifique. Il convient que tous les comités d'études de la CEI responsables de matériels ayant un SIE utilisent la présente norme. Le contenu du corrigendum de mars 2017 a été pris en considération dans cet exemplaire.
Loading guide for dry-type power transformers
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-1997
Loading guide for dry-type power transformers
Loading guide for dry-type power transformers
Guide de charge pour transformateurs de puissance du type sec
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: IEC 60505 Ed. 4.0
ICS:
29.180 Transformatorji. Dušilke Transformers. Reactors
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
NORME
CEI
INTERNATIONALE IEC
INTERNATIONAL
Première
édition
STANDARD
First edition
Le contenu du corrigendum d'avril 1991 a
été incorporé dans cette réimpression
The contents of the corrigendum of April 1991 has been included in this reprint
Guide de charge pour transformateurs
de puissance du type sec
Loading guide for dry-type power transformers
© CEI 1995 Droits de reproduction réservés — Copyright — all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun pro- any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
cédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et including photocopying and microfilm, without permission
les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. in writing from the publisher.
Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale 3, rue de Varembé
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Commission Electrotechnique Internationale CODE PRIX
International Electrotechnical Commission PRICE CODE
S
IEC Mer+tgyuapoaHaa 3nelsrporexHH4ecnaa
HoMUCCUR
• Pour prix, voir
• catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue
— 3
905 © I E C 1987
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD 5
PREFACE 5
Clause
1. Scope 7
2. Object 7
3. Symbols 9
PART 1
4. Basis of guide
5. Algorithm for basic `use of life' calculations
6. Limitations 29
PART 2
7. Basis of establishing load curves
8. Selection of appropriate load curve with examples
905 ©IEC 1987 — 5 —
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
LOADING GUIDE
FOR DRY-TYPE POWER TRANSFORMERS
FOREWORD
1) The formal decisions or agreements of the I EC on technical matters, prepared by Technical Committees on which all the
National Committees having a special interest therein are represented, express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the subjects dealt with.
2) They have the form of recommendations for international use and they are accepted by the National Committees in that
sense.
3) In order to promote international unification, the I E C expresses the wish that all National Committees should adopt the
text of the I E C recommendation for their national rules in so far as national conditions will permit. Any divergence
between the I E C recommendations and the corresponding national rules should, as far as possible, be clearly indicated in
the latter.
PREFACE
This guide has been prepared by IEC Technical Committee No. 14: Power transformers.
The text of this guide is based on the following documents:
Six Months' Rule Report on Voting
14(CO)60 14(CO)63
Full information on the voting for the approval of this guide can be found in the Voting Report
indicated in the above table.
The following 1 EC Publications are quoted in this guide:
Publications Nos. 76-1 (1976): Power transformers, Part 1: General.
726 (1982): Dry-type power transformers.
905 © I E C 1987 7
LOADING GUIDE
FOR DRY-TYPE POWER TRANSFORMERS
1. Scope
This guide is applicable to naturally cooled dry-type power transformers complying with
IEC Publication 726 and operated within the limitations referred to in Clause 6. Six different
insulation systems are taken into account, identified by their system temperatures.
Because there are numerous combinations of different insulation systems and constructions
it is possible to make loading recommendations only of a general nature. For this reason the
guide is in two parts:
— the first part makes no loading recommendations, but gives the method of calculating
loading conditions when the variable parameters are known as the result of prototype
testing of a particular construction and/or insulation system. The calculations are given in
the form of an algorithm from which computer programs can be written;
— the second part assumes constant values for the variable parameters, with the exception of
the insulation temperature limits (Table I) and the temperature of external cooling air,
irrespective of insulation system or construction, thereby enabling load curves to be
produced.
The guide indicates how dry-type transformers may be operated without exceeding the
acceptable limit of deterioration of insulation through thermal effects. The acceptable limit of
deterioration of insulation is defined as that which occurs when the dry-type transformer is
operating under rated conditions at the basic temperature of the external cooling air.
2. Object
The object of this guide is to permit the calculation of, and to indicate the permissible loading
under certain defined conditions in terms of rated current, for the guidance of users and to help
planners to choose the rated power of transformers required for new installations.
