SIST EN 50536:2011
(Main)Protection against lightning - Thunderstorm detection devices
Protection against lightning - Thunderstorm detection devices
This European Standard provides the basic requirements of sensors and networks collecting accurate data of the relevant parameters informing in real-time about lightning tracking and range. It describes the application of the data collected by these sensors and networks in the form of warnings and historical data. This European Standard applies to the use of information from thunderstorm warning systems (which are systems or equipment which provide real-time information) on atmospheric electrical activity in order to monitor for preventive means. The scope of this document is providing: - a general description of the available lightning and storm electrification hazard warning systems; - a classification of thunderstorm detection devices and properties; - guidelines for alarming methods; - a procedure to determine the thunderstorm information usefulness; - some examples of possible preventive actions (only for information).
Blitzschutz - Systeme zur Gewittererkennung
Diese Europäische Norm liefert die technischen Anforderungen an Messempfänger und Messnetze, die genaue Daten der zugehörigen Parameter sammeln, um in Echtzeit über Gewitterzugrichtung und -zellen zu informieren. Sie beschreibt die Anwendung der von diesen Messempfängern und Messnetzen gesammelten Daten in Form von Gefahrenmeldungen und historischen Daten. Diese Europäische Norm gilt für die Nutzung von Informationen aus Systemen zur Gewitterortung (das sind Systeme oder Geräte, die Echtzeitinformationen liefern) zur Beobachtung von atmosphärischen, elektrischen Aktivitäten, zum Zweck vorbeugender Maßnahmen. Der Anwendungsbereich dieses Dokumentes umfasst: – eine allgemeine Beschreibung der verfügbaren Warnsysteme für Blitz- und Gewitter¬elektrizitäts-gefährdung; – eine Klassifizierung der Gewitterortungssysteme und deren Eigenschaften; – Leitfäden für die Alarmierung; – eine Verfahrensweise zur Bestimmung der Notwendigkeit von Gewitterinformationen; – einige Beispiele möglicher, vorbeugender Maßnahmen (nur informativ). Nachfolgend ist eine nicht vollständige Liste von Aktivitäten, auf die diese Europäische Norm angewendet werden könnte, angegeben: – Menschen im Freien: Servicetechniker, Arbeiten, Sport oder andere Freiluftaktivitäten, Wettkämpfe, stark besuchte Veranstaltungen, landwirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten, Bauernhöfe und Fischereien; – Windenergieanlagen, größere Solarenergiefelder, Stromversorgungsleitungen, etc.; – berufsbedingte Gesundheits- und Sicherheitsvorsorge; – Schutzeinrichtungen für empfindliche Ausrüstungen: Computersysteme, elektrische oder elektronische Systeme, Notfalleinrichtungen, Alarm- und Sicherheitssysteme; – Verhindern von Verlusten im Betrieb und in industriellen Prozessen; – Verhindern von schweren Unfällen mit gefährlichen Stoffen (brennbar, radioaktiv, giftig oder explosiv); – Vorbeugen in bestimmter Umgebung oder bei Tätigkeiten mit besonderer Gefahr elektrostatischer Entladungen (Raum- und Luftfahrt); – Abläufe, bei denen die Zuverlässigkeit von Grunddiensten garantiert werden muss: Telekommunikation, Energieerzeugung, -transport und -verteilung, Gesundheits- und Notfalldienste; – Infrastrukturen: Häfen, Flughäfen, Schienenverkehr, Autobahnen und Seilbahnen; – öffentlicher Schutz der Umwelt: Waldbrände, Geländeabschwemmungen und Überschwemmungen; – Verkehrsleitsysteme (Flugzeuge, etc) oder ausgedehnte Netze (Stromversorgungsleitungen, Telekommunikationsleitungen) können ebenfalls Vorteile aus der frühzeitigen Ortung von Gewittern ziehen. Die im Folgenden aufgezählten Punkte sind nicht Bestandteil dieser Europäischen Norm: a) Blitzschutz, der in entsprechenden Europäischen und Nationalen Normen und Richtlinien enthalten ist; b) andere meteorologische, blitzbezogene Erscheinungen wie Regen, Hagel, Wind, etc.; c) satelliten- und radargestützte Gewitterortungstechniken; diese Europäische Norm beschäftigt sich nicht mit irgendwelchen Einzelheiten zu vorbeugenden Maßnahmen bei Blitz- und/oder Gewitterelektrizitätsgefährdung.
