ISO 10816-5:2000
(Main)Mechanical vibration — Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts — Part 5: Machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants
Mechanical vibration — Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts — Part 5: Machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants
Vibrations mécaniques — Évaluation des vibrations des machines par mesurages sur les parties non tournantes — Partie 5: Groupes générateurs de puissance et installations de pompage hydrauliques
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10816-5
First edition
2000-04-01
Mechanical vibration — Evaluation
of machine vibration by measurements
on non-rotating parts —
Part 5:
Machine sets in hydraulic power generating
and pumping plants
Vibrations mécaniques — Évaluation des vibrations des machines par
mesurages sur les parties non tournantes —
Partie 5: Groupes générateurs de puissance et installations de pompage
hydrauliques
Reference number
ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
©
ISO 2000
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .2
3 Machine arrangements.2
4 Measurement procedures and conditions .7
4.1 General.7
4.2 Measurement type .8
4.3 Measurement locations and directions .8
4.4 Measurement equipment .9
4.5 Operational conditions.10
5 Evaluation.10
5.1 General.10
5.2 Criterion I: Vibration magnitude.10
5.3 Evaluation zone limits .10
5.3.1 Turbine operating conditions.10
5.3.2 Pump operating conditions .11
5.3.3 Special operating conditions.11
5.3.4 Axial vibration .11
5.4 Criterion II: Change in vibration magnitude.12
5.5 Operational limits.12
5.5.1 General.12
5.5.2 Setting of ALARMS.12
5.5.3 Setting of TRIPS.13
5.5.4 Special operating conditions.13
5.6 Supplementary procedures/criteria .13
5.7 Evaluation based on vibration vector information.13
Annex A (normative) Evaluation zone boundaries.14
Annex B (informative) Special features of bearing housing vibration of hydraulic machine sets .16
Annex C (informative) Analysis procedure and applied regression technique.18
Bibliography.19
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 10816 may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 10816-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration and
shock, Subcommittee SC 2, Measurement and evaluation of mechanical vibration and shock as applied to
machines, vehicles and structures.
ISO 10816 consists of the following parts, under the general title Mechanical vibration — Evaluation of machine
vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts:
� Part 1: General guidelines
� Part 2: Large land-based steam turbine generator sets in excess of 50 MW
� Part 3: Industrial machines with nominal power above 15 kW and nominal speeds between 120 r/min and
15 000 r/min when measured in situ
� Part 4: Gas turbine driven sets excluding aircraft derivatives
� Part 5: Machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants
� Part 6: Reciprocating machines with power ratings above 100 kW
Annex A forms a normative part of this part of ISO 10816. Annexes B and C are for information only.
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
Introduction
ISO 10816-1 is the basic document which describes the general requirements for evaluating vibration of various
machine types when the vibration measurements are made on non-rotating parts. This part of ISO 10816 provides
specific guidance for assessing the severity of vibration measured at the bearings, bearing pedestals or bearing
housings of machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants when measurements are made in situ.
Two criteria are provided for assessing the machine vibration. One criterion considers the magnitude of observed
vibration; the second considers changes in the magnitudes. It must be recognized, however, that these two criteria do
not form the only basis for judging the severity of vibration. For most machine types it is also common to judge the
vibration based on measurements taken on the rotating shaft. Shaft vibration measurement requirements and criteria
are addressed in separate documents, ISO 7919-1 and ISO 7919-5.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
Mechanical vibration — Evaluation of machine vibration by
measurements on non-rotating parts —
Part 5:
Machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10816 gives guidelines for applying bearing housing vibration evaluation criteria measured under
normal operating conditions at the bearings, bearing pedestals or bearing housings of the main machine sets in
hydraulic power generating and pumping plants. These guidelines are presented in terms of both steady-state running
vibration and any amplitude changes which may occur in these steady values. The numerical values specified are not
intended to serve as the only basis for vibration evaluation, since, in general, the vibratory condition of a machine is
assessed by consideration of both the bearing housing vibration and the associated shaft vibration (see introduction of
ISO 10816-1 and ISO 7919-1).
This part of ISO 10816 is applicable to machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants where the
hydraulic machines have speeds from 60 r/min to 1800 r/min, shell or shoe type sleeve bearings and a main engine
power of 1 MW and more. The position of the shaft line may be vertical, horizontal or at an arbitrary angle between
these two directions.