The basic temperature of the external cooling air is assumed to be 20 °C. Guidance is given
for this temperature, and also for external cooling air temperatures of 10 °C and 30 °C.
Deviations from these temperatures are provided for in such a way that the increased use of life
when operated with a higher external cooling air temperature is balanced by a reduced use of
life with a lower external cooling air temperature.
In practice, uninterrupted continuous operation at full rated current is unusual, and this
guide gives recommendations for cyclic daily loads, taking into account seasonal variations of
ambient temperature. The daily use of life due to thermal effects is compared with normal daily
use of life which results when the dry-type transformer is operating at rated voltage and
current, with an external cooling air temperature of 20 °C.
905 ©I E C 1987 — 9 —
Load curves, Figures 5 (1) to 5 (12) on pages 32 to 43, show the permissible load current
which will result in a normal daily use of life for winding insulation systems having insulation
system temperatures of 105, 120, 130, 155, 180 and 220 °C in the following two sets of
conditions:
a)
continuous duty with different temperatures of external cooling air,
b)
cyclic duty with different temperatures of external cooling air.
Note. —
It is assumed that the transformer is adequately ventilated and the increased losses resulting from an
overload do not significantly change the temperature of the cooling air.
3.
Symbols
The following symbols are used in this guide:
a = subscript representing "ambient" (external cooling air)
c =
subscript representing the "hot spot of the winding" at rated current and basic
temperature of external cooling air
cc =
subscript representing the highest permissible "hot spot of the winding" according to
this guide
d =
subscript representing the doubling of the rate of using life
e =
subscript representing the final "average of winding" for any value of load current
= subscript representing the initial "average of winding" for any value of load current
= integer variable representing the number of the day in the year (1^j-.365)
K1, K2i . K, . K
N = load currents as fractions of rated currents
m = subscript representing maximum "average of winding". (Thus for continuous rated
current,
A0c/Z, and for a short time in excess of rated current, D°
m = 08cc/
AOmr =
Z,
resulting in a greater than normal rate of using life during this period)
n
= subscript representing any one period during the daily load cycle
q = exponent of K
by which the average temperature rise varies with load current
r =
subscript representing rated value
t = time
tb =
duration, in hours, at any load current K 1 (tb , 24 — tp)
tp =
maximum permissible duration, in hours, at any load current
K2
t1 , t2, . tn
, . tN = duration of each load condition period
w =
subscript representing the winding
wh
subscript representing the "hot spot of winding"
A
= amplitude of annual variations in the daily average ambient temperature (sinusoidal
variation is assumed)
B =
amplitude of daily variations in the ambient temperature (sinusoidal variation is
assumed)
I =
load current in amperes (any value); I r = rated current
k
=
subscript representing any individual load period prior to the start of the load period
to for which the calculation is being made
905 © I E C 1987 – 11 –
L = life consumption in hours
calculated annual use of life
Lan
LR = relative rate of using life
N = number of different load periods for a day
T = sum of the individual load periods tk prior to the start of the load period t„ for which
the calculation is being made
Z = ratio between hot spot and average winding temperature rises (see also explanations
to subscript m)
«
arbitrary variable used in determining the relative rate of using life
=
AO =
temperature rise in kelvins
accuracy factor for estimation of the hot-spot temperature at the beginning of the 24 h
E =
period
8 = temperature in degrees Celsius
Dad = daily average ambient temperature
0a,, = annual average ambient temperature
r = thermal time constant of windings at rated current, in hours
PART 1
4. Basis of guide
4.1.
Introduction
The life of a dry-type transformer is related to the deterioration of its insulation through
thermal ageing. Experience indicates that the normal life of a transformer is some tens of years.
It cannot be stated more precisely, because it may vary even between identical units, owing in
particular to operating factors which may differ from one transformer to another.
In practice, uninterrupted continuous operation at full load current is unusual and so account
should be taken of the various operating conditions and the subsequent fluctuation of the rate
of thermal deterioration of the transformer insulation.