Protection contre la foudre - Dispositif de détection d'orage
Zaščita pred delovanjem strele - Naprave za zaznavanje neviht
Ta evropski standard podaja osnovne zahteve za senzorje in omrežja, ki zbirajo točne podatke o ustreznih parametrih, ki realnočasovno obveščajo o sledenju in razponu pojava strele. Opisuje uporabo podatkov, zbranih s temi senzorji in omrežji, v obliki opozoril in zgodovinskih podatkov. Ta evropski standard velja za uporabo informacij iz opozorilnega sistema pred nevihtami (to so sistemi ali oprema, ki zagotavljajo realnočasovne informacije) o atmosferski električni dejavnosti, da se zagotovi spremljanje za preventivna sredstva. Področje uporabe tega standarda zagotavlja: - splošni opis razpoložljivih opozorilnih sistemov o elektrifikacijskih nevarnostih pojava strele in nevihte; - klasifikacijo in lastnosti naprav za zaznavanje neviht; – smernice za metode alarmiranja; postopek določevanja uporabnosti informacij o nevihti; – nekaj primerov mogočega preventivnega delovanja (samo informativno).
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 50536:2011
01-julij-2011
=DãþLWDSUHGGHORYDQMHPVWUHOH1DSUDYH]D]D]QDYDQMHQHYLKW
Protection against lightning - Thunderstorm detection devices
Blitzschutz - Systeme zur Gewittererkennung
Protection contre la foudre - Dispositif de détection d'orage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 50536:2011
ICS:
07.060 Geologija. Meteorologija. Geology. Meteorology.
Hidrologija Hydrology
91.120.40 =DãþLWDSUHGVWUHOR Lightning protection
SIST EN 50536:2011 en,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 50536
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2011
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 07.060
English version
Protection against lightning -
Thunderstorm warning systems
Protection contre la foudre - Blitzschutz -
Dispositif de détection d'orage Gewitterwarnsysteme
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2011-02-14. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels
© 2011 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 50536:2011 E
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
EN 50536:2011 – 2 –
Foreword
This European Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 81X, Lightning
protection.
The text of the draft was submitted to the formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 50536
on 2011-02-14.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN and CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
The following dates are proposed:
– latest date by which the amendment has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement
(dop) 2012-02-14
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the amendment have to be withdrawn
(dow) 2014-02-14
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
– 3 – EN 50536:2011
Contents
Introduction . 6
1 General . 7
1.1 Object . 7
1.2 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Thunderstorm phases and detectable phenomena for alarming .11
4.1 Introduction .11
4.2 Phase 1 – Initial phase (Cumulus stage) .11
4.3 Phase 2 – Growth phase .12
4.4 Phase 3 – Mature phase .12
4.5 Phase 4 – Dissipation phase .12
5 Classification of thunderstorm detection devices and their properties .12
6 Alarm method .14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Areas .14
6.3 Alarm triggering .15
6.4 Alarm information delivery .17
7 Installation and maintenance .17
8 Alarm evaluation .17
8.1 General .17
8.2 Evaluation of systems by using lightning location data .19
8.3 Fine tuning of TWS by processing archived data .19
9 Thunderstorms Warning Systems application guide .20
9.1 General .20
9.2 Procedure .20
Annex A (informative) Overview of the lightning phenomena .23
A.1 Origin of thunderclouds and electrification .23
A.2 Lightning phenomena .24
A.3 Electrical thunderstorm and lightning characteristics useful for prevention .25
Annex B (informative) Thunderstorm detection techniques .27
B.1 Introduction .27
B.2 Detection techniques and parameters to qualify a sensor .27
B.3 Location techniques .28
B.4 Thunderstorm detectors evaluation .30
B.5 Choosing a thunderstorm detection system .30
Annex C (informative) Thunderstorms Warning Systems application examples .31
C.1 Example n° 1 – TELECOMUNICATION TOWER .31
C.2 Example n° 2 – GOLF COURSE .33
C.3 Example n° 3 – WIND TURBINE FARM (including its maintenance) .35
Annex D (informative) Catalogue of possible recommended preventive actions to be taken .38
Annex E (informative) Example of TWS evaluation on a wind turbine site .41
Bibliography .43
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
EN 50536:2011 – 4 –
Figures
Figure 1 ― Examples of different target shapes . 14
Figure 2 ― Example of the distribution of the coverage area (CA), the monitoring area (MA)
and the target area . 15
Figure 3 ― Example of an alarm. a) Locations of the lightning related events (LRE) in the defined
areas (coverage area CA, monitoring area MA, surrounding area SA, and target ); b)
temporal occurrence of the lightning related events (LRE); and c) timing of the alarm
according to the occurrence of the lightning related events (LRE) in the defined areas. Note:
surrounding area used in this figure is defined in 8.2) . 16
Figure 4 ― Introduction of the surrounding area (SA) for evaluation purposes . 19
Figure A.1 ― Adapted from Krehbiel (1986) . 23
Figure A.2 ― Standard lightning classifications . 24
Figure D.1 ― Possible preventive steps . 40
Figure E.1 ― CG lightning activity around the wind turbine for a period of eight years (a total of
2 480 strokes were reported) . 41
Tables
Table 1 ― Lightning detector properties . 13
Table 2 ― Contingency table . 18
Table 3 ― Identification of hazardous situations. 21
Table 4 ― Loss concerning people . 21
Table 5 ― Loss concerning goods . 21
Table 6 ― Loss concerning services . 22
Table 7 ― Loss concerning environment . 22
Table 8 ― Risk control . 22
Table C.1 ― Identification of hazardous situations . 31
Table C.2 ― Loss concerning people . 32
Table C.3 ― Loss concerning goods . 32
Table C.4 ― Loss concerning services . 32
Table C.5 ― Loss concerning environment . 32
Table C.6 ― Risk control . 33
Table C.7 ― Identification of hazardous situations . 33
Table C.8 ― Loss concerning people . 34
Table C.9 ― Loss concerning goods . 34
Table C.10 ― Loss concerning services . 34
Table C.11 ― Loss concerning environment . 34
Table C.12 ― Risk control. 35
Table C.13 ― Identification of hazardous situations . 35
Table C.14 ― Loss concerning people . 36
Table C.15 ― Loss concerning goods . 36
Table C.16 ― Loss concerning services . 36
Table C.17 ― Loss concerning environment . 36
Table C.18 ― Risk control. 37
Table D.1 ― Possible preventive steps . 39
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
– 5 – EN 50536:2011
Table E.1 ― Results of TWS evaluation based on archived lightning date for an 8-year period
(2000 to 2007), when some of the key parameters (size of MA, trigger parameters and dwell
time) were varied . 42
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
EN 50536:2011 – 6 –
Introduction
Natural atmospheric electric activity and in particular cloud-to-ground lightning poses a serious threat
to living beings and property.
Every year severe injuries and even deaths of humans are caused as a direct or indirect result of
lightning:
– sport, cultural and political events attracting large concentrations of people may have to be
suspended and evacuated in the case of a risk of thunderstorm;
– power outages and unplanned interruptions of production processes;
– the wider use of electrical components that are sensitive to the effects of lightning (in industry,
transportation and communication) has led to a steady increase in the number of accidents per
year. In order to reduce this number of accidents and important material losses, it may be
necessary in some circumstances, to disconnect certain equipment from any incoming
installations;
– thunderstorms could interrupt all kinds of traffic (people, energy, information, etc.);
– activities with an environmental risk, for example: handling of sensitive, inflammable, explosive or
chemical products.
Lightning is also one of the causes of fires.
During the last decades, technical systems and systems devoted to real-time monitoring of natural
atmospheric electric activity and lightning have experienced an extraordinary development. These
systems can provide high quality and valuable information in real-time of the thunderstorm occurrence,
making it possible to achieve information which can be extremely valuable if coordinated with a
detailed plan of action.
Although this information allows the user to adopt anticipated temporary preventive measures, it
should be noted, however, that all the measures to be taken based on monitoring information are the
responsibility of the system user according to the relevant regulations. The effectiveness will depend
largely on the risk situation involved and the planned decisions to be taken. This document shows a
list of possible actions that is, however, merely of an informative nature.
It should be pointed out that lightning and thunderstorms, as any natural phenomenon, are subject to
statistical uncertainty. This means that it is not possible to achieve 100 % precise information on when
and where lightning will strike.
Standards dealing with lightning protection methods to limit lightning damages already exist. They do
not cover other potentially dangerous situations related to thunderstorms and lightning, that can be
dynamically prevented or reduced by temporary measures whose origin is a preventive alert provided
by a detection system.
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
– 7 – EN 50536:2011
1 General
1.1 Object
This European Standard provides information on the characteristics of thunderstorm warning systems
and information for the evaluation of the usefulness of lightning real time data and/or storm
electrification data in order to implement lightning hazard preventive measures.
1.2 Scope
This European Standard provides the basic requirements of sensors and networks collecting accurate
data of the relevant parameters informing in real-time about lightning tracking and range. It describes
the application of the data collected by these sensors and networks in the form of warnings and
historical data.