Machine sets covered by this part of ISO 10816 may be combined from
� hydraulic turbines and generators,
� pumps and electrical machines operating as motors, or
� pump-turbines and motor-generators.
Auxiliary equipment (e.g. starting turbines or exciters lying in the shaft line) is included. Evaluation criteria are at
present only given for the main bearings of the machine set.
This part of ISO 10816 is applicable also to single turbines or pumps connected to generators or electrical motors
over gears or/and radially flexible couplings. However, electrical machines of this type should in principal be evaluated
according to the criteria specified in ISO 10816-3.
This part of ISO 10816 is not applicable to the following:
� pumps in thermal power plants or industrial installations (for these machines, see ISO 10816-3);
� hydraulic machines or machine sets having rolling element bearings.
Consistent with clause 1 of ISO 10816-1:1995, bearing housing vibration of machine sets in hydraulic power
generating and pumping plants may be determined with regard to following tasks:
� task A: monitoring changes in vibrational behaviour;
� task B: prevention of excessive kinetic load.
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
The criteria are applicable mainly for the vibration produced by the machine set itself. Special considerations should
be made when necessary for vibration transmitted to the machine set from external sources.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 10816. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 10816 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 10816-1:1995, Mechanical vibration — Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating
parts — Part 1: General guidelines.
IEC 60994, Guide for field measurement of vibrations and pulsations in hydraulic machines (turbines, storage
pumps and pump-turbines).
3 Machine arrangements
Significant differences in design and arrangement of hydraulic machine sets require a separation into four principal
groups with regard to the radial bearing stiffness, as follows.
Group 1: Horizontal machine sets with pedestal or end-shield bearings mounted on a rigid foundation, usually with
operational speeds of above 300 r/min.
Group 2: Horizontal machine sets with bearing housings which are only braced against the casing of the hydraulic
machine, usually with operational speeds of less than 300 r/min.
Group 3: Vertical machine sets with bearing housings which are all braced against the foundation, usually with
operational speeds of between 60 r/min and 1 800 r/min.
Group 4: Vertical machine sets with lower bearing housings braced against the foundation and upper bearing
housings braced against the generator stator only, usually with operational speeds of between 60 r/min and
1 000 r/min.
NOTE Umbrella-type machines belong to Group 4.
Figures 1 to 4 show examples for each group.
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
NOTE The numbers indicate measurement locations.
Figure 1 — Measurement locations for Group 1 machine sets with horizontal shaft and pedestal or
end-shield bearings mounted on rigid foundation, usually with operational speeds of above 300 r/min
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
NOTE The numbers indicate measurement locations.
Figure 2 — Measurement locations for a Group 2 machine set with horizontal shaft and bearing housings
which are only braced against the casing of the hydraulic machine, usually with operational speeds of
less than 300 r/min
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
NOTE The numbers indicate measurement locations.
Figure 3 — Measurement locations for a Group 3 machine set with vertical shaft and bearing housings
which are all braced against the foundation, usually with operational speeds of between 60 r/min and
1 800 r/min
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
NOTE 1 The numbers indicate measurement locations.
NOTE 2 Umbrella-type machines belong to this group.
Figure 4 — Measurement locations for a Group 4 machine set with vertical shaft, lower bearing housings
braced against the foundation and upper bearing housing braced against the generator stator only, usually
with operational speeds of between 60 r/min and 1 000 r/min
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
NOTE It is recommended that the location for horizontal measurements should be on the bearing pedestal and not on the
bearing cap, whenever possible.
Figure 5 — Measurement locations and directions at pedestal or end-shield bearings
4 Measurement procedures and conditions
4.1 General
Follow the general procedures given in ISO 10816-1 and IEC 60994, subject to the recommendations given in 4.2
to 4.5.
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
4.2 Measurement type
Absolute bearing housing vibration measurements are commonly made on hydraulic machine sets using seismic
transducers measuring the vibration velocity v in millimetres per second or, after electronic integration, the vibration
rms
displacement s in micrometres. The vibration displacement s can also be measured directly as a relative
p–p p–p
quantity using displacement transducers in the case where a rigid non-vibrating support can be found.
Because of the special nature of the vibratory behaviour of hydraulic machines and their different speed ranges, these
quantities have favoured ranges of application as follows:
a) For low-speed machines (below 300 r/min), the preferred measurement quantity is the vibration displacement
s . If the spectrum is expected to contain high-frequency components, the evaluation should normally be
p–p
based on broad-band measurements of both displacement and velocity.
b) For medium- and high-speed machines (300 r/min to 1 800 r/min), the preferred measurement quantity is the
vibration velocity v . If the spectrum is expected to contain low-frequency components, the evaluation should
rms
normally be based on broad-band measurements of both velocity and displacement.