It is necessary therefore:
a) To define "normal" expectation of life as a function of the rated load current and the rated
hot spot temperature of the winding insulation.
b) To relate the increase in hot spot winding temperature to the increase in the rate of
insulation deterioration.
c) To devise a method of calculating the net effect of variation in the winding hot spot
temperature due to changes in load period, load current and ambient temperature, on the
thermal ageing of the insulation.
d) To then compare the net "use of life" due to the sum of the different factors in the load
cycle, with the definition of "normal use of life". Hence, any of the parameters in the load
cycle can be adjusted to give a normal expectation of transformer life.
905 © I E C 1987 – 13 –
4.2 Parameters used in the calculations
4.2.1
Temperature limits
TABLE I
Temperature limits
Hot spot winding Average winding
Insulation
temperature temperature-rise
system
temperature (°C) limits at rated current
(K)
(IEC Publi-
rated highest
(I EC Publication 726)
cation 726)
permissible
(40,r)
(°C) (Bcc)
(Bc)
105 (A) 95 140 60
120 (E) 110 155
120 165 80
130 (B)
145 190 100
155 (F)
220 125
180 (H) 175
210 250 150
220(C)
is used to calculate normal life consumption. Under certain operating
4.2.2 The parameter 0,
conditions in which it is permissible to exceed this normal consumption level, high overloads
may be applied, resulting in a hot spot temperature considerably higher than O. Thus a
parameter 0 cn representing the absolute limit of the hot spot temperature has been introduced.
This temperature is that beyond which the rate of deterioration of the insulation becomes
and 8cc.)
inadmissible. (See Table I for values of 0,
4.2.3 The value of parameter 0d is taken as the increase in hot spot temperature which doubles the
rate of using life.
4.2.4 The basic value required for calculating the life consumption level is the temperature at the
hottest spot. For this purpose, it is necessary to know the temperature rise at this position for
each load condition and the ambient temperature. There are at least two methods of obtaining
the hot spot temperature rise:
Kn;
a) can be determined by performing temperature-rise tests with various loads
AOWhn
b) by using the formula:
= Z OBwr Knq (1)
OBwhn
In this case, it is necessary to know the values of Z, AO, and q.
It is preferable to use, whenever possible, the results of tests giving thus removing any
AOWhn,
uncertainty regarding the validity of the factor Z and the value of q. Experience shows that q
and Z assume different values depending on the type of transformer and the level of the load
current at which it operates.
wh„ may be possible only on prototype
Note. — With some types of winding construction determination of AB
transformers.
AOWh = f (K), which can be used to
On the basis of the test results, a curve can be plotted of
for each K n necessary for the calculation.
determine the corresponding
AOwhn
905©IEC1987 — 15 —
4.2.5 Values obtained during temperature-rise tests carried out on a prototype under different load
conditions:
z = thermal time constant in hours;
Note. — The winding to be taken into consideration is that with the shortest time constant.
40wr
= average winding temperature rise at the assigned rating;
4B =
f (K): temperature rise at the hottest spot, under the established conditions, as a
wh
function of the load.
4.2.6 Values obtained by means of ageing tests carried out on models of insulating systems:
Bc =
temperature at which the insulating system has a normal service life;
Bcc = maximum temperature beyond which the rate of deterioration of the insulation is
inadmissible;
B d
= slope of the straight line for the life of the insulation ° increase in temperature
causing the life consumption rate to double.
4.2.7 Values relating to the conditions of use: See Figure 1, page 17.
Bad = daily average ambient temperature;
Bay = annual average ambient temperature;
A =
amplitude of annual variations in the daily average ambient temperature
(sinusoidal variation assumed);
B =
amplitude of variation in the daily ambient temperature (sinusoidal variation
assumed):
K 1 , K,, . K n, . KN = load conditions;
t1 , t2, . tn, . tN = duration of each load con
...