This European Standard applies to the use of information from thunderstorm warning systems (which
are systems or equipment which provide real-time information) on atmospheric electrical activity in
order to monitor for preventive means.
The scope of this document is providing:
– a general description of the available lightning and storm electrification hazard warning systems;
– a classification of thunderstorm detection devices and properties;
– guidelines for alarming methods;
– a procedure to determine the thunderstorm information usefulness;
– some examples of possible preventive actions (only for information).
A non-exhaustive list of activities to which this European Standard might apply is given below:
– people in open areas: maintenance people, labour, sports or other open-air activities,
competitions, crowded events, agricultural activities, farms and fisheries;
– wind farms, larger solar power systems, power lines, etc.;
– occupational health and safety prevention;
– safeguard sensitive equipment: computer systems, electric or electronic systems, emergency
systems, alarms and safety;
– prevention of losses in operations and industrial processes;
– prevention of serious accidents involving dangerous substances (e.g. flammable, radioactive,
toxic, and explosive);
– prevention in determined environments or activities with special danger of electrostatic
discharges (e.g. space and flight vehicle operations);
– operations in which the continuity of the basic services is needed to be guaranteed (e.g.
telecommunications, the generation, transport and distribution of energy, sanitary services and
emergency services);
– infrastructures: ports, airports, railroads, motorways and cableways;
– civil defence of the environment: forest fires, land slide and floods;
– managing traffic (e.g. airplanes) or wide networks (e.g. power lines, telecommunication lines) may
also benefits from having early detection of thunderstorms.
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
EN 50536:2011 – 8 –
The following enumerated aspects are outside of this European Standard:
a) lightning protection systems. Such systems are covered by EN 62305 standards series;
b) other thunderstorm related phenomena such as rain, hail, wind, etc.;
c) satellite and radar thunderstorm detection techniques.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 62305 series, Protection against lightning (IEC 62305 series)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
alarm
information indicating that the target is potentially subject of being affected by thunderstorms and the
accompanying lightning related events
3.2
cloud flash
lightning flash that never reaches the ground
NOTE 1 It can be an intra-cloud, a cloud-to-cloud or a cloud-to-air flash.
NOTE 2 By extension the term “intra-cloud” (IC) lightning sometimes encompasses the whole cloud flash family.
3.3
lightning flash to earth
CG flash
electrical discharge of atmospheric origin between cloud and earth consisting of one or more strokes
[EN 62305-1:2011]
3.4
coverage area
CA
area where a given warning equipment has a sufficient detection efficiency and/or accuracy to
elaborate a warning
3.5
detection efficiency
DE
percentage of actual lightning discharges that are detected and located by a sensor or a network
NOTE As cloud to ground flashes are often composed of several strokes there is a difference between flash
detection efficiency (DEf) and stroke detection efficiency (DEs). A flash is reported (detected) if at least one stroke
(first or subsequent) is detected and therefore DE is always equal or higher than DE .
f s
3.6
dwell time
DT
time that an alarm is sustained after all warning criteria are no longer met
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
– 9 – EN 50536:2011
3.7
effective alarm
EA
alarm where a lightning related event occurs in the surrounding area during the total alarm duration
3.8
excessive alarm duration
EAD
time after the last lightning related event occurred in the target waiting for the alarm to be released
3.9
failure to warn
FTW
occurrence of a lightning related event in the target for which no alarm was raised
3.10
failure to warn ratio
FTWR
ratio of failure to warn with respect to the total number of situations with lightning related events in
target
3.11
false alarm
FA
alarm never followed by lightning related events in neither the target nor the surrounding area
3.12
false alarm ratio
FAR
ratio of false alarms with respect to the total number of alarms
NOTE False alarm ratio is also known as false alarm rate.
3.13
field strength meter
FSM
device for continuous monitoring of the atmospheric electrostatic field associated with thunderstorms
(e.g. field mill)
3.14
intra cloud flash
IC
see cloud flash
3.15
lead time
LT
time between the start of an alarm and the effective occurrence of the first lightning related event in
the target
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
EN 50536:2011 – 10 –
3.16
lightning flash
electrical discharge produced by a thunderstorm
NOTE This discharge may occur within or between clouds, between the cloud and air, between a cloud and the
ground or between the ground and a cloud.
3.17
dangerous event
LRE
lightning flash to or near the structure to be protected, or to or near a line connected to the structure to
be protected that may cause damage
[EN 62305-2:2006]
3.18
lightning stroke
single electrical discharge in a lightning flash to earth
[EN 62305-1:2011]
3.19
location accuracy
LA
statistical measure of the position difference between the actual strike point and the estimated location
NOTE Typically given as a median (50 %) location error.