4.3 Measurement locations and directions
Measurement tasks A and B (see clause 1) require measurements to be taken on exposed parts of the machine that
are normally accessible and are representative locations for the so-called force flow in the supporting structure, for
example on all main bearings of the machine set. Typical examples of measurement locations for hydraulic machines
are shown in Figures 1 to 5.
Care shall be taken in this context to ensure that measurements reasonably represent the vibration of the bearing
housings and do not include any local resonance or amplification. The locations and directions for vibration
measurements shall be such that they provide adequate sensitivity to the dynamic forces of the machine under
various operating conditions. Typically, this will often require two orthogonal radial measurement directions on each
bearing cap, pedestal or housing. For low-speed machines with a horizontal shaft axis, such as bulb-turbines as
shown in Figure 2, the measurement locations and directions shall be determined with great care.
CAUTION: The vibration measured at the lower guide bearings of vertical machines may sometimes be
misinterpreted; the vibration level measured at such bearings and their surrounding supports which are rigidly
embedded in the buildings is sometimes produced by hydraulic forces, directly transmitted from the hydraulic
machine via the foundation. Such vibrations do not necessarily give a correct image of the vibration of the rotating
shaft system.
For horizontal machines when using portable measuring instrumentation, take measurements in the vertical and
horizontal directions 90� apart (perpendicular to the shaft axis) and, if possible, in the axial direction (parallel to the
shaft axis) as shown in Figure 5.
A single transducer may be used on a bearing cap or pedestal in place of the more typical pair of orthogonal
transducers if it is known to provide adequate information about the magnitude of the machine vibration. However,
caution should be observed in evaluating vibration from a single transducer at a measurement location, because it
may not be oriented to provide a reasonable approximation to the maximum value at that location.
In the case of vertical or inclined machine sets, the locations and directions that give maximum vibration readings
shall be used, for example the stiff and the elastic axis (this is important for cases with spider arm support
constructions), and the specific location and direction shall be recorded with the measurement. If possible, the setting
of the transducers at different bearings should be in line. For vertical machines, the preferred measurement directions
are upstream and 90� to that.
For monitoring purposes (task A) only, in some cases measurement locations may be reduced to the most important
ones, mainly at machine sets with four or more bearings. The selection should be based on vibration performance
analyses, simulating all types of faults or disturbing effects. Preferred measuring locations should be those where
possible disturbing events produce significant bearing housing amplitudes (velocity or displacement).
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
The installation of one single transducer at the bearing pedestal or housing in horizontal or slightly inclined position is
commonly considered adequate for continuous monitoring of Group 1 or 2 machine sets. For monitoring axial
vibration of the machine, one transducer mounted on the thrust bearing is often sufficient.
4.4 Measurement equipment
The measurement equipment shall be capable of broad-band measurement of vibration with flat response within the
following frequency ranges:
� from at least a quarter of the nominal rotational frequency up to the product of three times the rotational
frequency times the number of buckets or blades, if the measurement quantity is the vibration displacement
s ;
p-p
� from 2 Hz to 1 000 Hz if the measurement quantity is the vibration velocity v .
rms
NOTE If the measurement equipment is also to be used for diagnostic purposes, an upper frequency limit higher than that
specified may be necessary (e.g. higher than 1 000 Hz in the case of vibration velocity measurements).
Vibration displacement can be measured as an absolute quantity with special seismic transducers or accelerometers.
If standard equipment is applied, particular attention should be taken to ensure that the measuring instrumentation is
fitted with specific electronic compensation to obtain a flat response over the specified frequency range.
For machines with nominal speeds lower than or equal to 300 r/min, vibration displacement is often measured as
relative quantity (relative to the foundation) using contact or non-contact displacement transducers. These
transducers shall be installed on rigid bars or frames fixed to rigid parts of the foundation. It is necessary to ensure
that the natural frequencies of these elements are at least higher than ten times the nominal rotational frequency, and
also they should not be a multiple of this frequency.
Vibration velocity shall be measured as an absolute quantity with seismic transducers or accelerometers. If seismic
transducers are used, attention should be taken to ensure that the measuring instrumentation is fitted with specific
electronic compensation to obtain a flat response over the total frequency range from 2 Hz to 1 000 Hz.