IEC 60505 ®
Edition 4.0 2011-07
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulation systems
Évaluation et qualification des systèmes d'isolation électrique
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IEC 60505 ®
Edition 4.0 2011-07
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulation systems
Évaluation et qualification des systèmes d'isolation électrique
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XC
ICS 29.080.30 ISBN 978-2-88912-539-5
– 2 – 60505 © IEC:2011
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
3.1 General terms . 10
3.2 Terms related to service stresses and ageing . 10
3.3 Terms related to testing . 11
4 Ageing . 12
4.1 Ageing mechanism . 12
4.2 Assessment of ageing mechanisms . 14
4.3 Electrical ageing . 15
4.4 Thermal ageing . 17
4.5 Mechanical ageing . 19
4.6 Environmental ageing . 21
4.7 Accelerated ageing . 22
4.8 Multifactor ageing . 23
5 Basic evaluation considerations . 23
5.1 Elements for preparing an evaluation method . 23
5.1.1 Object . 23
5.1.2 Service conditions . 23
5.1.3 Life values . 24
5.2 Types of evaluation procedures . 24
5.3 Choice of the test object . 26
5.4 Experimental test procedures . 26
5.5 Conclusions for standardization practices . 27
6 Functional ageing tests. 27
6.1 Test objects. 27
6.1.1 Construction of test objects . 27
6.1.2 Number of test objects . 28
6.1.3 Quality assurance tests . 28
6.1.4 Preconditioning subcycle . 28
6.1.5 Initial diagnostic tests . 28
6.1.6 Reference EIS . 28
6.2 Test conditions . 28
6.2.1 Continuous and cyclic testing . 28
6.2.2 Levels of test stresses, ageing factors and diagnostic factors . 29
6.3 Determination of EIS service life . 29
6.3.1 Extrapolation of life test results . 29
6.3.2 Comparison of life test data . 29
6.4 Diagnostics . 30
6.4.1 Diagnostic tests – End point criteria. 30
6.4.2 Additional specific tests . 31
6.5 Analysing the data . 31
6.6 Test report . 31
Annex A (informative) Glossary . 32
60505 © IEC:2011 – 3 –
Bibliography . 71
Figure 1 – Ageing of an EIS . 13
Figure 2 – Intrinsic/extrinsic electrical ageing of practical EIS . 15
Figure 3 – Intrinsic/extrinsic thermal ageing of practical EIS . 17
Figure 4 – Intrinsic/extrinsic mechanical ageing of practical EIS . 20
Figure 5 – Intrinsic/extrinsic environmental ageing of practical EIS . 22
Figure 6 – Elements of evaluation methods . 23
Figure 7 – Type of evaluation procedure . 25
Figure 8 – Selection of test object . 26
Figure 9 – Establishing the test method . 27
Figure A.1 – Surface abrasion damage . 32
Figure A.2 – Surface enamel peeling like string . 32
Figure A.3 – Scheme of the measurement set-up for the charging/discharging current . 33
Figure A.4 – Example of sample preparation . 33
Figure A.5 – Charging/discharging current on HDPE film . 34
Figure A.6 – Property versus time behaviour, detection of threshold (end point, p )
L
and maintenance time . 35
Figure A.7 – Correspondence between the ageing plots of the property p (in red),
obtained at different stress levels, and the resulting life line . 35
Figure A.8 – Example of charge injection of positive carriers (holes) from the anode
and of negative charge carriers (electrons) from the cathode in a PE flat specimen,
detected by space charge measurement performed by PEA method . 36
Figure A.9 – Stress-strain curve for a typical material . 37
Figure A.10 – Scheme of measurement set- up for charging/discharging current . 38
Figure A.11 – Example of sample preparation . 38
Figure A.12 – Charging/discharging current on HDPE film . 38
Figure A.13 – Charging current at 135 °C and different values of DC electrical field . 39
Figure A.14 – Charging current at 120 °C and different values of DC electrical field . 39
Figure A.15 – Corona at post insulator head . 40
Figure A.16 – Corona on top and arcing to ground . 40
Figure A.17 – Stages of mechanical ductile fracture (cracking) (Source unknown) . 41
Figure A.18 – Photo showing orderings in epoxy structure and void . 42
Figure A.19 – Discharge between conductors through air. 44
Figure A.20 – Paper insulation degraded by electrical surface discharges . 44
Figure A.21 – Example of electric strength test on XLPE sample 0,2 mm thick .
...
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