3.20
monitoring area
MA
geographic area where the lightning activity or other parameters associated with the thunderstorms is
monitored in order to elaborate a warning valid for the target
3.21
physical damage
damage to a structure (or to its contents) or to a service due to mechanical, thermal, chemical or
explosive effects of lightning
3.22
preventive actions
actions of a temporary nature, taken on the basis of the preventive information and framed within the
emergency plans of each activity, service or collective
3.23
relevant alarm duration
RAD
time between the occurrence of the first and last lightning related event in the surrounding area while
the alarm was raised
3.24
return stroke
see lightning stroke
3.25
point of strike
point where a lightning flash strikes the earth or protruding objects (e.g. structure, lightning protection
system, line, tree, etc.)
[EN 62305-1:2011]
NOTE A lightning flash may have more than one point of strike.
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
– 11 – EN 50536:2011
3.26
surrounding area
SA
geographic area that surrounds and includes the target
NOTE Any lightning related event occurring in the surrounding area is potentially dangerous. This area is used
when evaluating a thunderstorm warning system to determine the false alarm ratio and other performance
parameters.
3.27
target
geographic area where a warning is needed in order to facilitate decision making and to activate
preventive actions before a lightning related event occurs in that area
3.28
thunderstorm
local storm produced by a cumulonimbus cloud and accompanied by lightning and thunder
3.29
thunderstorm detectors
equipment capable of evaluating one or more parameters associated with the electric mechanism of
the thunderstorm
NOTE Thunderstorm detectors may consist of a single detector or of a network of connected detectors.
3.30
thunderstorm warning system
TWS
system composed by thunderstorm detectors able to monitor the thunderstorm activity in the
monitoring area and some ways of processing to elaborate a valid warning related to the lightning
related events for a defined target
3.31
total alarm duration
TAD
time between triggering and the release of an alarm
3.32
warning
see alarm
3.33
warning level
current status of the alarm
4 Thunderstorm phases and detectable phenomena for alarming
4.1 Introduction
Four distinct stages can be identified during the thunderstorm life time cycle regarding detectable
phenomena: the initial phase, the growth phase, the mature phase and the dissipation phase.
4.2 Phase 1 – Initial phase (Cumulus stage)
Phase of cloud electrification by means of electrical charge separation within the cloud. The charges
are distributed in regions within the cloud and produce a measurable electrostatic field at ground level.
It is considered the first detectable phenomenon precursory of a thunderstorm.
NOTE Electrostatic fields may produce potential dangers such as electrostatic discharges (ESD) even in case of no lightning
activity.
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST EN 50536:2011
EN 50536:2011 – 12 –
4.3 Phase 2 – Growth phase
This phase, sometimes also called development phase, is characterized by the occurrence of first
intra-cloud IC (or cloud-to-ground CG) lightning activity. The first intra-cloud (IC) flashes appear after
certain development of the charge regions in the cloud. However in some situations there is no clear
time delay between the first IC flash and the first CG flash.
NOTE IC flashes typically represent the majority of the total lightning activity generated by a thunderstorm. Significant
variation in the IC/CG rate is observed for individual storms.
4.4 Phase 3 – Mature phase
This stage is characterized by the presence of both CG and IC flashes.
4.5 Phase 4 – Dissipation phase
This phase is characterized by the decaying of both IC and CG flash rates and the reduction of the
electrostatic field to the fair weather level.
5 Classification of thunderstorm detection devices and their properties
Thunderstorm detectors are classified in relation with the detectable thunderstorm phases depending
on the detectable phenomena. However, a thunderstorm detector can detect one or several
phenomena.
There are several ways to look at the means to detect thunderstorms in general and lightning strikes in
particular. One way is to look at the phase of the thunderstorm for which a detector is meant in
particular. Another way is to look at the frequency range of the signal emitted by a lightning strike that
is used by a sensor. A third way is to look at techniques that a sensor uses to detect a lightning strike
and to calculate its position.
For the phases of a thunderstorm the following phases are recognized, as explained in Clause 4:
– phase 1: initial phase;
– phase 2: growth phase;
– phase 3: mature phase;
– phase 4: dissipation phase.
For the classification of thunderstorm or lighting strike detectors the following classes are defined:
– class I: detectors of class I detect a thunderstorm over its entire lifecycle (phases 1 to 4);
– cla
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.