Transducers for absolute vibration measurements shall be mounted on rigid parts of the bearing housing or adjacent
surrounding structures which can be classified to give a representative vibration response of the machine. Particular
attention shall be given to ensure that transducer mounting complies with specifications from the transducer
manufacturer. If additional elements for mounting such transducers are necessary, it shall be ensured that the natural
frequencies of those elements are at least higher than ten times the nominal rotational frequency, and also they
should not be a multiple of this frequency.
The characteristics of the measuring system shall be known with regard to the effects of the environment, including
the following:
� temperature variations;
� magnetic fields;
� sound fields;
� power source variation;
� transducer cable length;
� transducer orientation.
Particular attention shall be given to ensuring that the vibration sensing transducers are correctly mounted and do not
affect the vibration response characteristics of the machine.
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
4.5 Operational conditions
Measurements shall be carried out when the rotor and the main bearings have reached their normal steady-state
operating temperatures and with the machine running under steady-state conditions.
5 Evaluation
5.1 General
ISO 10816-1 provides a general description of the two evaluation criteria used to assess vibration severity on various
classes of machines. One criterion considers the magnitude of vibration observed by broad-band measurement; the
second considers changes in magnitude, irrespective of whether they are increases or decreases.
5.2 Criterion I: Vibration magnitude
The reliable and safe running of a machine under normal operating conditions requires that the vibration magnitude
should remain below certain limits consistent with, for example, acceptable kinetic loads and acceptable vibration
transmission into the support structure and foundation. Generally, this criterion will be taken as the basis for the
evaluation of machines in the absence of any other established knowledge of the satisfactory running characteristics
for machines of that type (e.g. for new machine types).
The maximum vibration magnitude observed at each bearing pedestal or housing is assessed against the evaluation
zones defined below.
Zone A: The vibration of newly commissioned machines would normally fall within this zone.
Zone B: Machines with vibration within this zone are normally considered acceptable for unrestricted long-term
operation.
Zone C: Machines with vibration within this zone are normally considered unsatisfactory for long-term continuous
operation. Generally, the machine may be operated for a limited period in this condition until a suitable opportunity
arises for remedial action.
Zone D: Vibration values within this zone are normally considered to be of sufficient severity to cause damage to the
machine.
Numerical values assigned to the zone boundaries are not intended to serve as acceptance specification, which shall
be subject to agreement between the machine manufacturer and the customer. However, the zone boundaries
provide guidelines for ensuring that gross deficiencies or unrealistic requirements are avoided. In certain cases, there
may be specific features associated with a particular machine which would require different zone boundary values
(higher or lower) to be used. In such cases, it is normally the responsibility of the machine manufacturer to explain the
reason for this and, in particular, to confirm that the machine would not be endangered by operating with higher
vibration values.
NOTE Vibration magnitudes for recommissioned units with increased output, usually characterized as "uprated", may be located
in zone A or B. The choice of zone A or B depends, however, on the relation between the new excitation forces and the capacity of
the new and re-used components to withstand long-term dynamic exposure.
5.3 Evaluation zone limits
5.3.1 Turbine operating conditions
Recommended values for the zone boundaries are given in Tables A.1 to A.4 for the four machine groups covered by
this part of ISO 10816. Application of these criteria is valid for measurements in a radial direction on bearing pedestals
or housings of machine sets with nominal speeds between 60 r/min and 1 800 r/min operating within the contractually
permissible steady-state range, as well as at other load conditions if the machine has been made suitable for these
particular conditions. Higher values of vibration may be permitted under the conditions specified in annex B.
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ISO 10816-5:2000(E)
Zone boundary values are specified for both measurement quantities. If both quantities, vibration velocity and
displacement, are measured and compared to the corresponding values in Tables A.1, A.3 and A.4, the evaluation
which is most restrictive shall apply.
The limiting values are applicable for all types of machine sets belonging to one group, independent of head and
power, except for the restrictions given in clause 1. For hydrodynamically smoother running machines, normally lower
bearing housing vibration may be expected.
In the case of pump-turbines, increased bearing housing vibration amplitudes may occur because of the runner
design criteria, which are a compromise between the optimal design for a turbine and a pump runner.
The values in Tables A.1 to A.4 are based on statistical analyses of collected measurement data from more than
1 400 samples, collected worldwide from machine sets with different powers and speeds within all four groups. A brief
description of the analysis procedure and the applied regression technique is given in annex C.
NOTE 1 In general, an overall judgement of the vibratory st
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